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INTRODUCTION
As we know the electricity is back bone of the modern society
Due to increase in population is human needs demand of
electricity is also increasing rapidly.
In order to fulfill our need of electricity humans are using
different way to produced electricity.
Hydro electric power plant
Thermal power plant
Solar power plant
Wind power plant
Nucleus power plant
Brief Introduction of Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear reactor is a type of power plant used to generate
electricity.
Fission reactor is used in the reactor to produced
electricity
Uranium platinum and some other materials used as fuel
History Base of the nuclear energy was established when uranium was
discovered in 1789 by martin klaprath , a German chemist.
Over 1939 to 1945 most development was focused on atomic
bomb.
From 1945 attention was given to control fission and production
of electricity.
The first commercial nuclear station started operation in 1950’s
in Russia
Today Now there are over 430 commercial nuclear power plants are
working in 31 countries with over 370,000 MW of total capacity.
They are producing 11% of the world’s electricity as continuous reliable base-load power, without carbon dioxide emission.
56 countries operating 240 research and 180 commercial reactors almost 150 ships and submarines are operating with nuclear energy.
16 countries depends on nuclear power for at least a quarter of there electricity.
France get around three quarter of its electricity from nuclear energy. While Belgium , hungry , Sweden, Switzerland get one third or more. Uk and USA are getting 505 of there energy from nuclear reactor.
Construction and working
Nuclear Reactor:
A nuclear reactor initiate and control the nuclear fission reaction,
responsible for electricity generation.
Fission Reaction:
In fission reaction radioactive material’s catalyzed by
bombarding of gamma rays. A radio active decay is down during
this process.
A radio active decay is down during this process.
Uranium atom transform into lanthanum and beryllium , three
neutrons which cause the reaction forward.
FUEL:Uranium , platinum or thorium on be used as fuel. Uranium
is preferred as it has high melting point.
Containment Building:A containment building is a structure commonly reinforced with
steel and lead blocks of several meters thick which absorbed
radiation to prevent the environment from radioactive pollution.
ModeratorsOnly neutrons a fairly low speed should be used to control chain
reaction. To slow down the speed of fast moving neutrons
moderators are used graphite, heavy water, beryllium.
Control Rods:Control rods are used to control reaction they absorb neutrons
and stop reaction.
These are made up of steel containing high percentage of
cadmium or boron which absorb neutrons
when control rods are completely inserted into the moderator
block then all neutron absorbed and reaction is stoped.
Feed water pump:Feed water pumps are used to feed water at high pressure into
steam generation and also for cooling of steam into water.
Tubine:Turbines are machines that convert kinetic energy which further
move generator to produced electricity.
Generator:
That convert mechanical energy into electrical energy the
rotating shaft of the turbine run generator to produced electricity.
Coolant tower
A coolant is used to reduced temperature of
steam to convert it into water again usually
coolant is water coolant tower contain water
are act as coolant source to cool steam which is
again used to make steam and run turbine.
In FutureAlmost all parts of the worlds are involving in nuclear power
development .e.g.
China govt plan to increase nuclear generation capacity to 58GW
with 30 GW more. Under construction by 2020.
India plans to get 14.5GW up to 2020
Russia plans to its nuclear capacity to 30.5 GW by 2020
USA has plan to built 19 new reactor with capacity more 100GW
more
Pakistan also has plan to built 2 reactor at Karachi sea shore of
total capacity of 2000 MW up to 2024
Every type of power plant in the world has some advantages and
some disadvantages.
Nuclear reactor also has some advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: Small amount of fuel is required as compare to other.
Power plant require less space.
Economical for producing bulk electrical energy.
large deposit of fuel are available around the world.
Does not require large quantity of water.
Reliability of operation.