Metallic Glasses from Alchemy to pure

…

Present and future of design,processing and applications of

glassy metalsBy

Eugen Axinte

Review article appeared in Materials and Design 35 (2012) 518–556

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Cited by 25( source Google Scholar )

Cited by 15 ( source Scopus )

Cited by 12 ( source TR Web of Science)

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In 1960 an act of inversed ‘‘alchemy’’ was produced: a metal, a gold based alloy was transformed in a glass (. . a metallic glass). And the philosopher’s stone was the extremely rapid cooling of melted alloy (cca. 1.000.000 K/s).

Short history of born and evolution of Metallic Glasses

Year BMGs composition BMGs commercial name Authors BMGs place of birth

1959 Au75Si25 - W. Klement Jr; Pol Duwez R.H, Willens

Caltech

1969 Pd-M-Si (where M = Ag, Cu, or Au)

H.S. Chen D. Turnbull

1976 Fe40Ni40B20 MetGlass(since 1980)

H.LiebermannC.Graham

Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 

1992 Zr41Ti14Cu12Ni10 Be22 Vitreloy1 ( produced by Liquidmetal Technologies http://www.liquidmetal.com)

W.L. Johnson and A.Peker

Caltech

2001 Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni–Al alloys

Similarity with Vit105 (Zr52.5Ti5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10)

A.A. Kündig ETH Zürich -The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich

2004 Bulk Amorphous Steel

- Liu and Zhao Ping Lu; Wallace Porter; James R. Thompson

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) http://www.ornl.govUniversity of Virginia

2010 Pd79Ag3.5P6Si9.5Ge2 - Demetriou, Launey, Garrett , Schramm, Hofmann, Johnson & Ritchie

California Institute of Technology and The University of California, Berkeley

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Local structure of Metallic Glasses

The structure model for Al-rich BMGs (reproduced with permission from [9] © Elsevier

Structure of Ni81B19 metallic glass obtained from an ab initio

MD simulation (adapted with permission from [12] ©2009

Elsevier).

Simulated atomic configuration of glassy Zr66.7Ni33.3 (extracted and reproduced with permission from [10] © 2010, Nature Publishing Group).

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Properties of Metallic Glasses

Engineering aspects of GFA Schematized diagram TTT (picture adapted

after [17] ©2011 WILEY-VCHVerlag, GmbH and Co.).

Shear bands in BMGs

Kinetics and the glass forming ability (GFA) – the influential factor in studying the formation of BMGs

The models of Spaepen’s free-volume and the (STZ) model by Argon (adapted with permission from [31] © 2011 Elsevier).

F

Metallic glasses with large plasticity open a window for understand the intrinsic mechanism of structural deformation in glass ( Wei Hua Wang)

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Mechanical properties and performances of BMGs

Fracture toughness vs Young modulus for different materials (reproduced with

permission from [25] ©2008, Nature Publishing Group). Comparative chart of fracture toughness

vs yield strength for BMGs and other metallic materials (adapted from [26] © 2010 JOM).

Fatigue endurance limit (stress-range based) vs yield strength data for BMGs and other metallic alloys (adapted from [26] © 2010

JOM).

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Design and fabrication of BMGs

Zr-based BMG pieces obtained by TPF based blow molding (adapted with permission from [43] © 2011 Elsevier).

BMG Medalof Institute of Physics (CAS)

Beijing -courtesy by prof. Wei Hua Wang

重量重量 7 7 mgmg

A promising material for micro-devices and micro-manufacture -courtesy by prof. Wei Hua Wang

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Engineering parts at micro-scale fabricated from BMGs (adapted with permission from [38] © 2011 Elsevier

Kinetic Energy Penetrators ‘‘KEPs’’ (reproduced from [64]).

Images with spacecraft (artist rendering during collection phase) and BMG components for Genesis Mission (image credit NASA/JPL – Caltech/USC [66,67]).

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The future developments of BMGs- is an OPEN Discussion !

AcknowledgmentsTo Dr. Physicist Joerg Heber, managing Editor at Nature Communications and science writer, for his friendly advices and encouragements and for permission provided to use some information from his scientific and editorial work.To distinguished professor Wei Hua Wang and to whole EX4 Group of Amorphous Materials and Physics in the Institue of Physics (IOP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)- Beijing for their friendly advices and for information provided from their valuable scientific work in domain of metallic glasses. To Professor Jan Schroers from Schrorerslab – Yale University for his statements provided for this review paper and for readers of Materials and Design.To Professor Marios Demetriou from Caltech, for permission provided to reuse some information from his published work and for the statement made for this review and for readers of Materials and Design.To researchers and scientists (cited or not cited in this paper) whose work is the true engine of human development.To Elsevier Ltd., Nature Publishing Group and WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co for copyright licenses and permissions provided by Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) – www.rightslink.com.

[9] Cheng YQ, Ma E. Atomic-level structure and structure–property relationship in metallic glasses. Progr Mater Sci 2011;56/4.[10] Hirata A, Guan P, Fujita T, Hirotsu Y, Inoue A, Yavari AR. Direct observation of local atomic order in a metallic glass. Nat Mater 10:28–33. [12] Greer AL. Metallic glasses. . .on the threshold. Mater Today 2009;12(1–2). [17] Kumar G, Desai A, Schroers J. Bulk metallic glass: the smaller the better. Adv Mater 2011;23:461–76. [25] Hofmann DC, Suh J, Wiest A, Duan G, Lind ML, Demetriou MD, et al. Designing metallic glass matrix composites with high toughness and tensile ductility. Nature 2008;451:1085–9.[26] Demetriou MD, Wiest A, Hofmann DC, Johnson WL, Han Bo, Wolfson N, et al. Amorphous metals for hard-tissue prosthesis, JOM 2010;62(2). <http:// www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/)>.[28] Wang L, Bei H, Gao YF, Lu ZP, Nieh TG. Effect of residual stresses on the hardness of bulk metallic glasses. Acta Mater 2011;59:2858–64.[31] Takeuchi S, Edagawa K. Atomistic simulation and modeling of localized sheardeformation in metallic glasses. Progr Mater Sci 2011;56:785–816.[34] Salimon AI, Ashby MF, Bréchet Y, Greer AL. Bulk metallic glasses: what are they good for? Mater Sci Eng A 2004;375–377:385–8.[38] Inoue A, Takeuchi A. Recent development and application products of bulk glassy alloys. Acta Mater 2011;59:2243–67.[43] Schroers J, Hodges TM, Kumar G, Raman H, Barnes AJ, Pham Q, et al. Thermoplastic blow molding of metals. Mater Today 2011;14(1–2).[64] Liquidmetal Technologies. <http://www.liquidmetal.com/applications/defenseapplications/>[accessed 25.07.11].[66] New bulk metallic glass to catch pieces of the solar wind. Press release by Martha J. Heil; October 11, 2000. <http://www.jpl.nasa.gov> <http:// www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2000/genesiscollector.html> [accessed July 2011].[67] Genesis – Search for the origins. http://genesismission.jpl.nasa.gov/ [accessed July 2011Wei Hua Wang – unpublished work - Develop, toughen and understand glasses ( presentation on Workshop “Opportunities, challenges and perspectives of using of novel materials ( metallic glasses, carbon fibers, graphen , fullerenes ) in industry” – Gh.Asachi Technical University of Iasi, september 2012 .

Selected References ( numbered as it appears in review paper )