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LTE 5G LATIM AMERICA 2017
Diretoria de Tecnologia e Plataformas Ger. Estratégia Tecnologica e Integração de Serviços
What RAN and Small Cell Developments Will Make 5G a Reality?
Alberto Boaventura
Traffic
ReveueVoice Data
Changes ...
Rapid and consistent mobile broadband consolidation,
doubling year over year, will bring a tsunami of data traffic, representing in 2020 1000x of
the traffic in 2010.
Mobile Data Traffic
Dozens of billions of connected devices foreseen by industry
(GSMA, Ovum, MachinaResearch etc.) on
upcoming decade.
Internet of Things
All customer requirements are not equal. It is worthwhile to
discover which attributes of a product or service are more important to the customer.
Negative perception of services is the major reasons for
changing of service provider
Customer Experience
Main broadband dilemma: Traffic and Revenue
decoupling.
It brings a continuous research for cost effective and affordable
solutions.
Flat Revenue
1000x
...Challenges
More Spectrum: Licensed, Shared or Unlicensed;
New Technology;
New Cell Site;
Spectral Efficiency;
Spatial Efficiency;
Interference Control;
Capacity & Resource ManagementMore Capacity;More Elasticity;
More Resiliency;More Granularity;
Low latency;Self Organized;Synchronization;
Service and Network State Awareness; Network Slicing;
Architecture Evolution
Multiple technologies and costs;
Service, technology and spectrum balancing;
Device subsidy;
Spectrum refarming;
Lifecycle Management
+
vs
vs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
256QAM
Next Generation Mobile Network (NGMN) 5G Vision
USE CASES BUSINESS MODEL VALUE CREATION
AssetProvider
ConnectivityProvider
PartnerService
Provider
XaaS; IaaS; NaaS; PaaS
Network Sharing
Basic Connectivity
Enhanced Connectivity
Operator Offer Enriched by Partner
Parter Offer Enriched by Operator
Broadband Access in Dense Areas
Broadband Access Everywhere
Higher User Mobility Massive Internet of Things
Extreme Real-Time Communications Lifeline Communications
Ultra-reliableCommunications Broadcast-like Services HIGH RELIABLE AND FLEXIBLE NETWORK
SERVICEEXPERIENCETRUST
Secu
rity
Iden
tity
Pri
vacy
Rea
l Tim
e
Seam
less
Per
son
aliz
ed
Inte
ract
ion
&
Ch
argi
ng
Qo
S
Co
nte
xt
“5G is an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It empowers value creation towards customers and partners, through existing and emerging use cases, delivered with consistent
experience, and enabled by sustainable business models”Requirements
Attribute 3GPP Release 12 NGMN Requiremnents
Data rate per user Up to 100 Mbps on average Peaks of 600 Mbps (Cat11/12)
> 10 X expected on average and peak rates > 100 X expected on cell edge
End-toend latency 10 ms for two-way RAN (pre-scheduled)Typically up to 50 ms e2e I
> 10X (smaller)
Mobility Functional up to 350 km/h No support for civil aviation
> 1,5 X
Spectral Efficiency DL: 0,074-6,1 bps/HzUL: 0.07-4.3 bps/Hz
Pushing for substantial increase
Connection Density 2000 Active Users/km2 > 100 X
ITU Vision for 5G
Attribute IMT Adavanced (4G) IMT 2020 (5G)
Peak Data Rate DL: 1 GbpsUL: 0.05 Gbps
DL: 20 GbpsUL: 10 Gbps
User Experience Data Rate
10 Mbps 100 Mbps
Peak Spectral Efficiency
DL: 15 bps/HzUL: 6.75 bps/Hz
DL: 30 bps/HzUL: 15 bps/Hz
Mobility Functional up to 350 km/h No support for civil aviation
500 km/h
Connection Density
100k devices/km2 1 million devices/km2
Network EnergyEfficiency
1 100x over IMT Advanced
Area Traffic Capacity
0,1 Mbps/m2 10 Mbps/m2
Enhanced Mobile Broadband
MassiveMachine Type
Ultra-Reliable & Low Latency
SmartCities
SmartHomes
Building
3D vídeo, UHD,
Virtual Reality
AugmentedReality
IndustryAutomation
Self Driving
Car
ConnectedCars
Remote Surgery
MASSIVE MACHINE TYPE ULTRA-RELIABLE & LOW LATENCY ENHANCED MOBILE BROADBAND
• Huge number of devices• Lower Cost• Long Battery Life
• Web Access• Video Applications: Conferencing, Broadcast• Virtual and Augmented Reality • Connected Cars
• Remote Surgery• Industrial IoT• Critical MTC• Self Driving Cars
5G Potential Technologies
1=0º
1=45º
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180
...
p1
p2
pN
Native M2M support A massive number of connected devices
with low throughput; Low latency Low power and battery consumption
hnm
h21
h12
h11
Higher MIMO order: 8X8 or more System capacity increases in fucntion of
number of antennas
Spatial-temporal modulation schemes SINR optimization Beamforming
Enables systems that illuminate and at the same time provide broadband wireless data connectivity
Transmitters: Uses off-the-shelf white light emitting diodes (LEDs) used for solid-state lighting (SSL);
Receivers: Off-the-shelf p-intrinsic-n (PIN) photodiodes (PDs) or aval anche photo-diodes (APDs)
C-plane (RRC)
Phantom Celll
Macro Cell
F1F2
F2>F1
U-plane
D2D
Phantom Cell based architecture Control Plane uses macro network User Plane is Device to Device (D2D) in
another frequency such as mm-Wave and high order modulation (256 QAM).
Net
Radio
Core
Cache
Access Network Caching Network Virtualization Function Cloud-RAN Dynamic and Elastic Network
5G Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (5GNOW)
Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) : Potential extension to OFDM ;
Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC): Sustainability fragmented spectra.
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Sparse-Code Multiple Access (SCMA) High modulation constellation
MASSIVE MIMO SPATIAL MODULATION COGITIVE RADIO NETWORKS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
DEVICE-CENTRIC ARCHITECTURE NATIVE SUPPORT FOR M2M CLOUD NETWORK & CACHE NEW MODULATION SCHEME
New protocol for shared spectrum rational use
Mitigate and avoid interference by surrounding radio environment and regulate its transmission accordingly.
In interference-free CR networks, CR users are allowed to borrow spectrum resources only when licensed users do not use them.
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2020+
Release 16 & 5G Enh (ITU)
Release 15 & 5G SI/WI (sub 40 GHz)
Evaluation & Specification
Proposal Submission
Tech. Requirements &Eval. Methodology
Vision, Technology & Spectrum
5G Timeframe
WRC15WRC12 WRC19
Trials and CommercializationStandardization ActivitiesPre-standardizationExploratory Research
First Release White Paper
Requirements & Tech. feasibility
Release 14 & 5G SI Release 10-13
NFV Phase 3NFV Phase 2NFV Phase 1
MEC Phase 2MEC Phase 1
RG on Cloud based Mobile Core Net. for 5G
Evolution to SDN Open FlowOpen Daly LightOpen Flow v1.2Google
Inte
nsi
vely
an
d e
xten
sive
ly e
ffo
rt f
rom
ove
rall
stan
dar
diz
atio
n b
oar
ds
Trial of basic functionality Tests IoT and deployment
LTE-PROLTE-ALTE
LTE Evolution and SmallCell Capacity Improvement
Carrier AggregationIntra & Inter Band
Band X
Band y
256 QAM
Smallcells Heterogeneous Network
Colaboration MIMO (CoMP) & HetNet
High Order DL-MIMO & Advanced UL-MIMO
C-plane (RRC)
Phantom Celll
Macro Cell F1
F2
F2>F1
U-plane
D2D
New Architecture
20 MHz OFDMSC-FDMADL 4x4 MIMOSON, HeNB
Carrier AggregationUL 4x4 MIMODL/UL CoMPHetNet (x4.33)MU-MIMO (x1.14)eICICCoMP
Small Cells Enh.Fe-ICIC/CoMP Enh. (x 1.3)FD-MIMO (x3.53)DiverseTraffic Support256 QAM (x1.33)Dual Connectivity/LAA/LWAD2D/Proximiy Services
InternetEPC
LTE+LTE-U/LAAMuLTEFire ... ...
Freq.
20 MHz Channel
s
ClearChannel
X2
Victim Cell
P1 P2
Unlicensed Spectrum & Spectrum Sharing MU-MIMO/FD-MIMO eICIC/FeICIC
64 QAM
256 QAM
+33%
Why SmallCells?
2013201420152016
2017
2018
2019
2020
0,0 Mbps/km2
500,0 Mbps/km2
1000,0 Mbps/km2
1500,0 Mbps/km2
2000,0 Mbps/km2
0,250 km0,350 km0,450 km0,550 km
DOWNTOWN: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC
CoverageRadius
Capacity2015
Capacity2016
Capacity2017
A +63%
C
D
+61%
+54%
B
TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES AND TOTAL COST OWNERSHIP
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
$$$
1 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 x
2600 MHz (10) +1800 MHz (5) +1800 MHz (10) SmallCell
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Legend Notes:2600 MHz (10) : Basic Scenario;+1800 MHz (5): Additional 5 MHz;+1800 (10): Additional 10 MHz;SmallCell: Using 2600 MHz with 10 MHz
TCO
A B C
Indifference between Macro
1800 & 2600 MHz
Macro LTE 1800 MHz for
coverage
Dual layer Macro LTE 1800
& 2600 MHz
181
265
890
SmallCell2600 MHz
𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔
𝒌𝒎𝟐
X
DEMANDS
Source: SmallCells Forum
INDOOR TRAFFIC
39%
32%
14%
4%
11%
In Car
At Home
At Work
Travelling
Others
The indoor traffic density can be thousand times higher than outdoor:
the number of persons per km2 in stadium, can reach 1 Million! If all
persons upload video with 64 kbps, it represents 64 Gbps/km2
Voice Originating Call
INDOOR LOST PERFORMANCE
0 bps/Hz
4 bps/Hz
8 bps/Hz
12 bps/Hz
-130 dBm -110 dBm -90 dBm
3GPP (LTE) Shannon
OutdoorIndoor
Building Penetration Loss varies around 10-20 dB, that reduces
around of 50% overall performance of outdoor macro sites;
RSRP
50% and 80% of
voice and data
traffic
respectively are
performed indoor.
≈-50%
Why Centralizing?
● Capacity & Coverage:
– C-RAN = 30 x D-RAN: C-RAN can easily implement CoMP and e-ICIC, which can together increase system capacity in 30 times distributed network;
– Traffic Optimization. C-RAN optimizes pool of resources in unbalanced traffic areas;.
– Indoor Coverage. 50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are performed in indoor environment, and indoor traffic density can represent 10-100 times outdoor environment;
– Economic Solution. Accordingly to Airvana , C-RAN is 69% cheaper than DAS;
● Transmission & Infrastructure:
– Low Latency. e-ICIC and CoMP have tighter latency requirement below 10 micro seconds.
– Network Synchronization. It can be simplified by requiring synchronism in less centralized sites
– Opex Reduction. Space/Colocation, air conditioning and other site support equipment's power consumption can be largely reduced. China Mobile estimates a reduction of 71% of power saving comparing to Distributed Cell Site;
● Rollout, Operation & Maintenance:
– Faster Rollout. Due simpler remote cell site that reduces 1/3 comparing to D-RAN.
– Multi-Tenant BBUs. Few big rooms, it is much easier for centralized management and operation, saving a lot of the O&M cost associated with the large number of BS sites in D-RAN.
● TCO:
– Accordingly to China Mobile, 15% and 50% of CapEx and OpEx savings respectivelly comparing to Distributed RAN
Core Net.
BBU
TDM
IP
BBU
BBU
Core Net.
Fronthaul
Backhaul IP
BBU
BBU
BBU
eICIC CoMP
Distributed RAN Centralized RAN
Coherent transm. & Non-Coherent transm.
Instantaneous Cell Selection
X2
X2
ABSProtectedSubframe
Aggressor Cell Victim CellX2
Identifiesinterfered UE
Requests ABSConfigure
s ABS ABS InfoMeasurement Subset Info
Uses ABS andsignals Patern
NETWORK FUNCTION VIRTUALIZATION
WHy Virtualizing?
SDNapplications
SDNcontrollers
NetworkResources
Programmatic control of abstracted network resources (application-
control interface)
Logically centralized control of network
resources (resource-control interface)
Source: ITU-T Y.3300
Acceleration of innovation: Accelerates business and/or technical innovation through more flexibility of the network operations, thus making trials easier;
Accelerated adaptation to customer demands: Dynamic negotiation of network service characteristics and of dynamic network resource control;
Improved resource availability : Improves network resource availability and efficiency,
Service-aware networking: Allows network customization for the network services which have different requirements, through the programming of network resource operations, including the dynamic enforcement of a set of policies.
Hardware Resources
Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs)
Virtualization Layer
VNF ...
NFV
Man
agem
ent
and
O
rch
estr
atio
n
Compute Storage Network
NFV InfrastructureVirtual
ComputeVirtualStorage
VirtualNetwork
VNF VNF VNF
CapEx: Reduces equipment costs by consolidation, leveraging the economies of scale;
OpEx: Reduces power consumption, space and collocation costs, improved network monitoring.
O&M: Improves operational efficiency by taking advantage of a homogeneous physical platform
Deployment: Easily, rapidly, dynamically provision and instantiate new services in various locations (i.e. no need for new equipment install)
Time to market: Minimizing a typical network operator cycle of innovation.
Service differentiation: Rapidly prototype and test new services
Source: ETSI
NFV+SDN => MOBILE NETWORK
SDN can enable, simplify and automate NFV implementation
Mobile Network Simplification: Common functions optimized for RAN , EPC and transport .
Traffic Optimization : Network status awareness allows to optimize traffic by observing e2e congestion level, system capacity and element capabilities.
Resilience: SDN provides greater visibility at the network level, regardless of whether the network concept is Layer 2, Layer 3 or even Layer 4.
Power Management: Power consumption of wireless network elements can be optimized in real-time.
Spectrum and Interference Management: Opens a new range of interference mitigation and spectrum optimization techniques at the network level.
SDNapplications
SDNcontrollers
NetworkResourcesHardware Resources
Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs)
Virtualization Layer
VNF ...
NFV
Man
age
me
nt
and
O
rch
est
rati
on
Compute Storage Network
NFV InfrastructureVirtual
ComputeVirtualStorage
VirtualNetwork
VNF VNF VNF
SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORK
MEC – Mobile Edge Computing (Multiple Access Edge Computing)
● Main Idea
– Brings the cloud closer to the network edge
– Opens the edge for application from 3rd parties
– Provides services to enhance application with context information to benefit from running near the edge
– Enables ultra low latency and traffic redirection
– Location does not matter.
● Benefits
– Proximity
– Ultra-low Latency
– High Bandwidth
– Real time access to radio network and context information
– Location awareness
● Framework
– Specfied in ETSI GS MEC 003
– Aligned with NFV principles
– Focuses on what is unique about Mobile Edge
– Allows flexibility in deployment
Mobile Edge Host
Mobile Edge AppMobile Edge App
Virtualization Infrastucture(NFVI)
Mobile Edge
Platform
Mobile Edge Host Level Manag.
Virtualization InfrastuctureManager
Mobile Edge
Platform Maganer
Mp1 Mp2
Mm5
Mm7
Mm6
Mobile Edge System Level Management
Mobile Edge Orchestrator
User AppLCM Proxy
Mm8
Mm1
Mm2
Mm3
CFS Portal
UE App
Mx1
Mx2
Ne
two
rks
Mo
bile
Ed
ge H
os
t L
eve
lM
ob
ile
Ed
ge S
ys
tem
Le
ve
l
Wi-Fi/FemtoLTE (MCN/SCN) NR (MCN/SCN) LPWA GPON/XGPON/G.Fast/XGFast
OSS
Role of mmWave in 5g SmallCells
3000 MHz 3500 MHz 4000 MHz 4500 MHz 5000 MHz 5500 MHz 6000 MHz
B42 Satellite B46
Mobile Broadband & Critical Mission Applications – Indoor3 - 6 GHz
400 MHz 900 MHz 1400 MHz 1900 MHz 2400 MHz 2900 MHz
B31 Broadcast B28 B20 B5 B8 B32 B3 B1 B40 ISM B7
Long Range for Massive Internet of Things (IoT)< 1GHz
Mobile Broadband & Critical Mission – Outdoor1 – 3 GHz
20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz
K Band Ka Band Ka Band Ka Band V Band V BandV Band V Band V Band V Band W Band W Band
Extreme Mobile Broadband & Short Range> 6GHz & cm/mmWave
> 6 GHz~30 GHz
1-6 GHz~ 3 GHz
<1 GHz~0.3 GHz
Huge Spectrum Capacity & Large Channels
Role of mmWave in 5g SmallCells
MMWAVE SMALL DISTANCE & SENSORS LARGE ARRAYS
NARROW BEAMS BEAMFORMING AND SPATIAL REUSEMASSIVE MIMO HUGE CAPACITY AND COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT
h11
h12
h21
h22
𝒀 =𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝟏𝟐𝒉𝟐𝟏 𝒉𝟐𝟐
𝑿 + 𝒏
4x3x2x1xCa
pa
city
Coverage 𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ~𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏+,𝒎𝒊𝒏(𝑵𝑻𝒙, 𝑵𝑹𝒙) ∙ 𝑺𝑵𝑹
𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ~,𝒎𝒊𝒏(𝑵𝑻𝒙, 𝑵𝑹𝒙) ∙ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑵𝑹
LARGE ARRAYS NARROW BEAMS & MASSIVE MIMO
...
p1
p2
pN
∆𝜽𝑨𝒑=𝟐
𝒅𝝀𝑵
1
2
N
• Reduce interference (better SINR)• Spectrum reuse (multiple users share same
channel)
𝜸(𝚫)
𝚫
Nsen
senN
Nsen
senN
1
2
2
1)(
2
)()()( 1 aaG H
...
p1
p2
pN
d d dd dd
Z(t)
p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 p7p1
Ericsson & IBM Module
• Azimuth Beamforming• Elevation Beamforming• 3D Beamforming
𝒅 ≈𝝀
𝟐
New Radio (NR) design
MBMS
DL DL UL UL UL UL
D2D
Forwardcompatibility
IntegratedFramework
Mission-Critical
Self-cotainedintegrated subframe
Dynamic UL/DL
15 kHz
30 kHz
60 kHz
120 kHz
Outdoor & Macro coverage
FDD/TDD< 3GHz
Outdoor & SmallCells
TDD > 3GHz
Indoor wideband
TDD 5GHz
mmWave
TDD
Scalable Numerology with Scalingof Subcarrier Spacing
ScalableTransmission Time
Interval (TTI)
Shorter TTI for low latency & high reliability
Longer TTI for higher spectral
efficiency
SpectralEfficiency
Complexity
MUAC (1 GC)
MUAC (no GC) PAPR
ACLR
CP-OFDM
SC-FDMA
UFMC
GFDM
FBMC
SpectralEfficiency –
Short Packet
Spectral Efficiency Low Complexity Frequency
LocalizationLow Power
ConsumptionAsynchronous
Multiplexing
Coexistence with New Modulation and Code Schemes
Source: Based onQualcomm material
Transmission Concerns
FRONTHAUL HIGH TRANSMISSION CAPILLARITY
Split for function centralization can happen on each protocol layer or on the interface between each layer.
Currently, LTE implies certain constraints on timing as well as feedback loops between individual protocol layers.
Depending on resource scheduling and coordination requirements will be needed, different schemes of centralized vs distributed protocol stacks can be used;
It can flexibilize the overall fronthaul requirements;
WHAT TO VIRTUALIZE
RF
PHY
MAC
RRM
AC/LC
NM
RF
PHY
MAC
RRM
AC/LC
NM
How much to centralize
Executed at RRH
Centralized Executed
Centralized Executed
SDRMonolithic
Executed at BTS
Middle Range Virtualization
Source: IEEE Communications Magazine
BBU
CPRIOBSAI
ETSI ORI
DataControl
Sync
RRU/RRH
BBU N
BBU 2BBU 1
CRAN
246 Mbps 1200 Mbps 2500 Mbps
9830 Mbps
WCDMA (1Carrier)
LTE (MIMO2x2, 10 MHz)
LTE (MIMO2x2, 20 MHz)
WCDMA + LTE
CRAN requires a tighter latency requirement for interefrence control (e-ICIC and CoMP) - In general IP backhaul transport cannot accomplish this latency level in X2 interface.
CRAN unfolds complexity of capillarity for access trasportation;
Although there are fronthaul standards, but each vendor implemented its own flavor: OBSAI, CPRI versions;
CPRI/OBSAI requires low latency 5 micro seconds in total, that introduces limitation of 40 km in terms of distance between BBU and RRU;
mmWave has a benefit to provide a very high capacity but a short range coverage. Thus, multiplying the number of Smallcells .
These Smallcells will be controlled in the cloud (Cloud RAN) and will need fiber optics for connectivity;
Combination of huge number of Smallcells with fiber premises for connectivity will bring an important concern for 5G infrastructure.
New Fronthaul Network
CPRI
RoE
SBI/Fronthaul
NBI/Internet
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer
BB
U1
...
O&
M/O
rch
est
rato
r
BB
U2
BB
Un
EPC
IMS
MTA
S
RRHRRH
RRH
Time SensitiveNetwork (TSN)
Fronthaul
IP Backhaul
SDN
Co
ntr
olle
r
IEEE 1588
vBBU in MEC, Radoi Cloud
Center or TelcoDatacenter
Radio over Ethernet
CPRI converter
Ethernet TSN based Network
RAU
RF/DF
L1 O
ff.
NG
FI
CP
RI
RoE
Agg.
NEW TRANSPORT NETWORK HIGH TRANSMISSION CAPILLARITYNEW TRANSPORT INTERFACESS
IEEE P1914.3 - CPRI over Ethernet mapper/de-mapperIEEE P1914.1 – (NGFI) Next Generation Fronthaul InterfaceIEEE 802.3 – (TSN) Time Sensitive Network featuresIEEE 1588v2 – Synchronization
L2 (
MA
C/R
LC/P
DC
P)
L1 (
PH
Y)
Resource Mapping & IFFT
Layer Mapping Precoding
Modulation
Bit-level Processing
Resource Mapping & FFT
Layer Mapping Precoding
IDFT & Demodulation
Bit-level Processing
Low MAC
High MAC
RLC
Dual Connection
PDCP
CPRI
PHY Pre – PHY IFFT
PHY Bit – PHY Sym
MAC - PHY
MAC Hi – MAC Lo
PLCP - RLC
Fro
nth
aulB
and
wid
th R
eq
uir
em
en
t
Fro
nth
aulD
ela
yR
eq
uir
em
en
t
High Stringent
Low Relaxed
Ce
ntr
aliz
ed
Gai
n
High
Low
Fro
nth
aulC
ost
High
Low
SBI/Fronthaul
NBI/Internet
Hardware Poll
Virtualization Layer
BB
U1
...O
&M
/Orc
he
stra
tor
BB
U2
BB
Un
EPC
IMS
MTA
S
RRH
Next Generation Fronthaul InterfaceNetwork Slicing & Flexible Protocol Stack SplitLoad Balancing and Statistical MutiplexingMIMO => RRHCordinating function => vBBU
V-RAN
Final Words
● 5G Requirements. 5G imposes several challenges in terms of system resource and technology lifecycle management; radio
access architecture evolution; due a combination of very different service requirements: massive type communications;
mission-critical and extreme mobile broadband services;
● SmallCells. It will be important tool to accomplish target demand 800 Mbps/km2 and above;
● MIMO. However, for accomplishing high spectral efficiency (30 bps/Hz ) there is required to explore spatial modulation, such
as: massive MIMO and beaforming;
● mmWave. It will be an important frequency for high density traffic due: a high bandwidth and easy for high order MIMO
(massive) technology design;
● MEC. MEC in conjunction with SDN+NFV will play an important role as affordable environment to accommodate very different
service requirement by optimizing network and computational resources;
● 5G Infrastructure. Combination of huge number of Smallcells with fiber premises for connectivity will bring an important
concern for Smallcells and 5G infrastructure.
● New Fronthaul. New network and interfaces for fronthaul are under standardization (TSN, RoE, NGFI, etc.) for replacing
traditional CPRI radio interface and it promises to solve fiber as main transmission resource requirement. But not in all cases;
● Fiber. Fiber is still main requirement for 5G Cell Sites (Macro and Small). Oi, as fixed incumbent operator in 26 Brazilian
states, with over 370,000 km of fiber, is being prepared to support 5G for own mobile network service, but all remainder
Brazilian mobile operators.