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In 2013, the Xen Hypervisor will be 10 years old: when Xen was designed, we anticipated a world, which now is known as cloud computing. Today, Xen powers the largest clouds in production and is the basis for several commercial virtualization products. In this talk we will give on overview of Xen and related projects, cover hot developments in the Xen community and outline what comes next. The talk is intended for users and developers that are familiar with virtualization: no deep knowledge is required. We will start with an architectural overview and cover topics such as: Xen and Linux, how to secure your cloud using disaggregation, SELinux and XSM/FLASK, the evolution of Paravirtualization, Xen on ARM and common challenges for open source hypervisors. We will explore the potential of Open Mirage for testing hypervisors. The talk will conclude with an outlook to the future of Xen.
Citation preview
Lars Kurth Xen Project Community Manager
10 Years of Xen and beyond …
@lars_kurth FREENODE: lars_kurth
• Teams aka sub-projects
– Hypervisor
– XAPI
– ARM Hypervisor (for Servers as well as Mobile Devices)
– Mirage OS
• Governance : mixture between Linux Kernel and Apache
– Consensus decision making
– Sub-project life-cycle (aka incubator)
– PMC style structure for team leadership
Xen.org becomes XenProject.org
Xen contributor community is diversifying
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2010 2011 2012
Citrix UPC
SUSE Amazon
University AMD
GridCentric Individual
NSA Intel
Fujitsu iWeb
Misc Oracle
Spectralogic University of British Columbia
• The number of “significant” active vendors is increasing
• New feature development driving new participation
Hypervisor Architecture
Hypervisor Architectures Type 1: Bare metal Hypervisor
A pure Hypervisor that runs directly on the hardware and hosts Guest OS’s.
Provides partition isolation + reliability, higher security
Host HW Memory CPUs I/O
Hypervisor Scheduler
MMU Device Drivers/Models
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Hypervisor Architectures Type 1: Bare metal Hypervisor
A pure Hypervisor that runs directly on the hardware and hosts Guest OS’s.
Type 2: OS ‘Hosted’
A Hypervisor that runs within a Host OS and hosts Guest OS’s inside of it, using the host OS services to provide the virtual environment.
Provides partition isolation + reliability, higher security
Low cost, no additional drivers Ease of use & installation
Host HW Memory CPUs I/O
Host HW Memory CPUs I/O
Hypervisor Scheduler
MMU Device Drivers/Models
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Host OS
Device Drivers Ring-0 VM Monitor “Kernel “
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
User Apps
User-level VMM
Device Models
Xen: Type 1 with a Twist Type 1: Bare metal Hypervisor
Host HW Memory CPUs I/O
Hypervisor Scheduler
MMU Device Drivers/Models
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Xen: Type 1 with a Twist Type 1: Bare metal Hypervisor
Host HW Memory CPUs I/O
Hypervisor Scheduler
MMU Device Drivers/Models
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Host HW Memory CPUs I/O
Hypervisor
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Xen Architecture
Scheduler MMU
Xen: Type 1 with a Twist Type 1: Bare metal Hypervisor
Host HW Memory CPUs I/O
Hypervisor Scheduler
MMU Device Drivers/Models
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Host HW Memory CPUs I/O
Hypervisor
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Xen Architecture
Scheduler MMU
Control domain (dom0)
Drivers
Device Models
Linux & BSD
Xen Project and Linux
• Xen Hypervisor is not in the Linux kernel
• BUT: everything Xen and Xen Guests need to run is!
• Xen packages are in all Linux distros (except RHEL6) – Install Dom0 Linux distro
– Install Xen package(s) or meta package
– Reboot
– Config stuff: set up disks, peripherals, etc.
More info: wiki.xen.org/wiki/Category:Host_Install
Basic Xen Concepts
11
Control domain (dom0)
Host HW
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Memory CPUs I/O
Console • Interface to the outside world
Control Domain aka Dom0 • Dom0 kernel with drivers • Xen Management Toolstack
Guest Domains • Your apps
Driver/Stub/Service Domain(s) • A “driver, device model or control
service in a box” • De-privileged and isolated • Lifetime: start, stop, kill
Dom0 Kernel
Hypervisor Scheduler MMU XSM
Trusted Computing Base
Basic Xen Concepts
12
Control domain (dom0)
Host HW
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Console
Memory CPUs I/O
Dom0 Kernel
Toolstack
Hypervisor Scheduler MMU XSM
Console • Interface to the outside world
Control Domain aka Dom0 • Dom0 kernel with drivers • Xen Management Toolstack
Guest Domains • Your apps
Driver/Stub/Service Domain(s) • A “driver, device model or control
service in a box” • De-privileged and isolated • Lifetime: start, stop, kill Trusted Computing Base
Basic Xen Concepts
13
Control domain (dom0)
Host HW
VMn
VM1
VM0
Guest OS and Apps
Console
Memory CPUs I/O
One or more driver, stub or service domains
Dom0 Kernel
Toolstack
Hypervisor Scheduler MMU XSM
Console • Interface to the outside world
Control Domain aka Dom0 • Dom0 kernel with drivers • Xen Management Toolstack
Guest Domains • Your apps
Driver/Stub/Service Domain(s) • A “driver, device model or control
service in a box” • De-privileged and isolated • Lifetime: start, stop, kill Trusted Computing Base
14
Xen Variants for Server & Cloud Xen Hypervisor Hypervisor
Single Host Basic Functions
Multiple Hosts Additional Functionality
15
Xen Variants for Server & Cloud
Increased level of functionality and integration with other components
Default / XL (XM) Toolstack / Console Libvirt / VIRSH XAPI / XE
Hypervisor
Single Host Additional Functionality
Xen Hypervisor
Single Host Basic Functions
Multiple Hosts Additional Functionality
Xen Variants for Server & Cloud
Increased level of functionality and integration with other components
Default / XL (XM) Toolstack / Console Libvirt / VIRSH XAPI / XE
Hypervisor
Single Host Additional Functionality
Xen Hypervisor
17
Xen Variants for Server & Cloud
Increased level of functionality and integration with other components
Default / XL (XM) Toolstack / Console Libvirt / VIRSH
Products Oracle VM Huawei UVP Citrix XenServer
Project
XAPI / XE
Xen Hypervisor
18
Xen Variants for Server & Cloud
Increased level of functionality and integration with other components
Default / XL (XM) Toolstack / Console Libvirt / VIRSH
Used by …
Project
XAPI / XE
Products Oracle VM Huawei UVP Citrix XenServer
Xen Hypervisor
Xen : Types of Virtualization
20
Xen Hypervisor
Control domain (dom0)
Host HW
Guest VMn
Apps
Memory CPUs I/O
Technology:
• Paravirtualization
Linux PV guests have limitations:
• limited to a subset of set of virtual HW
Advantages • Fast • Works on any system
(even without virt extensions)
HW Drivers
PV Back Ends PV Front Ends
Guest OS Dom0 Kernel
PV Domains
21
Xen Hypervisor
Control domain (dom0)
Host HW
Guest VMn
Apps
Memory CPUs I/O
Technology:
• Paravirtualization
Linux PV guests have limitations:
• limited to a subset of virtual HW
Advantages • Fast • Works on any system
(even without virt extensions)
Driver Domains • Security • Isolation • Reliability and Robustness
HW Drivers
PV Back Ends PV Front Ends
Driver Domain e.g. • Disk • Network
HW Driver
PV Back End
Dom0 Kernel*
*) Can be MiniOS
Guest OS Dom0 Kernel
PV Domains & Driver Domains
22
Xen Hypervisor
Dom0
Host HW
Guest VMn
Technology:
• Shows emulation using QEMU/Device Model (SW Virtualization)
• In other situation HW can be used
Disadvantages
• Emulation slower than PV (mainly I/O devices)
Advantages • No kernel support needed
Device Model IO Emulation
IO Event
VMEXIT Dom0 Kernel
HVM & Stub Domains
Memory CPUs I/O
23
Xen Hypervisor
Dom0
Host HW
Guest VMn
Technology:
• Shows emulation using QEMU/Device Model (SW Virtualization)
• In other situation HW can be used
Disadvantages
• Emulation slower than PV (mainly I/O devices)
Advantages • No kernel support needed
Stub Domains • Security • Isolation • Reliability and Robustness
Device Model IO Emulation
IO Event
VMEXIT
Stubdomn
Device Model
Mini OS
Guest VMn
IO Emulation
IO Event
VMEXIT Dom0 Kernel
HVM & Stub Domains
Memory CPUs I/O
The Virtualization Spectrum
Fully Virtualized (FV) VS VS VS VH
FV with PV for disk & network P VS VS VH
PVHVM P P VS VH
PVH P P P VH
Fully Paravirtualized (PV) P P P P
VH Virtualized (HW)
P Paravirtualized
VS Virtualized (SW)
HVM mode/domain
PV mode/domain Xen 4.4
The Virtualization Spectrum
Fully Virtualized (FV) VS VS VS VH
FV with PV for disk & network P VS VS VH
PVHVM P P VS VH
PVH P P P VH
Fully Paravirtualized (PV) P P P P
Scope for improvement
Poor performance
Optimal performance
HVM mode/domain
Xen 4.4 PV mode/domain
The Virtualization Spectrum
Fully Virtualized (FV) VS VS VS VH
FV with PV for disk & network P VS VS VH
PVHVM P P VS VH
PVH P P P VH
Fully Paravirtualized (PV) P P P P
Scope for improvement
Poor performance
Optimal performance
HVM mode/domain
Xen 4.4 PV mode/domain
Important: Xen automatically picks the best option based on HW & OS capabilities and available drivers.
As a Xen user I chose a HVM or PV domain.
XAPI, XCP and XCP-XAPI
Single Host Basic Functions
Multiple Hosts Additional Functionality
XAPI, XCP and XCP-XAPI : What is it?
Increased level of functionality and integration with other components
Default / XL (XM) Toolstack / Console Libvirt / VIRSH XAPI / XE
Hypervisor
Single Host Additional Functionality
Xen Hypervisor
XAPI : What do I get?
Multiple Hosts Additional Functionality
XAPI / XE
Xen Hypervisor • VM lifecycle: live snapshots, checkpoint, migration
• Storage XenMotion: Migrate VMs between hosts or pools without shared storage (while the VM is running)
• Resource pools: flexible storage and networking
• Event tracking: progress, notification
• Upgrade and patching capabilities
• Real-time performance monitoring and alerting
• Templates for Windows and Linux guests
• Open vSwitch support built-in (default)
More info: wiki.xen.org/wiki/XCP_Release_Features
XAPI : two variants!
Multiple Hosts Additional Functionality
XAPI / XE
Xen Hypervisor
XCP ISO (at v1.6)
Xen 4.1.3 + XAPI CentOS 5.3 Kernel (v2.6.32.43) OVS 1.4.2
XCP-XAPI packages
Debian Wheezy Ubuntu 12.04 LTS
Others in progress …
XAPI : Orchestration and UIs
Multiple Hosts Additional Functionality
XAPI / XE
Xen Hypervisor
Challenges for FOSS hypervisors
“Security and QoS/Reliability are amongst the top 3 blockers for cloud adoption”
www.colt.net/cio-research
System characteristics cloud users care about: “Robustness, Performance, Scalability & Security” Results XCP User Survey 2012 – 90% of users quoted these as most important attributes
Split Control Domain into Driver, Stub and Service Domains
– See: ”Breaking up is hard to do” @ Xen Papers
– See: “Domain 0 Disaggregation for XCP and XenServer”
Used today by Qubes OS and Citrix XenClient XT
Prototypes for XAPI
Disaggregation
See qubes-os.org
Different windows run in different VMs
More Security
Increased serviceability and flexibility
Better Robustness
Better Performance
Better Scalability
Benefits of Disaggregation
Ability to safely restart parts of the system (e.g. just 275ms outage from failed Ethernet driver)
Next: XAPI Architecture Diagram Before and After Disaggregation
CPU CPU RAM RAM NIC
(or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
RAID
Xen
Dom0 Network
drivers
NFS/
iSCSI drivers
Qemu
xapi Local
storage drivers
NFS/
iSCSI drivers
Network
drivers
Qemu
eth eth eth eth scsi
User VM User VM
NB gntdev NB
NF BF NF BF
qemu qemu
xapi
vswitch
networkd
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
syslogd vswitch
networkd
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
gntdev gntdev
Dom0
xenopsd
libxl
healthd
Domain
manager
Dom0
.
.
.
.
Xen
xapi
CPU CPU RAM RAM NIC
(or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
RAID
Dom0 Network
driver
domain
NFS/
iSCSI driver
domain
Qemu
domain
xapi
domain
Logging
domain Local
storage driver
domain
NFS/
iSCSI driver
domain
Network
driver
domain
User VM User VM
NB gntdev NB
NF BF NF BF
dbus over v4v
qemu
xapi xenopsd
libxl
healthd
Domain
manager
vswitch
networkd
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
syslogd vswitch
networkd
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
gntdev gntdev
eth eth eth eth scsi
Xen Xen
D
o
m
0
dbus over v4v
.
.
.
40
Xen Security Advantages
• Even without Advanced Security Features – Well-defined trusted computing base (much smaller than on type-2 HV)
– Minimal services in hypervisor layer
• Xen Security Modules (or XSM) and FLASK – XSM is Xen equivalent of LSM
– FLASK is Xen equivalent of SELinux
– Developed, maintained and contributed to Xen by NSA
– Compatible with SELinux (tools, architecture)
– XSM object classes maps onto Xen features
More info: http://www.slideshare.net/xen_com_mgr/ a-brief-tutorial-on-xens-advanced-security-features
CPU CPU RAM RAM NIC
(or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
NIC (or SR-
IOV VF)
RAID
Xen
Dom0 Network
driver
domain
NFS/
iSCSI driver
domain
Qemu
domain
xapi
domain
Logging
domain Local
storage driver
domain
NFS/
iSCSI driver
domain
Network
driver
domain
eth eth eth eth scsi
User VM User VM
NB gntdev NB
NF BF NF BF
qemu
xapi xenopsd
libxl
healthd
Domain
manager
vswitch
networkd
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
syslogd vswitch
networkd
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
tapdisk
blktap3
storaged
gntdev gntdev
FLASK policy
restricting access
D
o
m
0
.
.
.
dbus over v4v dbus over v4v
Xen
ARM Hypervisor
Fully functional for ARM v7 & v8
ARM v7: Versatile Express, Arndale & Samsung Chromebook
ARM v8: Fast Model
Xen 4.3 for ARM Servers
ARM SOC
Xen + ARM = a perfect Match
ARM Architecture Features for Virtualization
Hypervisor mode : EL2
Kernel mode : EL1
User mode : EL0
GIC
v2 GT
2 stage
MMU
I/O
Device Tree describes …
Hypercall Interface HVC
ARM SOC ARM Architecture Features for Virtualization
EL2
EL1
EL0
GIC
v2 GT
2 stage
MMU
I/O
Device Tree describes …
HVC
Xen + ARM = a perfect Match
Xen Hypervisor
ARM SOC ARM Architecture Features for Virtualization
EL2
EL1
EL0
GIC
v2 GT
2 stage
MMU
I/O
Device Tree describes …
HVC
Xen + ARM = a perfect Match
Xen Hypervisor
Any Xen Guest VM (including Dom0)
Kernel
User Space
HVC
ARM SOC ARM Architecture Features for Virtualization
EL2
EL1
EL0
GIC
v2 GT
2 stage
MMU
I/O
Device Tree describes …
HVC
Xen + ARM = a perfect Match
Xen Hypervisor
Dom0
only
Any Xen Guest VM (including Dom0)
Kernel
User Space
I/O
PV back
PV front I/O
HVC
One mode to rule them all
x86: PVHVM P P VS VH
x86: PVH P P P VH
ARM v7 & v8 P VH VH VH
Scope for improvement
Optimal performance
HVM mode/domain
PV mode/domain
Code Size of x86 and ARM Hypervisors
X86 Hypervisor 100K -120K LOC Any x86 CPU
ARM Hypervisor for mobile Devices
60K LOC ARM v5 – v7 (no virt extensions) (extra code for RT)
ARM Hypervisor for Servers
17K LOC ARM v7+ (virt extensions)
Mirage OS
Application stacks only running on Xen APIs
Works on any Xen based cloud or hosting service
Examples – ErlangOnXen.org : Erlang
– HalVM : Haskell
– Mirage OS : Ocaml
Benefits: – Small footprint
– Low startup latency
– Extremely fast migration of VMs
Library Operating Systems
Xen
Control domain (dom0)
Host HW
Guest VMn
Apps
HW Drivers
PV Back Ends Library OS embedded
in Language run-time
Dom0 Kernel
• Recently added to Xen Project incubator
• In beta stage : first release on its way
• Clean-slate protocols implementations, e.g. – TCP/IP, DNS, SSH, Openflow (switch/controller), HTTP, XMPP, ...
– New applications using next generation XAPI (disaggregated XAPI architecture)
Mirage OS
More info: http://www.slideshare.net/xen_com_mgr/ mirage-extreme-specialisation-of-virtual-appliances
What’s Next?
• Code Freeze now
• Xen ARM for Servers
• Extend scope of Xen Security Modules
• qxl Spice support for 3d acceleration
• Updated and improved libvirt drivers for Xen
• Lots of other stuff: – scalability, performance, better NUMA support, …
Coming in Xen 4.3 (Q2 2013)
More info: blog.xen.org/index.php/2013/02/11/xen-4-3-mid-release-roadmap-update
• Establish a shared test infrastructure – Most major contributors are duplicating effort
– Mirage OS provides interesting opportiunities
• Usability and better distro-integration – Example: Xen + XAPI in CentOS 6.4
• More focus on downstreams – Examples: OpenStack and Xen Orchestra
• Disaggregation in Xen toolstacks (e.g XAPI)
• Better Libvirt and virt-manager integration – Embed Xen more into the Linux eco-system and provide benefits for the
wider Linux community
What’s next (and already happening)
• Document Days
• Test Days
• Mailing Lists and IRC
• Find me and I can get you hooked up!
Getting Started with Xen Projects
Xen Hackathon, May 16-17, Dublin, Ireland @Google
Thank You!
Slides available under CC-BY-SA 3.0 From www.slideshare.net/xen_com_mgr
@lars_kurth FREENODE: lars_kurth
• News: blog.xenproject.org
• Web: xenproject.org – Help for IRC, Lists, …
– Stackoverflow like Q&A
• Wiki: wiki.xenproject.org
• Presentations: slideshare.net/xen_com_mgr
• Videos: vimeo.com/channels/xen