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The computer network is the group of computer and other hardware devices those are linked together by communicating channel. These computer resource are shared by various users. The hardware component interconnect between various communicating channel. One device able to send or receive data. When more than one computer interconnect through a communication medium and exchange information then we called it computer network.

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Besides physical medium all networking operations are needed devices those are designed to handle certain specific function. These are often called network equipment or component. Component’s function are not necessarily handle by specific device. Network functions also performed by software application. For example windows XP has built-in support for Network Bridging that handle a bridge's functions in a home network with mixed media.

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Network Adapter Modem Repeater and Bridge Hub and Switch Wireless Access Point Router Residential Gateway

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Network adapter works as an interface between different computers, devices or networks. We may need different types of adapter according to the type of network. It translate a computer binary signal or message into the electrical or optical signal across the transmission channel. Each adapter is identified through MAC address. Different adapter are Wi-Fi, Ethernet, IBM HBA’s etc.

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Modem means modulator and demodulators. In the sending area modem modulates the signal into the high frequency carrier wave. Make it prepare for transmission. In the receiving end it demodulates the signal. That means extract the data from encrypted signal. It also translate digital signal into analog and vice versa, compression/decompression, encryption/decryption etc. We always need modem when we connect to internet. There are lot’s of modem cable modem, ADSL and GPRS modem.

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Repeater := It receives signal from transmitter and amplifies it and retransmit it. When we transmit a signal for the long distance then we need more energy. Amount of energy is directly proportional to the distance. So we need repeater to decrease the energy load of signal production. Bridge := The Bridge connect to different layer 2 protocol, like Ethernet, HomePNA, Wi-Fi etc. It also used as split the network into different segments.

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Hub := It is a central connecting

point in the network. Those network use star topology Hub uses there. A computer sends a signal to the Hub then Hub translate it and retransmit it to other computer in the network. It act’s as a relay station. Using Hub bandwidth capacity is shared by all computers. Each computer use the portion of bandwidth. It is used in the small network. In the two computer network Hub is not required.

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As like Hub switch connect to the central point to the network. When it receives a IP packet from computer than it examines the destination address from it’s header and transmit the packet to the destination computer. Switch maintains a table map of all ports of the computer into the network. All switches has MAC address. Using the switch the whole bandwidth are used, that’s why the large network use the switch instead of Hub. In many time it is integrated with router.

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Access point of wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) acts as a hub or switch of the wired network. It connect different device together and create a wireless computer environment. It acts as a access point of wireless to the wired network like Ethernet. It has an interface to a broadband modem. Some access point has multi function device that incorporate functions like bridge, router and modem. It is also known as base station.

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Router forwards packets across different networks. Routing table contain IP address of other network router. In the static router the cable is configured manually but dynamic router automatically configured it’s routing table. At the time of receiving the packet router examine it’s destination IP address and send it. Router selects the most optimum or best path to deliver packet. It is selected by using the routing algorithm. There are different types of router these are edge, core, backbone router etc.

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It is a type of router, it is configured to enable the sharing the single internet connection by multiple users. When you buy or install residential gateway then it incorporates other function like hub, switch, wireless access point. In the residential gateway you don’t need to manually set the IP address.

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It connect to different networks and to form a single network. Like network A and B. Through gateway we connect two different network. Computer in network A can exchange information with a computer in the network B. It also perform protocol translation. It is consider the layer 7 in the OSI model. So it is in the application layer. But it can perform across

seven layers.

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