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Presented by Don Peden, Tilahun Amede, Seleshi Awulachew, Hamid Faki, Denis Mpairwe, Amare Haileslassie, and Paulo van Breugel at the International Congress on Water 2011 Integrated Water Resources Management in Tropical and Subtropical Drylands, Mekelle, Ethiopia, 19-26 September 2011.
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Livestock Development for Better Water Use in the Nile Basin
Don Peden, Tilahun Amede, Seleshi Awulachew, Hamid Faki, Denis Mpairwe, Amare Haileslassie, and Paulo van Breugel
International Congress on Water 2011 Integrated Water Resources Management in Tropical and Subtropical Drylands
Mekelle, Ethiopia, 19-26 September 2011
• International Livestock Research Institute• International Water Management Institute• Sudan Agriculture Research Corporation• Sudan Animal Resources Research Corporation• Makerere University• Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
Details: Forthcoming book on Agriculture and water in the Nile CPWF PN37 (Nile Basin Livestock Water Productivity)
Take home message
Up to one trillion m3 of Nile rainfall are lost yearly as non-productive evapotranspiration (ET).
Increasing rainfed agricultural water productivity can help capture this water and divert demand on basin blue water.
Approach
Production systems
Livestock, people, and water
Primary opportunities for better water use
Principles of livestock water productivity
Examples
Major livestock production systems
Livestock: hyper-arid
Large scale irrigation
Mixed: temperate
Livestock: arid
Mixed: arid
Livestock: humid
Mixed: humid
Countries, livestock & people
Country Land area in basin
(1000 km2)
Number in basin (millions)
Cattle Sheep Goats People
Sudan 1,933 34 32 26 27
Ethiopia 362 14 5 4 26
Tanzania 86 6 1 3 7
Uganda 204 5 1 3 24
Kenya 47 4 2 2 12
Egypt 286 3 3 2 65
Others 76 1.9 1.1 2.2 13
Total 2,993 67 45 41 173
Systems, livestock & peopleProduction system X
climateArea
(1000 km2)TLU
(million)People
(million TLU)
Mixed Arid-semiarid 609 18.6 3.7
Grazing Arid-semiarid 759 14.8 1.9
Mixed Temperate 228 10.0 7.0
Mixed Humid 156 4.7 4.2
Grazing Hyper arid 935 1.9 1.1
Grazing Humid 124 1.2 0.2
Other 189 4.5 16.5
Nile Basin Total 2,998 55.7 34.6
One TLU = 250 kg live animal biomass Animal demand for feed > human food by weight
TLU density across the Nile
Basin
High
(100 km2)
Low (< 5 TLU/km2)
OOne TLU = 250 kg
live animal biomass
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
35
1715
13 13 12
54 4
0
11
Annual in-basin rainfallby country
(Thousand m3/capita)[Total ≈ 1.7 trillion m3]
WHO minimum
LGH
LGA
MRA
MRH
MRT
LGT
LGHYP
MRHYP
MIH
YPM
IATOTAL
0
50
100
150
200 191
52
23
9 8 6 4 1 0 010
Annual in-basin rainfallby production system(Thousand m3/capita)[Total ≈ 2 trillion m3]
Primary water depletion pathway in the Nile Basin
Six livestock production systems : Cover 60% of the basin
Support 50% of the people
Sustain 90% of the livestock biomass
Receive 85% of basin rainfall of 1.7 trillion m3
But livestock feed uses only 66 billion m3 for maintenance basin wide, 90X more than they drink
Lose one trillion m3 as non-productive evapotranspiration (mostly E) that does not contribute to the Nile’s blue water.
Primary opportunity for more effective water use
Convert non-productive E to T by rehabilitating degraded farm and rangelands (e.g. Tigray).
Increase effective crop and animal production per unit of T.
Implies increasing water productivity(kg/m3, kg/$, $/m3, $/$)
[kg by dry not fresh weights!!]
Water conserving strategies
Inflo
w
Ground
Rain
Infiltration
Drinking
Beneficialoutputs:
ProductivityenhancingStrategies
Feed sourcing strategies
Evaporation
Discharge
Transpiration
• food-feed crops• pasture• nature
Simplified LWP framework
What options for procuring more agricultural water in the basin
Focus on rainfed crop and livestock production
Convert E to T
Increase crop and livestock water productivity
50% increase in crop and pasture WP is feasible (Rocktrom et al. 2003)
LWP CWP∝
Similar additional gains in livestock WP also feasible (Peden et al. 2009)
\
Example 1:
Integrated termite management(Uganda’s Cattle corridor)
Before(nil)
After 1 year(3000 kg/ha)
Example 2:
Use crop residues & increase CWP
> ”free water”
> Use dual purpose crops
> LWP CWP∝
Example 3:
Strategic drinking water management
Land Water Human health Animal health Landscapes
Summary
The Nile Basin loses about one trillion m3 of rainfall as non-productive ET in six production systems.
Capturing this water as “T” increases basin WP and diverts demands on blue water.
Better feed, water, land, landscape, and animal management are also needed.
Requires mix of technical, socio-economic, financial and institutional interventions.
Shift thinking from kg/m3 to kg/$ (Demand management)
Ameseghinallehu Yekin yelley Thank you