Migrant Workers Safety Manual in Construction

청적황먹 CMYK청적황먹 CMYK

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Warning: Flammable material

Warning: Radioactive

Warning: Low temperature

Wear ear protection

Green Cross sign

Emergency exit on the left

Emergency exit on the right

Emergency relief sign Stretcher Eyewash Exit

Wear foot protection

Wear hand protection

Wear protective clothing

Wear respiratory protection

Wear dustproof mask

Wear face protection

Wear head protection

Warning: Loss of body balance Warning: Laser rays Warning:

Hazardous siteWarning: Carcinogen, Mutagen,

Reproduction toxicant, Systemic toxic agents, Respiratory senvsitizers

Warning: high-tension electricity

Warning: Hanging objects

Warning: Falling objects

Warning: High temperature

Warning: Oxidizing Warning: Explosive Warning: CorrosiveWarning: Acute toxic

No open fire No goods transport allowed

No pedestrians No vehicle allowed No use No ride

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www.kosha.or.kr

Chapter 1 Current Situations on Accidents Involving Foreign ConstructionLaborers 02

Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment 08

1. The Purpose of Risk Assessment 082. Definitions 083. The Importance of Risk Assessment 104. When Risk Assessment Is Required 105. Considerations during Risk Assessment 126. Risk Assessment Procedures and Flow by Stage 127. Review and Report of Risk Assessment Validity 188. Monitoring Risk Assessment Results 18

Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type 22

1. Scaffolds 222. Scaffolding 503. Reinforcing Rods 604. Concrete 725. Steel Frame 906. Bricklaying and Plastering (Polishing) 1047. Painting 122

Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases 138

1. What is Occupation Disease? 1382. Prevention of Occurrence of Occupational Diseases 138

01 Current Situations onAccidents Involving

Foreign ConstructionLaborers

E En ng gl li is sh h

Safety Guide for Foreign

Construction LaborersConstructionIndustry

� 외국인 근로자를 위한 안전작업 길잡이(건설업)

제1장 건설업 외국인 근로자 재해현황


1980년대 말부터 우리나라는 경제구조가 고도화 되어가면서 외국인 근로자를 유

입하는 해외노동력 수입국이 되었다.

이런 현상이 나타나게 된 정확한 시기는 1989년부터 제 3세계 사람들에게 한국이

부유한 나라로 알려지게 된 88올림픽을 기점으로 한국에 입국하는 외국인 근로자

들이 늘어나게 되었다.

그러나 현재 한국에서 취업하고 있는 외국인 근로자들은 섬유제품 제조업, 고무/

플라스틱 제조업, 가구제조업, 자동차/트레일러, 기타기계/장비 제조업 등 생산직

인력난이 심한 노동집약적 업종에 주로 근무하는 등 대부분 위험하고 힘들고 작업

환경이 좋지 않은 3D업종에 종사하고 있어 산업재해를 당할 위험도가 높다. 광업

을 제외하고 제조업과 건설업에서 천인율, 도수율, 강도율이 가장 높다.

이중 2008년 건설업에서 외국인근로자 산업재해 발생현황을 보면 재해자는

20,835명 중 958명(4.6%), 사망자는 690명 중 62명(9.0%)이 발생하여 건설현장

에서의 외국인 근로자 사망재해 예방이 절실히 필요하다.

20072008

476,179

548,558

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

-

외국인 근로자

[그림 1-1] 외국인 근로자 연도별 고용현황(법무부)

Chapter 1 Current Statistics on AccidentsInvolving Foreign Construction LaborersKorea has become a foreign labor force import power with the advancementof its economic infrastructure since the late-1980's. This phenomenon first appeared in 1989. With the Summer Olympics in1988, Korea became known in third world countries as a wealthy country,thus increasing the foreign laborer entry into Korea.

[Figure 1.1] Employment of Foreign Laborers by Year (Ministry of Justice)

However, foreign laborers currently employed in Korea mostly work in labor-intensive areas such as textile manufacturing, rubber/plastic manufacturing,furniture manufacturing, automobile/trailer and other machinery/equipmentmanufacturing, which all suffer from a severe shortage of production staff.Therefore foreign laborers are highly susceptible to work-related accidents inthese dangerous and laborious 3D industries with poor work environments.Aside from the mining industry, the casualty ratio per thousand persons, thefrequency ratio of labor accidents, and the intensity ratio of labor accidentsare the highest in the manufacturing and construction industry.Industrial disaster cases involving foreign laborers in the constructionindustry in 2006 shows that 387 out of 17,956 persons (2.1%) were involvedin an accident, and 32 out of 632 persons (5.1%) were killed. Death andaccident prevention for foreign construction laborers is desperately needed.

Safety Guide for Foreign Construction Laborers2

Chapter 1 Current Statistics on Accidents Involving Foreign Construction Laborers

Foreign Laborer

20072008

476,179

548,558

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

-

Foreign Laborer

2008 958 20,835 4.662 690 9.0

� 외국인 근로자를 위한 안전작업 길잡이(건설업)


<표 1-1> 외국인 근로자 연도별 재해발생 현황(공단 현황통계 기준)

이에 따라 자료의 신뢰성을 확보하기 위하여 ’04년~’08년에 걸쳐 건설현장 내에

서 발생한 외국인 근로자 중대재해에 대하여 공단이 수행한 중대재해조사 지원 보

고서(159건)를 바탕으로 재해원인분석을 통해 건설현장 외국인 근로자에 대한 동

종재해를 예방하고자 한다.

[그림 1-2] 공종별 중대재해 발생현황

중대재해 분석 결과 외국인 근로자가 거푸집 작업, 철근 작업, 콘크리트 작업 등 구

조물을 구축하기 위한 작업에서 가장 많은 중대재해가 발생하였으며, 그 다음으로

마감작업(도장, 방수, 미장작업) 및 철골 작업에서 많은 중대재해가 발생하였으므

로 이들 공종별 위험성평가 기법을 소개하고 아울러 재해사례 및 대책을 소개하여

외국인 근로자들의 재해를 예방하고자 한다.

구분 계 2004년 2005년 2006년 2007년 2008년

재해자

건설업전체(명) 92,403 18,896 15,918 17,956 18,798 20,835

외국인근로자(명) 2,610 395 283 387 587 958

외국인점유율(%) 2.82 2.1 1.8 2.1 3.1 4.6

사망자

건설업전체(명) 3,361 779 609 632 651 690

외국인근로자(명) 199 34 34 32 37 62

외국인점유율(%) 5.92 4.4 5.6 5.1 5.7 9.0

<Table 1.1> Accidents involving foreign laborers by year(Based on industry estate Statistics)

Category Total 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Construction Industry Total 95,375 19,925 22,680 18,896 15,918 17,956

Injured Number of Foreign Laborers 2,137 455 617 395 283 387

Foreigner Ratio(%) 2.24 2.3 2.7 2.1 1.8 2.1

Construction Industry Total 3,449 667 762 779 609 632

Deceased Number of Foreign Laborers 166 31 35 34 34 32

Foreigner Ratio(%) 4.81 14.6 4.6 4.4 5.6 5.1

As a result, in order to secure the reliability of the data, we seek to prevent therecurrence of these accidents by analyzing the source of disasters. Theanalysis is based on 110 cases of construction site accidents involving foreignlaborers as reported in the Report of Support for Investigation of MajorDisasters by the industrial estate.

[Figure 1.2] Major disaster occurrence by work type

According to the analysis, major disasters most frequently occurred duringframe construction operations including form operations, reinforcing rodoperations, and concrete operations. The next most frequent was in finishingoperations (painting, waterproofing, plastering) and steel frame operations.Therefore, we seek to prevent disasters involving foreign laborers in theseparticular vocations by presenting risk assessment methods, case studies andcounter measures.


Chapter 1 Current Statistics on Accidents Involving Foreign Construction Laborers

Others, 43% Form Installation /Stripping, 27%

Painting,Waterproofing, 10%

Steel Frame Assembly/ Installation, 9%

Concrete Operation, 8%

Finishing Work, 7%

Re-barInstallation /Removal, 6%

Category Total 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Injured

Construction Industry Total 92,403 18,896 15,918 17,956 18,798 20,835

Number of Foreign Laborers 2,610 395 283 387 587 958

Foreigner Ratio(%) 2.82 2.1 1.8 2.1 3.1 4.6

Deceased

Construction Industry Total 3,361 779 609 632 651 690

Number of Foreign Laborers 199 34 34 32 37 62

Foreigner Ratio(%) 5.92 4.4 5.6 5.1 5.7 9.0

159

(2004~2008).

1. The Purpose of Risk Assessment 08

2. Definitions 08

3. The Importance of Risk Assessment 10

4. When Risk Assessment Is Required 10

5. Considerations during Risk Assessment 12

6. Risk Assessment Procedures and Flow by Stage 12

7. Review and Report of Risk Assessment Validity 18

8. Monitoring Risk Assessment Results 18

02 Understanding theRisk Assessment




Chapter 2 Understanding the Risk Assessment

1. The Purpose of Risk AssessmentPotential risks in construction work must be systematically identified and the

size of the danger assessed. Then, hazards which exceed the acceptable range

must undergo improvement. The purpose of risk assessment is to provide

technical items in establishing a risk assessment system which controls the

acceptable danger level, thus preventing industrial disasters.

2. Definitions

(1) IncidentAn undesirable event in which a risk develops, or could have developed,

into an accident which causes personal and/or material loss such as injury,

disease, and property damage. This includes near accidents which did not

cause any personal or material loss.

(2) AccidentCaused by the failure to fundamentally remove a hazard and being exposed to a

danger which leads to an undesirable result. It is an unforeseen event and

phenomenon which causes death, injury, disease, or other financial loss.

(3) HazardPotential harmful/danger factor which contains a factor (element) or combined

factors (elements) which cause personal casualty, material loss, or environmental

damage. Requires a stimulus to develop into an accident. Such stimulus can

include mechanical malfunction, system condition, and human factor, and can

have physical, chemical, biological, psychological, or behavioral causes.

(4) Hazard IdentificationIdentification of physical and chemical factors with potential danger within a system

which may cause personal casualty, environmental and/or property damage.

(5) DangerA state of exposure against a hazard



(6) RiskRefers to the severity or the degree of danger. When a certain hazard is

exposed in a dangerous situation, the combination of the possibility

(frequency) of such a hazard developing into a certain incident and the

significance of its result (severity of damage) is called a risk.

(7) Risk AssessmentScientific and systematic danger evaluation method which assesses the

risk of a potential hazard developing into an accident (that is, the

frequency and the severity of loss). When a risk exceeds the acceptable

range, risk reduction measures are formulated and the risk level is brought

down to an acceptable range.

(8) Acceptable RiskA risk which is below the acceptable level of risk previously decided in

accordance with the safety requirements of the law and the system.

(9) SafetyAlthough this can be defined as the absence of hazard, this is realistically

impossible at a construction site and in a construction system. Therefore,

Safety can be realistically defined as the management of the potential risk

of a hazard to an acceptable level.

3. The Importance of Risk Assessment(1) Fortified preventive measures against accident or health damage

(2) Potential accident or disaster predicted

(3) Efficient safety management made possible

(4) Site-oriented safety management system established

4. When Risk Assessment Is Required(1) Prior to starting a new job

(2) When work operation needs to change

(3) When new work method or material is employed

(4) When periodically reviewing the risk level of a previous type of work

(5) When a major accident or disaster occurs



5. Considerations during Risk Assessment(1) In order to account for every risk at a work site, an assessment target

list should be established beforehand, and all unsafe conditions,

actions, and management practices from each target must be assessed.

(2) Assessment performed only by the supervisor can be inadequate.

Therefore, when putting together an assessment team, a worker who is

directly exposed to danger at the work site must be included.

(3) A hazard identification process can be done by a brainstorming session

of team members. However, in order to reflect the experience of a near

accident or close call, in particular, by a laborer who is directly

exposed to the danger, a near accident report must be generated.

(4) The frequency (possibility of occurrence) and the intensity

(significance of accident or severity of loss) as well as the acceptable

risk level must be pre-determined by the risk assessment team

according to the size of the work site and the type of work being

performed.

(5) All data related to danger of the organization must be provided to the

assessors. When there is insufficient amount of data for the assessment,

expert advice must be obtained.

(6) Risk reduction measures must be formulated in such a way that the

danger level is maintained As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP)

after taking into account the technical and economical efficiency.

6. Risk Assessment Procedures and Flow by Stage



Safety MeasureFormulated

Danger level notifiedand workers trained

Start

YES

No

Selectingassessment

targetoperation

HazardIdentifi-cation

Riskcalcula-tion

Riskassess-ment

Acceptability

Evalua-tion

Finish→ → → → → →

(1) Stage 1: Selecting assessment target operation

① Assessment target is categorized by work type, and then selected.- Assessment target operation is divided into work units. Risk

assessment is performed on each work unit.

②When assessment target operation is decided according to work

flow, assessment target and range are established.

③ Data regarding safety issues of risk assessment target operation is

researched in advance

(2) Stage 2: Hazard Identification

① Hazard from unsafe manoeuvres by laborer identified

② Hazards from employed material and substance identified

③ Hazard from work methods identified

④ Hazard from machinery/equipment in operation identified

(3) Stage 3: Risk calculation (prediction)

① The frequency (possibility of occurrence) and the intensity

(significance of accident or severity of loss) of the danger/hazard

developing into accident are categorized into levels. Risk (severity of

danger) is calculated by combining these two factors.

② Risk (severity of danger) level regarding each hazard is decided by

combining frequency and intensity level.

(4) Stage 4: Risk assessment

① Risk level is evaluated according to the risk value of each

harmful/danger factor attained in stage 3

② Risk level and management standards are determined according to

assessed risk- Level is determined by relative comparison of work unit risk within

assessment target operation

- Management standards may vary due to work site particulars



③ Risk level defined

Risk Grade Assessment Standard

High(★★★) Value from frequency multiplied by intensity (risk) is relatively high

Medium(★★) Value from frequency multiplied by intensity (risk) is relatively medium

Low(★) Value from frequency multiplied by intensity (risk) is relatively low

④ Management standard by risk grade

Risk Grade Management Standard

(5) Stage 5: Formulating Improvement Measure① For serious risks, detailed risk reduction measures must be established and

employed so that the risk level is brought down to the acceptable range.

② For each hazard, new risk reduction measures must be established within

the current safety measures and inserted into the improved measures.

③ When employing improved safety measures for each hazard, post-

assessment must take place to evaluate the degree of risk reduction.

※ Risk level after employing the improved safety measures must be within

the acceptable range.



Disaster prevention measures must be formulatedwithin the given time. Priority danger managementactivities required. Work must be stoppeddepending on the situation.

Management measures such as installation of safetydevices and allocation of supervisors required.

Post caution signs. Personal protective equipmentmust be worn. Daily safety management measuressuch as safety device installation requireddepending on the situation.

SeriousDanger

SignificantDanger

LightDanger

UnacceptableRisk

UnacceptableRisk

AcceptableRisk

High(★★★)

Medium(★★)

Low(★)

7. Review and Report of Risk Assessment Validity

(1) Reviewing Risk Assessment ValidityThe risk reduction measures attained through the 5-stage risk assessment must

undergo a final review for effectiveness. The following must be considered.

① Has the risk reduction measure take into account technical efficiency?

② Is the danger level As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP)?

③ Are the procedural steps appropriately prioritized?

④ Will it incur any new risks?

⑤ Is the risk level reduced to an acceptable range after executing the risk

reduction measures?

(2) Reporting Assessment ResultsThe risk assessment result which includes the final draft of the risk reduction

measures must be reported to management, and the risk reduction measures

must be taken by both the laborers and the company.

8. Monitoring Risk Assessment Results(1) For each type of work, any significant dangers must be recorded and

carefully managed at all times.

(2) Laborers must be notified of risk assessment results including risk

reduction measures. Any potential hazard for which further risk reduction

is impossible must be jointly recognized by the laborers and the company.

(3) After employing risk reduction measures, disaster reduction and

production improvement must be periodically monitored and evaluated.

Its result must be reflected in the following year's business plan along

with a disaster reduction goal for continuing improvement.



1. Scaffolds 22

2. Scaffolding 50

3. Reinforcing Rods 60

4. Concrete 72

5. Steel Frame 90

6. Bricklaying and Plastering (Polishing) 104

7. Painting 122

03 Disaster Preventionby Work Type




Chapter 3 Disaster Prevention by Work Type

1. Forms

(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Material Transport Form Assembly Removal Form Carrying / Transport

Frequency(%) 5.82 10.27 7.43 0.44

Risk ★★★ ★★★ ★★★ ★

(2) Illustration



Are there any work happeningsimultaneously in the upperand the lower section?

Are there any danger ofform timbers collapsing?

Is the laborer properlywearing the safety

harness?

Is the upper section of theform timber overloaded

with material?

Is there sufficientcommunication between

laborers?

Are the assemblyinstructions being complied

with?

Is the mounted equipmentproperly installed?

Are there appropriate safetymeasures in place when

lifting material?

Is the form timber installation /removal procedure being

complied with?

(3) Risk assessment



Workmaterialcarried in

andtransported

Formfabrication

Removal

Form lifting/

transported

• Install temporary pathways fixed• Install guardrail on platform• Wear personal protective

equipment

• Install footboard and guardrail• Install cover on opening• Wear personal protective

equipment (Inspect mountedequipment installation in advance)

• Install safely structured footboard• Prohibit overloading footboard

with material

• Organize material• Install safety net

• Comply with work method andwork flow

• Prohibit overloading of uppersection of form timber withmaterial

• Transport through passagewaysinside building

• When transporting throughoutdoor passageways, securefootboard

• Wear personal protectiveequiptment

• Confirm that transport material issecure

• Control laborer presence withinoperation radius

• Install safety devices- Repellant and contactprevention device

• Prohibit wearing gloves duringoperation

Low

Risk : Assessed Risk (Predicted)

Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety Measure

High

High

Medium

High

Low

Medium

Medium

Laborer falls whilemoving on thetemporary pathway

Laborer falls during forminstallation / removal

Laborer falls throughvertical shaft such aselevator pit

Material falls during form /timber installation / removal

Form timber collapsesduring form assembly

Form material falls whilebeing transported toupper section from slabplatform.

Material falls whiletransporting materialwith tower crane

Disasters from circularsaw during formproduction

HumanFactor

PhysicalFactor

WorkMethod

Machineryand

Equipment



Falling During Slab Floor Form InstallationCase 1Overview While installing plywood on the floor joist material for floor

slab form installation, part of the plywood gives in, causing

the laborer death after a 2.95 fall.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Prepare form and timber assembly drawing- When installing form and timbers, their structure shall be

inspected, and an assembly drawing prepared of a stable

structure which specifies material quality, cross-section

dimension, spacing, and the connection method of

framework members such as timber, yoke, and floor

joists. Assembly/installation shall be performed

according to the assembly drawing.

▶Use proper floor joist material- For floor joist material of slab floor form installation, the

use of scaffold iron round pipes shall be prohibited.

Square pipes or rectangular lumber which will not slip or

roll shall be used instead.

▶Hard hat mandatory- When wearing a hard hat, the chin strap shall be fastened

so that the hat does not slip off.



Falling While Installing Forms On ScaffoldingCase 2

Overview While installing a form on a scaffolding with no foot support

at a new commercial building construction site, the laborer

loses his balance, falls from a height of 8.5 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Install scaffolds- When working at a height of 2 m or more on an external

scaffolding, a scaffold whose width is 40 cm or more

shall be installed to prevent falling.

▶ Personal protective equipment mandatory- When working on scaffolding where the risk of falling is

high, safety harnesses and hard hats shall be

provided/worn with strict supervision to prevent falling

accidents.



Falling During Beam Form Assembly Preparation WorkCase 3Overview At a new church construction site, the victim climbs a wall

form made of euro form to install a beam form on the

previously installed wall form. While turning in the direction

of assembly, he loses his balance, falls from a height of 3.7 m

and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Install scaffolds appropriate to the work environment- When assembling beam forms at a height of 2 m or more,

if the installation of scaffolds such as double row staging

is not feasible due to the work conditions, scaffolds such

as a mobile rolling tower shall be installed.

▶ Personal protective equipment mandatory- When working in an environment with a risk of falling,

hard hats shall be worn.



Falling During Form Assembly In StairwaysCase 4Overview At a form assembly site in a stairway, a two pipe support is

horizontally placed against the wall. The laborer moves along

the pipe to assemble the horizontal member on the interior

wall form. He falls from a height of 1.84 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Scaffold installation mandatory- When working in an environment with a risk of falling,

scaffolding shall be assembled considers the shape of the

structure and risk of accidents. Either a scaffold with a

minimum width of 40 cm made of a material such as

lightweight aluminum shall be installed or a mobile

rolling tower shall be used.



Falling During Retaining Wall Form AssemblyCase 5

Overview At an LPG charging station construction site, the laborer loses

his balance while pulling on the form tie bolt to assemble a

retaining wall form. He falls from a height of 2.2 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Install guardrails- Sturdy guardrails shall be installed when there is a risk of

falling at the end of a scaffold at a height of 2 m or more.

※ Guardrail structure

·Upper rail : Between 90 cm and 120 cm from the floor/footsupport or the slope.

·Middle rail : Installed between the upper rail and thefloor/foot support or the slope

·Railing post : Installed with spacing that stabley supportsthe upper and the middle rail.

·Railing material : A metallic pipe (or stronger) with aminimum diameter of 2.7 cm.

·Guardrail : A sturdy structure that can endure a load of 100kg or more moving from any given point in any givendirection.



Falling During Frameworking At the UpperSection of System Support

Case 6

Overview During the frameworking process, at a bioreactor girder, the

laborer loses his balance while installing a yoke on the U-

head of the upper section of a system support. He takes a 6.2

m fall from the upper section of the system support and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶When installing a form such as a yoke at the upper section

of a system support where there is a risk of falling, a

scaffold shall be installed to prevent falling accidents. When

this is not feasible, mounted equipment shall be separately

installed and a harness worn before starting the job.



Falling During Form Removal On a BalconyCase 7

Overview At a multigenerational housing construction site, the victim

loses his balance during form removal and falls from the

balcony. He dies after falling from a height of 5.2 m.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Install guardrails- When performing form removal and other operations on

a balcony where there is a high risk of falling, guardrails

shall be installed on the slab platform.

▶ Personal protective equipment mandatory- When working in an environment where there is a risk of

falling, the wearing of a hard hat with the chin strap

fastened shall be strictly supervised.



Falling From External Scaffolding During Form RemovalCase 8Overview While removing euro form fixing pins to remove forms, a

laborer falls from a double row staging at a height of 6 m and

dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Scaffold installation mandatory- When removing forms on external scaffolding at a height

of 2 m or more, a sturdy scaffold that can support the

load (weight of the laborer + weight of the material) shall

be installed. The minimum width shall be 40 cm and the

maximum spacing between scaffolds 3 cm.

▶ Safety harness mandatory- A laborer who works on high places shall attach the

safety harness to the mounted equipment at all times

during work.



Falling From Scaffolding During Form RemovalCase 9Overview At a cafeteria extension (and other construction) site, a

worker loses his balance from a double row staging while

using a lever to remove exterior wall forms. He falls from a

height of 6.2 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ The business owner shall install guardrails on the ends of a

scaffold where the laborer has the risk of falling.

※ Guardrail installation standards

· Install the upper rail at a height of 90~120 cm. Install themiddle rail in the middle section.

·Must be able to endure an external force from 100 kg or more.

· Install a foot guard that is 10 cm or higher at the lowersection of the rails.



Falling While Moving Material From Beam FormCase 10Overview At an army barracks headquarter slab form assembly, a

laborer takes square pipes for a floor joist that a fellow

worker passes to him and piles them on the slab. While doing

this he falls from a height of 3.3 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- If there is a risk of falling when working at a height of 2

m or more, fall prevention measures such as scaffold

installation shall be employed. If this is not feasible, a

mounted equipment shall be installed and the harness

worn before starting work.

▶ Improve material transfer methods- When transferring material to the top of a slab, materials

such as plywood and rectangular lumber shall be piled on

the slab after transfer. Material transfer machinery such

as a mobile tower crane shall be used whenever possible.

When working at the end of a floor where temporary

structures such as external scaffolding are not yet in place,

a safety harness shall be worn before starting work.



Falling From Roof Floor Form During Material TransferCase 11

Overview While receiving rectangular lumber bundles from a mobile

crane on the roof floor form, a laborer attempts to avoid a

bundle coming his way. He trips backwards on a rectangular

lumber, falls from a height of 3.3 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Install mounted equipment- When working near an opening of a floor slab form (an

unstable temporary structure) where there is a high risk

of falling, mounted equipment shall be installed in

advance so the laborer may put on the harness before

starting the job.

▶ Strict supervision over providing and wearing safety

harness- When working at a height of 2 m or more, strict

supervision will be provided to ensure that safety

harnesses are provided to the laborer and harnesses are

worn while working.



Form Falling During Form Transfer

Due To a Broken Wire RopeCase 12

Overview While turning the boom of a jib crane with the form panel to

be used as an elevator shaft wall form, the wire rope snaps

and the panel falls on a labourer who is assembling forms on

a mobile scaffolding.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Strictly inspect and replace wire rope before starting the job.- When handling/transporting loads using a wire rope, the

wire rope shall be strictly inspected for any damage,

bearable weight, fastening method, fastening condition,

and appropriateness for the work environment. Wire

ropes shall be periodically replaced to remove any

potential for failure.

▶ Strictly prohibit laborer presence within range of crane operation- Crane danger radius will be established to avoid the

failure of a hook wire rope when transferring heavy loads

such as forms. Work shall be stopped during transfer and

resumed after the transfer has finished.

2. Scaffolding

(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Scaffolding production and assembly Transfer and installatio Removal and transpor

Frequency (%) 0.02 0.19 0.07

Risk ★ ★★ ★★

(2) Illustration



Is the signal man inplace? Is the structural stability of the

scaffolding ensured?

Safety inspection in advance.Compare lifting ability against

scaffolding weight.

Is it safe enough againstexternal forces such as

a gust of wind?

Is the installation/removal beingperformed while the load is

secured to the lift?

Are operation methodsand order beingcomplied with?

Is an entryway in and outof the scaffolding

secured?

Scaffolding safety measures- Guardrail installed on platform- Vertical safety net installed- Entryway secured- Walkways between scaffoldingand vertical ladder installed

(3) Risk assessment



•Install guardrails on scaffoldingplatform

•Install vertical safety net

•Install entryway•Install vertical walkways betweenscaffolds

•Install connecting walkwaysbetween scaffolding

•Install safety net•Prohibitworkers from leavingmaterials and tools unattended

•Perform nondestructive inspectionon weld zones

•Inspect bolts for tension atconnection points

•Prepare work plan- Work order and methods

•Secure scaffolding with lifterbefore starting installation/removal

•Inspect structure in advance•Prohibit the addition ofunnecessary loads

•Inspect hanging rope conditionbefore starting work

•Use hanging ropes appropriate forscaffolding weight

•Do safety inspection bycomparing transfer equipment andscaffolding weight

•Make sure everything is securedbefore starting the job.

High


Hazard RiskCategoryFlow Safety measure

Medium

Medium

Low

High

Low

Medium

High

Laborer falls whileworking inside scaffolding

Laborer falls whileentering/exiting andmoving inside scaffolding

Material piled onscaffolding falls

Connections (such aswelding) fail betweenscaffolding members

Laborer falls due toinadequate operationmethods during scaffoldinginstallation / removal

Fixing bolts on scaffoldingbreak due to overloading

Material falls duringtransfer due to hangingrope failure

Machinery topples overduring transfer with Derrickcrane or triangular cranethat is poorly secured.

Human Factor

PhysicalFactor

Work Method

Machineryand

Equipment

Scaffoldingproduction

andassembly

Lifting andinstallation

Removaland

transport



Scaffolding Topples When Lowered to Slabfor AssemblyCase 1

Overview A transferred scaffolding could not be assembled. The

scaffolding is taken to the upper slab of the underground

parking area for assembly. As the scaffolding is lowered onto

the slab, the hooks on the chain block slip off of the

scaffolding hooks. The scaffolding topples over and falls on

top of a laborer who was signalling. He is fatally injured

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Install hook removal device- Hooks with removal devices shall be used to prevent

transfer hooks from slipping if hooks are used on the

transfer hooks, while transferring scaffolding using a

lifter like a tower crane.



Laborer Falls While Moving HorizontallyInto Gangform

Case 2

Overview A worker moves vertically from an apartment window into

the scaffolding for vertical adjustment after its installation. He

loses his balance and falls from a height of 9.1 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Work methods shall be improved by using an entryway (a

hinged door to be installed) in the center of the scaffold

inside the gang form. The laborer shall move vertically

using this entryway and secure the wire rope and the turn

buckle on the slab anchor

▶ When moving vertically and horizontally inside the

scaffolding, a safety harness shall be attached to objects

such as square pipes used to support the scaffolding.

(A vertical safety net shall be installed on the scaffolding

opening.)



Laborer Falls With Scaffolding DuringScaffolding RemovalCase 3

Overview A worker removes a form tie bolt with the stairway wall gang

form unattached to the tower crane at an apartment building

construction site. The scaffolding pulls away from the surface

of the building. The laborer falls with it from a height of 44 m

and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Comply with operation procedures- During scaffolding removal/transfer, form tie bolts shall

be removed with the transfer hook of the scaffolding

fixed against a lifter such as a tower crane.

- Scaffolding removal shall take place once a sufficient

curing period has passed after the concrete placement.

- Determine the removal order and operation methods by

sections and members. Once this is done, supervisors will

oversee laborers and the lifter operation.

- A restricted access area under the scaffolding should be

designated when transferring scaffolding. Monitors shall

supervise the area to restrict worker access..

- When transferring scaffolding, laborers shall be

prohibited from entering the cage (detachable scaffold).

Rocking of the scaffolding shall be minimized by using a

secondary rope when a tower crane is used.

3. Re-bars

(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Re-bar transport Processing and transport Re-bar assembly

발생빈도(%) 0.30 2.57 2.11

위 험 도 ★ ★★ ★★★

(2) Illustration



Is the laborer properly wearingthe personal protective

equipment?

Is there any hazard forrods to be collapsed?

Is the work site well-organized?

Is the scaffoldinginstalled with small

spacing?

Is there a risk of beingpierced by a rod?

Is anyone holding onto therods with no scaffolding while

working?

Is there a risk of an accidentwith a cutter or a benderduring rod processing?

Is the rod being transportedsafely to the assembly site?

Are scaffolds firmly and safelyinstalled?- Guardrails installed- Foot support installed- Foot guard installed

(3) Risk assessment



•Install safely constructed scaffolds

•Install guardrails on scaffold

platform

•Protect adjacent opening

- Install guardrails and opening

cover

•Inspect in advance for potential

danger of collapse

•Handle in order from the top

during operation.

•Organize re-bars at work site

•Restrict laborer access to danger

zones

•Install safety nets

•Install struts to prevent toppling

•Establish work plans in advance

- Re-bar distribution at site, etc.

•Use dual-rope hanger on transfer

material

•Securely fasten re-bars to prevent

slipping

•Install inductor ropes

•Place signaller

•Comply with safety instructions

•Ground outer casing of

processing machinery

High



Low

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

Laborer falls duringassemly

Laborer falls intoadjacent opening atwork site

Re-bar bundle falls andcollapses from transportvehicle during handling

Re-bar falls at work site

Re-bars topple duringassembly

Re-bars collide and fallduring transfer withcrane

Contact with orelectrocution from re-barprocessing machinery(cutter, bender)

Human Factor

PhysicalFactor

Work Method

Machineryand

Equipment

Reinforcingrod

transport

Processingand

transport

Reinforcingrod

assembly



Binding Wire Failure During TransferCase 1

Overview Re-bars on the truck are handled with a mobile crane. The

wire breaks while raising the re-bars with a binding wire to be

placed on the hauler rope. The load falls and strikes a laborer

who was installing wooden props on the cage, killing him in

the process.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Improve operation methods- When installing wooden props for transferring heavy

loads such as re-bars, directly attachment of the shackle

on the binding wire shall be prohibited. The load shall be

lifted only as high as wooden props can be installed. The

operation shall be carried out in order. That is, one side

shall be lifted for installation of the wooden props and

then the other side lifted for installation.

▶ Appoint operation supervisor

- When handling heavy loads, a supervisor shall be

appointed to determine operation procedures and oversee

the process.

▶ Prepare work plans

- When handling heavy loads, a work plan shall be

prepared concerning the order of work and operation

procedures. All applicable laborers shall be instructed in

the work plan.



Re-bars Fall During TransferCase 2

Overview The binding wire(#6) was temporarily attached to the sling

belt shackle of the tower crane, lifting the re-bars. The wire

breaks at the height of about 1.7 m. The load falls and strikes

a worker, killing him in the process.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Prepare work plans- When handling heavy loads, the type and shape of the

load, the operation environment, and the terrain shall be

investigated. A work plan will be established and

prepared that details proper handling methods and

operation procedures.

▶ Appoint an operation supervisor- When handling heavy loads of 100 kg or more like a re-

bar bundle, a supervisor shall be appointed. The

supervisor shall oversee the activity by determining

operation procedures.



Form Collapses When Piling Re-barsCase 3Overview At a church extension construction site, a worker lowers re-

bar bundles on the form for assembly. The beam form and the

slab form collapses and the victim falls from a height of 7.5 m

and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Take safety measures on frame work members such as

form timbers- When assembling forms, take the necessary safety

measures. These measures include placing support beams

so that the forms do not fall over. (When the structure

puts the weight of the slab on the side panel of the beam

(as in horizontal beams), tools such as form ties shall be

used to secure the space between two side panels before

piling heavy loads.)



Re-bars Collapse During Wall Re-bars AssemblyDue To External Shock

Case 4

Overview A worker assembles spacers between vertical re-bars of a retaining

wall at a road pavement/extension construction site. External force

from the operation causes the re-bars to collapse. The re-bars crush

the victim, killing him in the process.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶Take strict collapse prevention measures when assembling re-bars- X-Bracing and horizontal re-bars shall be assembled first to

secure the standing of the re-bars, preventing collapse.

- When installing temporary structures for collapse prevention,

steel pipes shall be used as horizontal framework members and

tilted support beams fastened with a clamp at the joint. On the

opposite side of the longitudinal gradient, an anchor shall be

installed at the base (or the floor of a framework member

nearby), and proper tension maintained in both directions at a

regular interval by installing a wire rope (9~12 mm or more)

and a turn buckle to prevent toppling.

- During a re-bar operation in retaining walls where there is a

risk of toppling, binding shall be rigidly distributed to every

joint point. The taller the re-bars, the higher the center of

gravity. Tall vertical re-bars are susceptible to toppling at the

slightest impact. Therefore, when preparing a detailed drawing

of re-bars, the re-bars shall be designed as short as possible.

4. Concrete

(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unit

Operation Concrete transpor Placing and compacting Curing

Frequency(%) 0.13 1.92 0.16

Risk ★ ★★ ★★

(2) Illustration



Is there a risk of contact witha high voltage electrical line?

Is there any dispersionof materials?

Is there a signal man?

Is the placing order compliedwith? - Wall-pillar-beam-slab

Are laborers properlywearing their personalprotective equipment?

Is there a risk of the concretepump car overturning?- Prevent land settlement- Install outrigger

Is the form timber assembled incompliance with the assembly drawing,and is it being monitored forabnormalities during concrete placing?- Place supervisors

Is the delivery hoseplacement adequate

and safe?

(3) Risk assessment



• Install guardrails around openingsat work site

• Beware of shaking concretenozzle

• Install scaffolds and guardrailsaround work site

• Inspect bolting condition atdelivery pipe joints

• Firmly fix concrete delivery hosewith brackets

• Install safety nets• Restrict laborer access in danger

zones

• Inspect structure in advance• Prepare assembly drawing and

assemble in compliance with it• Comply with order of concrete

placement operation• Appoint supervisor

• Restrict laborer access• Ventilate before entering area

• Be careful not to put hand innozzle joint

• Perform safety training inadvance

• Ground outer casing• Install breaker on outlet circuit

• Prevent land settlement andinstall outrigger

• Protect high voltage processorelectrical line

• Appoint signaller

High



Medium

Medium

Low

High

Low

Low

Medium

Medium

Laborer falls duringconcrete placementand curing

Accidents fromconcrete deliveryhose shock and/ordamage

Accidents fromaggregate disposalduring concreteplacement

Form timberingcollapses duringconcrete placing

Laborer''s finger getscaught in nozzle ofready mixed concretetransport truck

Laborer getselectrocuted while usingvibrating compactor

Pump car topples overor laborer getselectrocuted when itcomes in contact withprocessor electrical line

Laborer suffocates fromcarbon monoxide whilecuring concrete duringwinter

Laborer falls whilemaintaining concreteplacement equipment

Human Factor

PhysicalFactor

Work Method

Machineryand

Equipment

Concretetransfer

Placingand

compacting

Curing



Getting Caught Between Ready Mixed ConcreteTruck And Pump Truck

Case 1

Overview The assistant driver of the pump truck places slab concrete at

a new elementary school construction site. The ready mixed

concrete truck backs up down the slope. The driver gets

caught between the truck and the delivery hose at the lower

section of the pump truck hopper and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Appoint a guide when operating vehicular transportmachinery- When working with vehicular transport machinery such

as a ready mixed concrete truck, a guide shall be

appointed and a pre-determined signal method used to

keep laborers safe.

▶ Inspect vehicular transport machinery beforeoperating, and take strict safety measures whenparking on a slope

- Perform a thorough inspection of the vehicle before operating.

- When parking on a slope, take safety measures such as

placing a wooden wedge under the wheels to prevent any

accidents that can result from a brake failure.



Getting Caught By Excavator Bucket DuringConcrete Placement

Case 2

Overview At a burrow bit restoration construction site, a concrete floor

for the retaining wall installation is being placed with the

excavator bucket. When the operator attempts to re-align the

excavator track, he gets caught under the bucket and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Prohibit random use of heavy construction equipment- When placing concrete, a pump truck shall be used

instead of an excavator for the operation.



Falling During Concrete PlacementCase 3

Overview During the placement of a concrete slab, the laborer loses his

balance. He falls from the platform at a height of 8.15 m and

dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Follow strict fall prevention measures

- When placing concrete, sturdy guardrails shall be

installed to prevent falling from the platform.

· Upper rail : 90~120cm

· Medium rail : Half-way between the upper rail and the

floor surface

· Foot guard : 10cm or taller from the floor surface

· Diameter of the rail : Metallic pipe of 2.7 cm in

diameter or larger.

· Must be able to withstand a load of 100 kg or more.



Collision With Broken Pump Truck Hose DuringConcrete PlacementCase 4

Overview The tremie pipe and the concrete pump truck hose are

connected while the concrete is delivered for a site placing

pile. The pump truck hose breaks and fatally strikes a worker.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Thoroughly inspect construction equipment in- When placing concrete with a concrete pump truck, the

connecting hose shall be inspected for possible damage

and/or change in condition. When there is a malfunction,

the hose shall be immediately replaced.

- Before placing concrete with a concrete pump car, the

interior of the hose shall be thoroughly cleaned before

use.



Falling From Retaining Wall During ConcretePlacement

Case 5

Overview During concrete placement at the top of a retaining wall, the

soil around the support beam of the concrete pump truck

outrigger collapses. The end of the boom collides with the

retaining wall form. The worker is killed after losing his

balance and falling.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Abide by strict pump truck rollover prevention

procedures- When placing concrete, the soil shall be compacted or

displaced to provide a firm place for the outrigger in

order to prevent the pump truck from rolling over

▶ Adhere to strict fall prevention measures- If there is a risk of falling from the vibration of a hose

when placing concrete, take the necessary steps such as

installing guardrails to prevent falling.



Lumber Collapse During Concrete PlacementCase 6

Overview At a highway expansion construction site, laborers are placing

concrete slabs. During this process, form timber collapses and

11 laborers are injured.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Thorough timber installation- Fixing pins shall be installed at the upper and the lower

joints of the pillar member.

- Bracing shall be installed to prevent buckling.

- The U-head, the yoke, and the floor joist material shall be

connected.

- Vibration shall be prevented by placing a wedge in the

clearance between the U-head and the yoke. A yoke shall

be installed in the middle of the U-head to vertically

align the applied weight axis.

▶ Install special timber when slab thickness is 1 m- H-section timber support

- Bent support

- Load tower

- The height of the timber shall be lowered by filling up

the ground with hard packed soil.



Colliding With Concrete Pump Truck Backing UpCase 7Overview At a drainage improvement construction site, the concrete

pump truck finishes placing the drainage base concrete. The

pump truck backs up on the temporary road and runs into a

worker, killing him in the process.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Follow strict collision prevention measures- When backing up construction machinery like a concrete

pump truck, laborer access shall be restricted in a zone

with a risk of collision. A guide shall also be provided.

▶ Prepare detailed instructions- When working with construction machinery, instructions

shall be established that account for the type of vehicle

being used, its route, intended use and method of

operation. Laborers shall be notified before starting the

job.

5. Steel Frame

(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unit

Operation Framework member transport Transfer and assembly Deck plate installation

Frequency (%) 0.62 2.26 0.31

Risk ★ ★★★ ★

(2) Illustration



Is the condition of thehauler wire rope ok?

Are the fall preventionmeasures adequate?

Is the hauler rope being removedafter the temporary assembly of

the lifting steel frame?

Does the weight of the load exceedthe capacity of the machinery?

- Safety ratio 5 or moreIs the laborer wearing a

safety harness and attachedto the mounted equipment?

Is a walkway secured forthe laborer?

Is there any risk ofmaterials falling?

Are there any otheroperations being carriedout under the work site?

Is there a safety net installedfor every 10 m in height at the

lower section of the steelframe work site?

Is there an ascent/descent(stair) structure installed?

(3) Risk assessment



•Install walkway on steel framepillar

•Install block

•Install mounted equipment forsafety harness

•Put on safety harness•Install safety nets every 10 m

•Prohibit use of clamp•Inspect hanging rope in advanceand the use dual-rope hanger

•Install removal device on cranehook

•Firmly fix hauler rope to member•Temporarily assemble memberwhile it is hung on lifter

•Inspect hanging rope in advanceand use dual-rope hanger

•Temporarily fix member- 1/2 or more of main fixing bolt

•Install buckling line to preventcollapse

•Thoroughly construct base anchor•Comply with work procedures andwork flow

•Install automatic voltage reducer•Wear insulated gloves

•Prevent earth settling•Install lifter outrigger•Confirm transfer weight inadvance

Medium



High

Low

High

High

Medium

Medium

Laborer falls from steelframe pillar while goingup or down

aborer falls during steelframe assembly or whilemoving

Steel frame member fallswhile loading / unloading

Steel frame falls duringtransfer

Steel frame collapsesduring assembly

Laborer getselectrocuted whilewelding

Lifter overturns duringmember transfer

Human Factor

PhysicalFactor

Work Method

Machineryand

Equipment

Carryingin

membersand

transportation

Hauling

and

assembly

Deckplateinstallation



Falling During Steel Frame TransferCase 1Overview The laborer teams up with a co-worker to transfer a steel

frame to the roof. He attaches the wire rope to the steel frame

on the truck cage and the frame is transferred. The laborer

hangs onto the frame as it is being lifted, falls from a height

of approximately 10 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ When handling a heavy load, a supervisor shall oversee the

process and determine the work flow and method. If the

material being transferred is out of the operator's sight

when using a crane, a signaling system shall be established

and a signaler placed.



Steel Frame Collapse During AssemblyCase 2Overview While installing a steel frame member to the vertical frame at

a steel frame or reinforcing rod concrete construction site, a

frame structure (width 26.9 m, height 23.8 m) collapses. Two

steel frame workers fall, and nine framework workers on the

ground floor are crushed by the framework that collapses due

to the shock. One steel frame worker and two framework

workers die while 8 laborers are injured.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ When building structures such as steel frames, a sufficient

safety inspection shall be performed in advance to prevent

potential collapse and overturning. A steel frame work plan

shall then be prepared. Laborers shall be notified and the

work performed in compliance with the work plan.



Falling From a Steel Frame BeamCase 3Overview While on a steel frame beam on the 7th floor, a worker

secures and adjusts the transport path for a secondary beam

that is transferred by the tower crane. He misses his footing,

falls from a height of 10.3 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Mounted equipment shall be installed while working at a

high altitude (as in steel frame operations) where there is a

high risk of falling on the work site. Laborers shall wear a

safety harness, and safety nets shall be installed at the

lower section of the construction site.



Falling While Moving On a Steel Frame BeamCase 4Overview A laborer installs a steel arch for a storage building roof

installation on a 9 m-high steel frame. He moves to the next

row on the steel frame beam. He is killed after losing his

balance and falling to the ground.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ When moving or assembling on steel frames 2 m or higher,

a fixed temporary walkway shall be installed for safe

passage of the laborer. Alternatively, mounted equipment

shall be installed anda safety harness worn before moving

or starting the job.



Falling During Steel Frame Deck PlateInstallation At Golf Course

Case 5

Overview On a third floor steel frame beam, a worker signals the crane

during a floor deck plate installation. The bundle slips off the

steel frame beam and bounces towards the worker. The

worker attempts to get out of the way, loses his balance and

falls from a height of 8.7 m. He dies when he hits the ground.

One other laborer is injured after his ankle is caught between

the deck plate bundle and the steel frame beam.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶A difficult scaffold installation is encountered before

installing the deck plates. Because of this there is a high

risk of falling while moving on the steel frame or during

material transfer. Therefore, safety nets and mounted

equipment must be installed. The installation shall be

carried out thoroughly to prevent slacking or unraveling of

the equipment. A safety harness (such as the lightweight

swing-type) shall be worn before starting the job.

6. Bricklaying And Plastering (Polishing)

(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Material transport Brick and block laying Plastering

Frequency (%) 1.37 1.41 3.96

Risk ★★ ★★ ★★★

(2) Illustration



Is there any danger of theblocks or the wall collapsing?

Is the daily work volume beingcomplied with to prevent thebrick wall from collapsing?

- 1.2 ~ 1.5 m / day

Are gloves worn to protectthe hands?

Is the work site organized,and are the adjacentopenings protected?

Are there any problems inthe brick or block transportpath and the method?

Is the fall prevention measure for thelaborer on the scaffolding adequate?- Install guardrails- Wear safety harness, etc.

Is the scaffolding properlyinstalled for the work siteand the work methods?

(3) Risk assessment



• Ensure scaffolding safety-Scaffolding width 40 cm or more

• If stage is 2 m or higher, installstair structure and guardrails

• Protect openings- Install guardrails or covers

• Secure scaffolding- Secure 2 places or more

• Use sturdy material forworkplatform to eliminate risk ofcollapsing- Use certified products

• Install safety nets• Organize material

• Employ disposal preventionmeasure at garbage drop-off point

• Transport garbage in gunnysacks when possible

• Install support beams to preventcollapsing

• Prohibit overworking- Comply with daily work volume

• Remove in order from uppersection to lower section

• Make sure that safety doors toentryway are closed- Ensure safety doors areoperable from lift side only

• Use equipment that is doubleinsulated- Inspect insulation for damage inadvance

• Install breaker on output powersource

High



High

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

Medium

Laborer falls whileworking on scaffoldingsuch as saddle scaffoldand movable scaffold

Laborer falls intoadjacent opening

Laborer falls asworkplatforms such asscaffolding stage falls orcollapses

Material or tool fallsduring operation

Accidents due tomaterial disposalthrough garbage chute

Bricks or blockscollapse during removal

Laborer falls throughopen lift entryway whilemoving bricks onawheelbarrow

Laborer getselectrocuted whilecutting material withgrinder

Human Factor

PhysicalFactor

Work Method

Machineryand

Equipment

Materialtransport

Brick /Blocklaying

Plastering



Falling From Scaffolding During WorkplatformInstallation For Plastering

Case 1

Overview At a new courthouse construction site, a worker installs

workplatforms on an outdoor scaffolding. The workplatform

where the worker is standing falls off. He loses his balance,

falls from a height of 11.6 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Install sturdy workplatform- When installing workplatforms, underfloor support

beams such as single pipes shall be securely fixed to the

scaffolding with clamps first.

▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures-When working on a scaffolding, safety nets shall be

thoroughly installed between scaffolds, and between the

scaffold and the exterior of the wall. When scaffolding

installation is difficult, safety harness cables shall be

installed and the harness worn.



Falling While Moving On ScaffoldingDuring PolishingCase 2

Overview The laborer works on polishing the exterior wall near the roof

eaves. He moves on the scaffolding, falls from a height of 2.2

m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Thoroughly install workplatform (temporary walkway)- When working or moving in a place where there is a risk

of falling (as on a scaffold), a sturdy, near-gapless (gaps

3 cm or less) workplatform (temporary walkway) shall be

installed.

▶ Wear personal protective equipment- When moving or working on an outdoor scaffold where

there is a risk of falling, hard hats (with the chin strap

fastened) and safety harnesses shall be worn.

Supervisors shall strictly manage the proper use of

personal protective equipment.



Falling During Apartment Balcony PolishingCase 3Overview At a new apartment construction site, the laborer polishes the

ceiling of the balcony with a grinder. He stands on a

workplatform on the anterior balcony on the 3rd floor. The

laborer loses his balance and falls over the guardrail

temporarily installed on the balcony platform. He falls at a

height of 9.5 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- When working in a place such as a balcony platform

where there is a risk of falling, a guardrail shall be

installed with the upper rail height of 90 cm~120 cm, and

the medium rail in the middle between the upper rail and

the workplatform.

- If guardrail installation is not feasible, strict danger

precautions shall be observed by installing safety nets or

wearing safety harnesses.



Falling Into Opening During Plastering InApartment StairwayCase 4

Overview While plastering in an apartment stairway landing, a laborer

loses his balance and dies after falling through an outside

opening at a height of 28 m.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- When there is laborer traffic and work near a vertical

opening (meant for windows) at a stairway landing,

guardrails shall be installed to prevent falling. If the

guardrails must be removed due to the work situation,

safety harness cables shall be installed and harnesses

worn before starting work.



Falling While Plastering Tile Cement OnScaffolding

Case 5

Overview During a tile cement plastering operation for artificial stones

on the exterior wall of a building, a laborer falls from the

scaffold platform at a height of 9 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- When working in a place that is 2 m or higher where

there is a risk of falling, strict fall prevention measures

shall be taken by installing guardrails or fences to

prevent falling. When this is not feasible, laborers shall

wear safety harnesses.

▶ Personal protective equipment (hard hats) mandatory- When working or moving in a place with a risk of

accident such as falling, personal protective equipment

such as hard hats shall be worn.



Falling Due To Untying of Fiber Rope WhilePolishing Apartment Side Wall

Case 6

Overview A plasterer prepares his tools on a hanging scaffold at an

apartment building construction site. The hanging fiber rope

comes undone. The laborer dies after falling from a height of

55 m.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Thoroughly inspect rope tie offs in advance when

working on hanging scaffold- Inspect how the hanging scaffold fiber rope is secured

before starting the job.※ Safely secure the rope with an overhand knot at two

possible anchors. When securing the rope, use reinforcingrods or fix the end of the rope with a clip.

▶ Thorough safety harness installation- When working on a hanging scaffold, safety devices such

as a vertical lifeline shall be installed. Follow installation

instructions carefully to ensure the lifeline functions

properly.



Falling While Finishing Window Sill PlasteringCase 7

Overview At an apartment house repair construction site, the laborer

installs workplatforms on a double row staging and does

finishing work on the plastering. He loses his balance, falls

from a height of 7.6 m and dies.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Employ strict fall prevention measures- Fall prevention structures such as guardrails shall be

installed on the workplatform before commencing work.

▶ Provide and wear personal protective equipment- When working in a place with a risk of falling, see to it

that personal protective equipment such as hard hats and

safety harnesses are provided and worn during operation.

7. Painting

(1) Disaster frequency and intensity by work unitOperation Surface treatment Indoor painting Outdoor painting

Frequency (%) 0.12 2.17 0.77

Risk ★ ★★★ ★

(2) Illustration



Is a signal man or ansupervisor in place?

Is there any danger of thehanging rope coming undone

or breaking?

Is there any dangerof tools or materials

falling?

Is the laborer properlyattached to thevertical lifeline?

Is the fall preventionmeasure adequate?- Install vertical lifeline- Wear safety harness

Is the hanging rope longenough to reach theground surface?

Is the safety measureadequate to preventpainting dispersion?

Are laborersappropriately restrictedin the danger zones?

(3) Risk assessment



•Install walkways for laborers•Install guardrail on platform•Put on safety harness

•Lower scaffolding after securing rope•Slowly lower end first

•Train laborers in the proper use ofA frames and scaffolds

•Employ safety measures formovable scaffolds- Install stair structure- Install guardrails on scaffolding platform- Secure wheels

•Fix hanging rope to sturdy structure•Install pad in places such as edgeof structure where friction maycause damage to rope

•Employ safety measures formovable scaffolding

•Consider weather conditions when working•Put away dangerous objects inadvance and restrict laboreraccess in disposal danger zone

•Strictly manage fire equipment•Store painting materials in well-ventilated areas

•Secure scaffold hanging rope andinspect rope condition

•Mount safety harness on hangingrope and separate lifeline

•Mount safety harness on lifeline beforeclimbing onto hanging scaffolding

•Restrict laborer access withinoperation radius

•Secure rope length at minimum 12times distance from ropeconnection point to ground

•Prohibit welding near hanging rope

High



Low

Medium

High

Low

Low

High

Low

Medium

Low

Laborer falls whilemoving during outdoorpainting

Laborer falls withhanging scaffoldingwhile lowering it

Laborer falls whileworking on A frame ormovable scaffolding

Laborer falls due tounraveling of supportrope on hangingscaffolding, damage tosupporting structure, orbreaking of rope

Public complaint frompaint disposal

Fire / explosion due tofire equipment

Laborer falls due toinsufficient length ofhanging scaffolding

Laborer falls whileclimbing onto hangingscaffolding

Laborer falls duringexterior painting onhigh-rise building

Laborer falls due to damage tohanging scaffolding rope bysparks from welding operation

HumanFactor

PhysicalFactor

WorkMethod

Machineryand

Equipment

Surface

treatment

Indoor

painting

Outdoor

painting



Falling From Platform While PaintingCase 1

Overview While painting the ceiling with a paint roller in a factory

walkway, the laborer loses his balance at the end of the

walkway and falls.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Install guardrails- Guardrails should be installed in a place like the end of a

factory walkway where there is a risk of falling while

working or moving.

▶ Wear personal protective equipment- A safety harness and a hard hat shall be provided to

laborers who work in a place with a risk of falling. This

equipment shall be worn while working.



Falling From Hanging Scaffold While PaintingExterior WallCase 2

Overview While painting the exterior wall on a hanging scaffold, the

fiber rope attached to the roof railing comes undone and the

laborer falls.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Secure and inspect fiber rope on hanging scaffolding- When painting the exterior wall on hanging scaffolding,

the fiber rope shall be secured on a sturdy structure so it

does not come undone (such as using an overhand knot

and securing the end with a clip).

- When painting on hanging scaffold, inspect the way the

rope is secured before starting the job.

▶ Install vertical lifeline and wear safety harness (fallprevention harness)- When painting on hanging scaffolding, a vertical lifeline

should be installed in addition to the fiber rope. A safety

harness (fall prevention harness) shall be mounted on the

lifeline while working.



Falling From Movable Scaffolding While PaintingCase 3

Overview While painting the stage structures at a convention center

main assembly hall construction site, a laborer loses his

balance and falls from the 3-story movable scaffolding.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Comply with movable scaffolding (B/T) installation

standards- When working with a B/T, the scaffolding shall be

installed in a sturdy way, and guardrails installed on the

platform to prevent falling accidents.

▶ Improve operation methods- When installing scaffolding at a height of 7 m, there is a

risk of falling due to a shock in the lower section, as well

overturning from contacting obstructions due to frequent

movement. There is also a risk of falling when ascending

/ descending.

- Scaffolding shall be stabilized by installing brackets in

the lower section to prevent rollover, or a lifter such as a

hi-land and a lift truck shall be used..



Falling From Aerial Ladder Truck While PaintingCase 4Overview The laborer paints the eaves on the roof on an aerial ladder

truck where riding is prohibited. He loses his balance

immediately after the turn of the boom and falls.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Use mobile lift that can be boarded- Proper machinery such as a cargo crane, which can be

boarded and is safe against the shaking of the boom, for

aerial operation, or

- Scaffolding that is installed outside the building and the

stage firmly fixed before starting to paint.

▶ Personal protective equipment mandatory- Safety harnesses and hard hats shall be provided and

worn by laborers who work in a place where there is a

risk of falling.



Skylight Breaking During Slate Roof PaintingCase 5

Overview At a factory repair construction site, a worker spray paints the

old slate roof. He steps on a skylight slate. The plastic roof

caves in and he falls.

Illustration

SafetyMeasures

▶ Strict fall prevention measures- When working on top of weak material such as slate or

skylight roof, scaffolding with 30 cm or more in width

shall be installed to prevent laborers from falling.

▶ Confirm safety before starting work- The frame structure of the slate or skylight roof shall be

confirmed before the operation. If a laborer must climb to

the upper section, safety shall be confirmed and the

laborer notified.

▶ Wear personal protective equipment (safety harness)- When there is an operation at 2 m or higher, the business

owner shall install mounted equipment, and a safety

harness shall be worn before starting work.

1. Definition of occupational diseases 138

2. Prevention of Occurrence of 138Occupational Diseases

04 Prevention ofOccupational

Diseases




1. Definition of occupational diseasesAn occupational disease is defined as the disease of a worker that takes place during

and by his/her occupation. Occupational diseases are classified into two categories:

Typical occupational disease is caused by being exposed toharmful factors in the

occupation; and Occupation-relevant diseases comprise non-occupational factors,

which arefurther worsened by occupational factors. Typical occupational diseases

include noise-induced hearing loss, ocular disease, heatstroke, cutaneous disorder

and occupational cancer caused by exposure to physical factors such as noise,

harmful lights, radiation, and high-temperature heat. Those caused by exposure to

chemical factors include organic solvent intoxication, heavy-metal intoxication,

pneumoconiosis, cutaneous disorder, occupational cancer, oxygen depletion, and

harmful gas intoxication. Occupation-relevant diseases include musculoskeletal

system disorder caused by exercise of excessive force or repetitive processes, and

cerebrovascular/cardiovascular system disorder by stress for tasks.

2. Prevention of Occurrence of Occupational Diseases

2-1 Nose-induced hearing loss

(1) Definition of noiseNoise is defined as ‘undesired or unwanted sound’ or ‘sound mentally and

physically harmful to the human body.’ Main noise sources at work places

include frictional or striking sounds from production facilities, noise


Chapter 4 Prevention of Occupational Diseases


generated from motors, and explosive sound from compressed air. Noises can

be classified into continuous noise, interrupted noise and impulse noise in

accordance with the types of generation.

(2) Effects of noise to healthContinuous exposure to noise may cause reduction of work efficiency and accidents

due to loss of concentration on work because of adverse effects to physiological

systems such as noise-induced hearing loss from irrevocable (permanent) hearing

loss, ear noise, increase of stress, or change in the immune system.

The Industrial Safety and Health Act (KOSH Act) stipulates that work places with

noise greater than 80 dB(A) shall be measured for noise levels (every six months),

and workers exposed to noises shall be provided with special health inspection

(hearing ability inspection) for prevention and control of hearing loss (health

inspection cycle: first inspection within 12 months, and every 24 months thereafter).

The reference of noise exposure in Korea in 90 dB(A).

(3) Prevention of noise-induced hearing loss① Use of low-noise facilities or equipment

② Installing damping materials (e.g., vibration-absorbing springs and rubber

mats) on locations subject to impact to reduce impact power

③ Sealing or isolating noise facilities, and installing noise barriers

④ Installing sound-absorbent materials on the walls inside a room, or

providing a silencer on the section of generation of compressed air

⑤ Wearing appropriate personal protection gear to protect hearing ability

(e.g., earplugs and ear covers)

⑥ Installing a control booth for isolating work space

⑦ Restriction and control of the time exposed to noises

⑧ Regular hearing ability inspection



2-2. Radiation

(1) Definition of radiationRadiation is classified into two categories; ionized radiation and non-ionized

radiation. Ionized radiation is radiation with energy enough to ionize objects

exposed to generated energy. X-ray and γ-ray are of electromagnetic

radiation, while a-wave, ß-wave and neutron are of particulate radiation.

Though its energy is relatively low, non-ionized radiation may give adverse

effect to health upon consistent and repetitive exposure. Non-ionized

radiation includes ultraviolet (UV) rays, visible light (VL) rays, infrared (IR)

rays,radiofrequency(RF),lowfrequency(LF)andextremelylowfrequency(ELF).

Exposure to ionized radiation is limited, since the exposure takes place with

medical devices, and non-destruction inspection systems. However, workers

have a high probability of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) ray with wavelengths

between 180 and 400 nanometer (nm), or visible light and near-infrared rays

between 385 and 3,000 nm. Ultraviolet rays and near-infrared rays are

regarded as harmless to health (e.g., actinic keratitis, and erythema) by most

workers even upon repetitive exposure. Ultraviolet rays may be generated

from welding arc, fluorescent and incandescent light and solar rays, and near-

infrared ray from solar rays and infrared lamps used for jobs.



(2) Effects of radiation on healthAdverse effects to health resultingfrom exposure to ionized radiation reported

so far include leukemia, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, bone

marrow cancer, and skin cancer.

Adverse effects on health from non-ionized radiation are as listed in the table below:

Ray Band Wave length HealthEffect

UV-C 100~280 nm Skin rash, erythema

Ultra Violet UV-B 280~315 nm Skin rash, erythema

UV-A 315~400 nm Skin rash, erythema, cataract, skin cancer

Visible Light - 400~780 nmCornea damage or skin burn due to optical-physical reaction or heat

IR-A 780~1,400 nm Skin burn, cataract, cornea burn

Infra Red IR-B 1.4~3.0 ㎛ Skin burn

IR-C 3.0 ㎛~1.0 mm -

(3) Prevention of adverse effects on health from radiation① Workers shall not be exposed to ionized radiation.

② Workers shall wear appropriate personal protection gear (e.g., safety

glasses, protective clothes) to minimize expose to non-ionized radiation

such as ultraviolet rays, visible light and infrared rays.

2-3. High temperature heat

(1) Adverse effects to health from high-temperature heatHeat stress resulted from high-temperature heat is determined by the total

heat load applied to the human body caused by composite effects of

environmental and physical factors. Environmental factors include

temperature, air current, humidity and radiant heat. Physical factors produce

metabolic heat to the human body dependent upon work intensity to apply

heat load to the human body.

Wet Bulb, Globe Temperature (WBGT) is the typical index for assessing

stress caused from high-temperature heat. WBGT is an index that indicates

general effects to the human body from temperature, humidity, air current

rate and radiant heat.



The exposure references for preventing adverse effects to health from high-

temperature heat are as listed in the following table:

Ratio of work and rest per hourStrength of Work(WBGT, ℃)

Light Moderate Heavy

100% Work(Successive) 30.0 26.7 25.0

75% Work; 25% Rest 30.6 28.0 25.9

50% Work; 50% Rest 31.4 29.4 27.9

25% Work; 75% Rest 32.2 31.1 30.0

Major adverse effects to the human body from heat stress are described below:

① Heat cramp: Cramp accompanied

with pain in the limbs and the

abdomen due to excessive drainage

of sweat together with loss of large

amount of salinity during exposure

to high-temperature heat for an

extensive period

② Heat exhaustion: Fatigue, emesis,

dizziness and cramp from

hypoglycemia caused by

dehydration

③ Heat stroke: Sudden thermoregulation disorder due to exposure to a high

temperature environment and humidity resulting in the elevation of body

heat or coma

(2) Prevention of adverse effects from health from high-temperature heat① Get sufficient rest in an air-conditioned rest area isolated from heat source,

or reduce work hours or execute shift system.

② Drink sufficient cold water and take table salt.

③ Wear light and airy clothes for easy dispersion of heat. Install heat barrier or

wear heat-resistant clothes at work environment with significant radiant heat.

④ Emit heat from high-temperature objects and install a local vent system on

the top of the heat source to exhaust hot air and reduce temperature in the

work place.



heat cramp

heatexhaustion

heat stroke

2-4. Occupational diseases cause by chemical substances

(1) Adverse effects to health from chemical substancesChemical substances are used in various processes such as the manufacture,

composition and abstraction of chemical products, cleaning processes and

printing. Most of them are highly volatile and cause a large quantity of exposure.

The respiratory organ is the main path of absorption of chemical substances, and

some of them are absorbed via the skin and the mouth. Chemical substances

absorbed into human body may cause diseases in the respiratory system,

hematopoietic system, nervous system or liver dependent upon the characteristics

of the substances. Adverse effects on health from exposure to chemical

substances widely employed in work places are listed in the following table:

Chemicals Health Effect(Diseases) Chemicals Health Effect(Diseases)

Methanol(Methyl Alcohol) Optic nerve disorder Maleic anhydride Asthma

Methyl Bromide Optic nerve disorder Phthalic anhydride Asthma

Dimethyl acetamide Toxic hepatitis Acrylamide PNS

Hydrogen Chlorid Dental erosion by acid Acrylonitrile Nervous toxic

Sulfuric Acid Dental erosion by acid 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol Skin sensitization

Nitric Monoxide Asphyxiation Epichlorohydrin Skin sensitization

Nitroglycerin Headache, heart disease Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Asthma

Carbon disulfide CNS, PNS Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate Asthma

Stevensjohnson normal Hexane PNS Trichloroethylene syndrometoxic

liver diease

Sodium cyanide Asphyxiation Formaldehyde Sensitization, Leukemia

Potassium cyanide Asphyxiation Stoddard solvent Neural toxic

Glutaraldehyde Sensitization Hydrazine Sensitization

Nitrobenzene Hemoglobin disorder Asbestos Mesothelioma, lung cancer

Dinitrotoluene Hemoglobin disorder Dichlorobenzidine Bladder cancer

Dimethylaniline Hemoglobin disorder Zinc chromate Lung cancer

MDI Asthma Coaltar pitch volatiles Lung cancer

Methyl Chloride Nervous toxic Nickel sulfide roasting Lung cancer



1) Respiratory system disease

▶ Occurrence and symptoms of respiratory system diseases

Dust enters the human body via the respiratory organs and are deposed in the lungs

to cause diseases resulting from fibrosis of the lungs and reaction of the bronchus.

Two major occupational respiratory organ diseases are pneumoconiosis and

occupational asthma. Pneumoconiosis is commonly found on miners who are

exposed to coal dusts. Sylicosis occurs in workers at a foundry working for casting

or sand removal processes, and welder lung occurs in welders. Exposure to asbestos

causes asbestosis. Pneumoconiosis may cause various respiratory organ

complications such as phthisis, pneumothorax and pulmonary emphysema.

Asthma-causing materials are varied and cover more than 300 types of materials.

The major asthma-causing materials at work places include isocyanate materials

(e.g., TDI and MDI) contained in forming agents or hardeners, reactive dies,

welding fume, rubber, and grain feed. Asthma results in occlusion of the bronchus

causing symptoms such as pressure in chest, cough, respiratory distress and

wheezing during work hours.

Materials such as asbestos, nickel compound, 6-chromium, beryllium and

crystalline silicate glass cause lung cancer. Polykaryon aromatic hydrocarbon

(PAH) and formaldehyde are also reported to cause lung cancer.

▶ Prevention of respiratory organ diseases

① Contain the facilities and install and operate vent systems such as local

venting apparatus to minimize exposure to chemical substances such as dusts.

② Employ wet processes to minimize

generation of dusts.

③ Wear protective gear for respiratory

organs to minimize exposure to dusts.

④ Provide workers with regular health

inspections.

⑤ Immediately see a physician upon

detecting symptoms of respiratory

organ disease, and provide the

physician with details of the nature of

the work, and chemical substances to

worked with.



2) Hematopoietic system disease

▶ Occurrence and symptoms of hematopoietic system diseases

Hematopoietic system diseases are

defined as those pertinent to

erythrocytes, leukocytes and

lymphocytes in the bloods. Typical

occupational diseases include

hematopoietic system cancer resulted

from benzene, and anemia from lead.

Exposure to benzene is also probable

from solvent handling and painting

processes. Lead intoxication is a probable occurrence due to exposure to lead

during soldering, battery manufacture and glass manufacture.

▶ Prevention of hematopoietic system diseases

① Contain the facilities and install and operate vent systems such as local

venting apparatus to minimize exposure to benzene or lead.

② Wear protective gear for respiratory organs to minimize exposure to dusts.

③ Provide workers with regular health inspection.

④ Immediate see a physician upon detecting symptoms of hematopoietic

system disease, and provide the physician with details of the nature of the

work, and chemical substances worked with.

3) Nervous system disease

▶ Occurrence and symptoms of nervous system diseases

The major causes of nervous system

diseases include composite organic solvent,

acetonitrile, acrylamide, manganese, lead,

mercury, organic tin, and bromic methyl.

Exposure to those materials is probable:

Composite organic solvents widely used in

painting processes, acetonitrile at

pharmaceutical product manufacture

processes, manganese at welding processes,

and organic tin used as additives during the manufacture of plastics products.



▶ Prevention of nervous system diseases

① Contain the facilities and install and operate vent systems such as a local

venting apparatus to minimize exposure to chemical substances that cause

nervous system diseases.

② Wear protective gear for respiratory organs to minimize exposure to those

materials.

③ Provide workers with regular health inspections.

④ Immediate see a physician after detecting symptoms of nervous system

disease, and provide the physician with details of the nature of the work,

and chemical substances worked with.

4) Toxic liver disease

▶ Occurrence and symptoms of toxic liver diseases

There are various chemical substances causing toxic liver disease including:

Tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, Polychlorinated byphenyls (PCB),

trichlorotoluene, dinitrobenzene, N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF).

In particular, exposure to DMF occurs by inhaling or absorbing the materials

via the skin, and causes acute liver intoxication. There was one accident of

death of a foreign worker by acute toxic hepatitis in 2006, who worked at a

DMF handling process.



▶ Prevention of toxic liver diseases



toxic liver diseases.

② Wear protective gear for respiratory organs to minimize exposure to those materials.


④ Immediate see a physician after detecting symptoms of respiratory organ



⑤ Prevent exposure by executing work turnover.

5) Cutaneous disorder

▶ Occurrence and symptoms of cutaneous disorders

Cutaneous disorders most likely occur from exposure to organic solvents such as

trichloroethylene (TCE), acids, alkalis and cleaning agents, and the symptoms of

the diseases may be worsened when exposed to light. Major symptoms of the

diseases include contact dermatitis, eczema, acne, and dermatomycosis.

▶ Prevention of cutaneous disorders



cutaneous disorders.

② Wear protective clothes to minimize exposure to those materials.




④ Immediate see a physician after detecting symptoms of respiratory organ



Further, workers shall pay special attention to the following provisions for

preventing occupational diseases that result from exposure to chemical

substances:

① Wear personal protective gear such as non-permeable rubber gloves or

protective clothes when handling chemical substances, and do not touch

the substances with the bare hands, or let them contact the skin.

② Local venting apparatus shall be installed and operated to minimize

quantity of airborne chemical substances.

③ Work shall be started only after receiving instruction on the harm and risks

and precautions of handling chemical substances.

④ Protective gear appropriate for respiration shall be worn when handling

chemical substances.

⑤ Never ingest beverage or food, or smoke within work place when handling

chemical substances.

⑥ Health inspection shall be provided to workers before they are assigned to

jobs, and regular health inspections thereafter.

⑦ Upon detecting symptoms likely to cause occupational diseases,

immediately see a physician, or consult with local foreigner worker

support center.



발행처 : 한국산업안전보건공단

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제 작 : 안전보건미디어개발실

주 소 : (403-711) 인천광역시 부평구 구산동 34-4

자료문의 및 의견 : 전 화 : 032-5100-694

팩 스 : 032-502-0049

2007년 10월 초판

2009년 5월 3차 개정판

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