MATTER

CHAPTER 1

Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma. For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter. The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).

People describe objects in many ways using size, shape, colors, and textures. Describing objects by using

-size (place images here) -shape -color -texture uses an object's properties. A property

describes how an object looks, feels, or acts. The objects shown here have different kinds of properties:

Properties of all objects Objects take up space. All objects take up space. Your computer is taking up

space on the desk. You are taking up space on the chair. Objects have mass. Mass is how much there is of an object. Mass is related

to how much something weighs. Mass and weight are two different things. The unit for mass is a gram. A nickel has the mass of about one gram.

Objects that take up space and have mass are called matter. Everything around you is made up of matter. Chocolate cake is made up of matter. You are made of matter.

If you are having trouble understanding matter, look all around you. You can see matter makes up the walls of your house and your classroom. Matter is large and matter is small. Do you get it yet?

Properties of Matter Remember all objects take up space and have mass. You

use your sense of taste and smell to tell the difference between spinach and an orange.

Physical properties- The measurement of mass and other characteristics that can be seen without changing how that object looks are its physical properties. When you look at oranges, you know that they are oranges because of their color, shape, and smell. Mass, color, shape, volume, and density are some physical properties. The answers to the question about the present are physical properties.

Density is an important physical property. Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.

Chemical properties- These are properties that can only be observed by changing the identity of the substance. A piece of paper burns and turns to a black substance. After the flame goes out you can no longer burn the new substance. The chemical properties have been changed.

Properties are constantly changing... Matter is constantly changing. Ice in your soda melts, glass breaks,

paper is ripped. When ice in your soda melts where does it go? What does it become?

If you remember, ice is water in the solid state. If you don't remember this or don't know it, you should go back and review states of water. When you drop the ice cube into the liquid, it begins to melt because the temperature is higher than that of the ice cube. It's like putting a snowman on your front lawn in July. The ice cube becomes liquid water. This is an example of a physical change. The solid water turned to liquid water. It doesn't turn into soil or macaroni. It remains water. If it did change into soil or macaroni, your drink would taste terrible and you would have an example of a chemical change.

Chemical changes are changing substances into other substances. If it could happen, ice changing into macaroni would be an example of a chemical change. A real example of a chemical change is spoiling milk or burning toast. Milk needs to be in the refrigerator or else it will go bad. If you've ever seen or smelled spoiled milk, it is not a pretty sight. The milk gets a sour odor and becomes lumpy. Unlike physical changes, you cannot reverse chemical changes. You can melt ice to get water and freeze that water to get ice again. You cannot make milk unspoiled.

CHAPTER 2

STATES OF MATTER

Properties describe matter. A block of wood, milk, and air all have properties. All the material on earth is in three states-solid, liquid, and gas. The "state" of the matter refers to the group of matter with the same properties. In other words, you group the objects together according to their properties.

SOLIDS THE WOOD BLOCK IS SOLID. A SOLID HAS A CERTAIN SIZE AND SHAPE. THE WOOD BLOCK DOES NOT CHANGE SIZE OR SHAPE. OTHER EXAMPLES OF SOLIDS ARE THE COMPUTER, THE DESK, AND THE FLOOR.YOU CAN CHANGE THE SHAPE OF SOLIDS. YOU CHANGE THE SHAPE OF SHEETS OF LUMBER BY SAWING IT IN HALF OR BURNING IT.

Liquids Milk is a liquid. Milk is liquid matter. It has a size

or volume. Volume means it takes up space. But milk doesn't have a definite shape. It takes the shape of its container.

Liquids can flow, be poured, and spilled. Did you ever spill juice? Did you notice how the liquid goes everywhere and you have to hurry and wipe it up? The liquid is taking the shape of the floor and the floor is expansive limitless boundary (until it hits the wall). You can't spill a wooden block. You can drop it and it still has the same shape.

What about jello and peanut butter? You can spread peanut butter on

bread, but peanut butter does not flow. It is not a liquid at room temperature. You have to heat peanut butter up to make it a liquid. When you or your mom makes jello, it is first a liquid. You have to put it in the refrigerator so that it becomes a solid. These are yummy forms of matter with properties of a liquid and a solid.

Gases Run in place very fast for a minute. Do you

notice how hard you are breathing? What you are breathing is oxygen? You need oxygen to live. That's why you can only hold your breath for a certain amount of time.

You can't see oxygen. It's invisible. It is a gas. A gas is matter that has no shape or size of its own. Gases have no color.

Gases are all around you. You can feel gas when the wind blows. The wind is moving air. Air is many gases mixed together.

FUN STUFF MATTER

What is Matter-Review? A property describes how an object

looks, feels, or acts. All objects take up space. All objects take up mass. Matter is anything that takes up

space and has mass. There are many kinds of atoms.

Fun stuff to do with matter-It's coming!

CHAPTER 3

ENERGY

Forms of Energy You have heard of the word "energy" all your

life.. You need to eat vegetables to grow strong and have "energy". You need to go to bed early so you will have "energy" in the morning to go to school. Energy is the ability to do work. Energy is everywhere in nature-sunlight, wind, water, plants, and animals. We use energy everyday.

Two kinds of energy are kinetic and potential. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Potential energy is stored energy. A good example of kinetic and potential energy is a frog leaping. A frog sitting on a lily pad is an example of potential energy. The frog leaping is an example of kinetic energy.

Different forms of energy are -Light -C hemical -Mechanical -Heat -Electric -Atomic -Sound All these forms of energy can be broken down either into

kinetic or potential. Law of Conservation of Energy- Energy can neither be

created nor destroyed. Energy is always changing from one kind to another. The total energy of an object never changes.

Potential energy + Kinetic energy = Total energy and Total energy - Kinetic energy = Potential energy and Total energy - Potential energy = Kinetic energy

Energy of Reactions All chemical reactions require energy to occur.

The rate of a reaction or how fast it occurs depends on:

-the number of particles, -the temperature, and -the presence of any catalysts.

1. PARTICLE CONCENTRATION If you add more soap to water, the more bubbles

will form. The higher the concentration of particles in a reaction, the faster it will go. Concentration is the number of particles in a volume of space. Look at the boxes below, which one will the reaction occur faster.

2. TEMPERATURE Temperature is an indicator of heat. If you want your

water to boil faster, you increase the temperature by turning the knob on high. Most reactions go faster at higher temperatures. Remember the difference between water vapor particles and ice particles. Water vapor particles move about more rapidly then ice particles. Ice particles are moving in slow motion compared to the gas particles. (animation)

3. CATALYSTS Catalysts are substances that help make a reaction

go faster. Scientists believe adding a catalyst to a reaction increases the number of particle collisions. A collision is when something hits something else with great energy. Some examples of catalysts are enzymes. There are enzymes in your mouth that help speed up the procees of digestion.

Energy and chemical reactions Chemical reactions require energy. This

energy can either be released or absorbed. Chemical reactions that give up heat energy are called exothermic reactions. The prefix "exo" means "out" and "therm" means "heat". Burning wood in a fireplace gives off heat to warm you up. Most chemical reactions are exothermic. Endothermic reactions absorb heat. "Endo" means "in" and "thermic" means "heat". Baking powder in dough causes bread to rise. It absorbs the heat from the oven to form carbon dioxide gas.

CHAPTER 4

MEASURING ENERGY

Measurement of Energy Temperature and Heat Heat is the result of the movement of matter.

Temperature is the measure of this movement of matter. You can tell the difference between temperature in the winter and summer. Winter is cold and summer is hot. You test the temperature of hot soup by blowing on it and then taking quick tastes.

But what is you wanted an exact measurement of temperature? What if you wanted to know exact numbers instead of just someone else's observations? A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. When you are sick, someone checks your temperature using a thermometer. When it is in your mouth, the heat in your mouth causes the liquid inside the glass column to expand and rise. If you were stick the thermometer in ice water, the cold temperature would cause the liquid inside to shrink and fall.

A scale is used to measure the rise and fall of the liquid which is usually the element mercury. One scale is called the Fahrenheit scale name after the scientist Fahrenheit. On the Fahrenheit scale, water freeezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Another scale that is used nost often all over the world is the Celsius scale. Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius and boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

What takes longer to boil? A cup of water at room temperature or a bucket of water at room temperature?

THANK YOU !!!

HOPE YOU LIKE IT !