Lighting

What really isefficient lighting?Stefan FassbinderDeutsches KupferinstitutAm Bonneshof 5D-40474 DüsseldorfTel.: +49 211 4796-323Fax: +49 211 [email protected]@eurocopper.orgwww.kupferinstitut.de

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There are basically two ways of generating light:The »wood hammer method«:heating something up until it glows bright

The »scientific« approaches:exciting the electrons some other way

The efficiency of power electric devices and installations is usually given as a percentage.Only with light this does not work.The efficacy of a light source is given inlumens per watt.Theoretically, the most efficient light source has an energy efficiency of 683 lm/W. But this refers to monochromatic light with a wavelength of 555 nm. However, nobody appreciates such light (except perhaps on traffic lights).With an ideal white light source 199 lm/W would correspond to an efficiency of 100%.

Out of these, however, 95% arise from the use phase! Production, trade, transportation and recycling have comparatively insignificant effects

• In Germany 11% of allelectricity generation isused for lighting purposes

• In the EU it is 14%• Worldwide it is 19% (Osram)

7

75% of all light is generated by fluorescent lampsThese use 50% of the share of electricity used in lighting(whereas lighting in total uses 11% of all electricity generation)

Why use any ballasts at all?

Because otherwise the lamp will either not do anything at all – or it will go bang!

Behaviour of a 58 W fluorescent lamp connected to a d.c. supply

0V20V

40V60V80V

100V

120V140V160V

180V200V

0mA 400mA 800mA 1200mAI

U

MeasurementCalculationLinear component

There are two principles available:

1. Conventional magnetic ballast or improved low-loss magnetic ballast

There are two principles available:

2. Electronic ballast

Along with it, a magneticballast also requires• a starter• and a compensation capacitor

whereas the capacitor provides little incentive for contentious debates…

…but as for the starter, there are two alternatives again:

The commonplace, generic,widely used glow starters…

Starter

Lamp

Ballast

Light switch

Glow cathode Glow cathode

Glow discharge

pre-heating

Ignition operation

…and the less well knownelectronic starters

Electronic starter

Lamp

Ballast

Light switch

Glow cathode Glow cathode

-0.9A

-0.7A

-0.5A

-0.3A

-0.1A

0.1A

0.3A

0.5A

0.7A

0.9A

-325V-275V-225V-175V-125V

-75V-25V25V75V

125V175V225V275V325V

0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms

i→u

→

t →

Mains voltageLamp current

With a glow starter …

… ignition may occur

here …

… or here …

… or here …

… or here …

… or even here!

With a glow starter …… the instance of ignition is totally arbitrary …

… and the success hence very doubtful!

-0.9A

-0.7A

-0.5A

-0.3A

-0.1A

0.1A

0.3A

0.5A

0.7A

0.9A

-325V-275V-225V-175V-125V

-75V-25V25V75V

125V175V225V275V325V

0ms 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms

i→u

→

t →

Mains voltageLamp current

With an electronic starter …

↑… ignition will always occur precisely here!

With an electronic starter …… ignition will always occur precisely at the peak of the current curve – and hence always be successful!

And how about energy efficiency?First of all let’s tidy up some old rumour:»Fluorescent lamps use a lot of energy for start-up, so it is better to leave them on than to switch them off for shorter periods!«

While the rumour is older than the electronic ballast and must hence relate to magnetic ballasts, it cannot really be true since:

It is impossible to draw lots of energy through a 16 A circuit breaker within a few seconds.

So what is this rumour about?This much is true: It is uneconomical to switch off if … Ab wann lohnt das Ausschalten

bei T8-Leuchtstofflampen mit VVG EEI=B1?Glimmstarter Elektronik-Starter

brennen lassen

aus-schalten

brennen lassen

aus-schalten

kostet (mit folgenden Daten):Strompreis 12c/kWhLebensdauer 15000hLampenpreis 2,50 €Ausschaltzeit keine 00:10:45h keine 00:00:38hKosten 0,1375Cent 0,1376Cent 0,0081Cent 0,0081CentLampenpreis 2,30 €Ausschaltzeit keine 00:26:21h keine 00:01:41hKosten 0,1265Cent 0,1265Cent 0,0081Cent 0,0081Cent

Messbedingungen

18W

58W

EU‘s initial Directive2000/55/EG:Stated objective from April 2000 draft:»The overall aim of this Directive is to move gradually away from the less efficient magnetic ballasts, and towards the more efficient electronic ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features, such as dimming«

Objective of the final document from September 2000:»This Directive aims at reducing energy consumption … by moving gradually away from the less efficient ballasts, and towards the more efficient ballasts which may also offer extensive energy-saving features.«

Lamp power rating Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuits GB 17896-1999

(China) min.50Hz (mag-netic)

HF (elec-tronic)

ClassD

ClassC

ClassB2

ClassB1

ClassA3

ClassA2

15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W

EU‘s initial Directive2000/55/EG:Limiting (only) the power intake of a lighting circuit made up of a lamp and ballast

Attention: Do not confuse!

Efficiency label for ballasts and efficiency label for household appliances

≠

U 190.0V 230.0V 190.0V 230.0VU Lamp 136.0V 111.8V 137.2V 113.6V

I 328.0mA 622.0mA 314.0mA 596.0mAP tot 38.0W 69.0W 35.4W 61.4W

P Lamp 33.7W 54.7W 32.9W 53.4WP Ballast 4.3W 14.4W 2.4W 8.0W

Class C magnetic ballast

Class B1 magnetic ballast

Behaviour of a 58 W fluorescent lamp connected to a d.c. supply

0V20V40V60V80V

100V

120V140V160V180V200V

0mA 200mA 400mA 600mA 800mA 1000mA 1200mA

i

u

MeasurementCalculation

U 190.0V 230.0V 190.0V 230.0VU Lamp 136.0V 111.8V 137.2V 113.6V

I 328.0mA 622.0mA 314.0mA 596.0mAP tot 38.0W 69.0W 35.4W 61.4W

P Lamp 33.7W 54.7W 32.9W 53.4WP Ballast 4.3W 14.4W 2.4W 8.0W

3196.7lm 5032.7lm 3157.4lm 4951.7lm



U 82.6% 100.0% 82.6% 100.0%U Lamp 121.6% 100.0% 120.8% 100.0%

I 52.7% 100.0% 52.7% 100.0%P tot 55.1% 100.0% 57.7% 100.0%

P Lamp 61.7% 100.0% 61.7% 100.0%P Ballast 29.8% 100.0% 30.5% 100.0%

63.5% 100.0% 63.8% 100.0%



At that time, the EU Commission could not have known about …

… the other means of improving efficiencyMetering results at full and reduced voltage

So magnetic ballasts can bemore efficient than electronic ones!

Lichtausbeute über Systemspannung

60lm/W

65lm/W

70lm/W

75lm/W

80lm/W

85lm/W

90lm/W

190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V

Systemspannung

Lich

t-A

usbe

ute

58W KVG Siemens Typ LZ 6561, EEI Klasse D58W KVG Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112, EEI Klasse C58W VVG Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527, EEI Klasse B258W VVG Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512, EEI Klasse B158W EVG Tridonic PC58 E011, EEI Klasse A3

Light efficiency against system voltage

60lm/W

65lm/W

70lm/W

75lm/W

80lm/W

85lm/W

90lm/W

190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V

System voltage

Ligh

t effi

cien

cy

65W conventional magnetic ballast Siemens type LZ 6561, EEI class D

58W Vossloh-Schwabe L58.112 standard magnetic ballast, EEI class C

58W Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.527 low-loss magnetic ballast, EEI class B258W Vossloh-Schwabe LN58.512 low-loss magnetic ballast, EEI class B1

58W electronic ballast Tridonic PC58 E011, EEI class A3

The practice of the old Directive:

è

The theory of the old Directive:58 W (magnetic) = 50 W (electronic)?or (systems power):67 W (B2) = 55 W (A2)?

Deviceunder U P tot PLamp Φ h tot

test V W W lm lm/W220.0 56.24 49.70 4662 82.89

Rated voltage 230.0 61.42 53.36 4952 80.62240.0 66.40 56.72 5198 78.28

Rated power 244.0 68.53 58.00 5306 77.42220.0 54.85 4723 86.12

Rated voltage 230.0 54.80 4718 86.10240.0 54.86 4724 86.11250.0 54.72 4723 86.32

58W class A3 electronic

ballast

58W class B1 magnetic

ballast

Values measured by DIAL

Lamp power rating Maximum input power of ballast & lamp circuits GB 17896-1999

(China) min.50Hz (mag-netic)

HF (elec-tronic)

ClassD

ClassC

ClassB2

ClassB1

ClassA3

ClassA2

15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W

30W

40W

50W

60W

70W

190V 200V 210V 220V 230V 240V 250V

U

P Syst

3000lm

4000lm

5000lm

6000lm

7000lm

Φ

Power input magnetic ballastPower input electronic ballastLight output magnetic ballastLight output electronic ballast

Practice of the old Directive:

ΔP ≈ 2.5 W

ΔΦ ≈ 4%

Φmag = Φelec

Pmag

Pelec

230V

New Directive 245/2009(implementing Directive 2005/32/EU•Separate assessment of lamp and ballast(finally also minimum efficiencies for lamps!)

•Equal limit values for magnetic and electronic ballasts, now defined by formula:

• Identical measurement procedures for both magnetic and electronic ballasts

•Measured at equal light outputs•Limit values for standby losses of dimmable ballasts

13638

36*2

LampLamp

Lamp

PP

Ph

Table of new classesTable 17 of Directive 2005/32/EC – Energy efficiency index requirements for

non-dimmable ballasts for fluorescent lampsLamp data Ballast efficiency (PLamp/P input) – non-dimmable

Lamp type

Nominal wattage

Rated / typical wattage EEI class (for stages 1 and 2) EBb FL

(for stage 3)50Hz HF B2 B1 A3 A2 A2 BAT 50Hz HF

T8 18W 18.0W 16.0W 65.8% 71.3% 76.2% 84.2% 87.7% 84.1% 83.2%T8 30W 30.0W 24.0W 75.0% 79.2% 72.7% 77.4% 82.1% 87.0% 85.8%T8 36W 36.0W 32.0W 79.5% 83.4% 84.2% 88.9% 91.4% 87.8% 87.3%T8 38W 38.5W 32.0W 80.4% 84.1% 80.0% 84.2% 87.7% 88.1% 87.3%T8 58W 58.0W 50.0W 82.2% 86.1% 84.7% 90.9% 93.0% 89.6% 89.1%T8 70W 69.5W 60.0W 83.1% 86.3% 83.3% 88.2% 90.9% 90.1% 89.7%T5-E 14W --- 13.7W --- --- 72.1% 80.6% 84.7% --- 82.1%T5-E 21W --- 20.7W --- --- 79.6% 86.3% 89.3% --- 85.0%T5-E 24W --- 22.5W --- --- 80.4% 86.5% 89.6% --- 85.5%T5-E 28W --- 27.8W --- --- 81.8% 86.9% 89.8% --- 86.6%T5-E 35W --- 34.7W --- --- 82.6% 89.0% 91.5% --- 87.6%T5-E 39W --- 38.0W --- --- 82.6% 88.4% 91.0% --- 88.0%T5-E 49W --- 49.3W --- --- 84.6% 89.2% 91.6% --- 89.0%T5-E 54W --- 53.8W --- --- 85.4% 89.7% 92.0% --- 89.3%T5-E 80W --- 80.0W --- --- 87.0% 90.9% 93.0% --- 90.5%T5-E 95W --- 95.0W --- --- 84.1% 90.5% 92.7% --- 90.9%

Table of old and new classesTable 17 of EU-Directive 245/2009 – Energy

efficiency index requirements for non-dimmable ballasts for fluorescent lamps

Lamp data Ballast efficiency (P Lamp/P input)Lamp type

Nom. power EEI class (for stages 1 and 2)

B2 B1 A3 A2 B2 B1 A3 A2T8 18W 65.8% 71.3% 76.2% 84.2% 69.2% 75.0% 76.2% 84.2%T8 30W 75.0% 79.2% 72.7% 77.4% 78.9% 83.3% 72.7% 77.4%T8 36W 79.5% 83.4% 84.2% 88.9% 83.7% 87.8% 84.2% 88.9%T8 38W 80.4% 84.1% 80.0% 84.2% 85.6% 89.5% 80.0% 84.2%T8 58W 82.2% 86.1% 84.7% 90.9% 86.6% 90.6% 84.7% 90.9%T8 70W 83.1% 86.3% 83.3% 88.2% 86.9% 90.3% 83.3% 88.2%T5-E 21W --- --- 79.6% 86.3% --- --- 79.6% 86.3%T5-E 28W --- --- 81.8% 86.9% --- --- 81.8% 86.9%T5-E 35W --- --- 82.6% 89.0% --- --- 82.6% 89.0%T5-E 39W --- --- 82.6% 88.4% --- --- 82.6% 88.4%T5-E 49W --- --- 84.6% 89.2% --- --- 85.0% 89.6%T5-E 54W --- --- 85.4% 89.7% --- --- 85.4% 89.7%T5-E 80W --- --- 87.0% 90.9% --- --- 87.0% 90.9%TC-DD 55W --- --- 84.6% 90.2%

Conversion from the old values in the Directive

2000/55/EC into efficiencies according to the new

Directive 245/2009

Plot of new classesBallast efficiencies according to 2005/32/EU

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0W 20W 40W 60W 80W 100W 120W

Rated power

η

EBbFLA2 BATA2A3B1B2

The bone of contention with the voltage reduction tech-nique: The lamps' lifetimeManufacturers of voltage reduction plant speak about 33% … 50% longer lamp life.The lamp and luminaire section of the electrical industry's trade association www.zvei.org/fachverbaende/licht.depoints out, the lamp life might also be shortened because the optimal filament temperature is not reached.

ordinary magnetic magnetic low loss electronic (warm start)

D C B2 B1 A3 A2 A1

Relco (2002) 4.54€ 24.78€ 60.73€

Vossloh-Schwabe (2003) 8.50€ 13.50€ 55.50€ 106.50€

Vossloh-Schwabe (2008) 13.94€ 14.56€ 33.00€ 50.00€ 106.50€

Vossloh-Schwabe twin electronic ballast (2008) 37.00€

Payback periods (based on above Vossloh-Schwabe prices)Intensity of use 3000 h/a Rated Measurement at

Electricity price 0.12 €/kWh values U =U N Φ M=Φ E

2.31a 1.84a 1.87a

0.57a 0.87a 0.87a

4.54a 4.80a 9.06a

5.69a 7.74a 35.14a

7.69a

10.94a

Replacing a class C magnetic with a class B1 magnetic ballast

Catalogue prices for a230 V, 50 Hz, 58 W ballast

Replacing a class B2 magnetic with a class B1 magnetic ballast

Replacing a class C magnetic with a class A2 electronic ballast

Replacing a class B1 magnetic with a class A2 electronic ballast

Replacing a class C magnetic with a class A3 electronic ballast

Replacing a class B1 magnetic with a class A3 electronic ballast

Reservation to be made here:Be careful with catalogue prices!A realistic approach, however, might look like this

What pays off, what doesn‘t?

Essence out of this –Payback time:

For an assessment let‘s find a cornerstone from where further calculations can be carried out.

A realistic approach might look like this:

Electricity price

5c/kWh 10c/kWh 20c/kWh

With equal line voltage:Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W T8 lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 3745h 1873h 936hReplacing tandem magnetic B1 ballast for 2*18W T8 lampswith electronic A2 twin ballast saves 1€ in 3534h 1767h 883hReplacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W TC-D lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 5076h 2538h 1269hReplacing magnetic B1 ballast for 58W T8 lampwith electronic A3 ballast saves 1€ in 3021h 1511h 755h

With equal light output:Replacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W T8 lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 2837h 1418h 709hReplacing tandem magnetic B1 ballast for 2*18W T8 lampswith electronic A2 twin ballast saves 1€ in 3268h 1634h 817hReplacing magnetic B1 ballast for 18W TC-D lampwith electronic A2 ballast saves 1€ in 3273h 1637h 818hReplacing magnetic B1 ballast for 58W T8 lampwith electronic A3 ballast saves 1€ in 9418h 4709h 2355h

How long does it take to save 1€ of electricity costs?

But looking at the old Directive 2000/55/EUyou find the following:T8 lamp with a class B1 MB:Systems power rating 64 WLamp power rating 58 WBallast power loss 6 Wwhich makes 9.4%T5 lamp with class A3 EB:Systems power rating 63 WLamp power rating 54 WBallast power loss 9 Wwhich makes 16.7%

10 trumps of electronic ballasts1.Electronic ballasts have lower losses than magnetic ballasts

0W

25W

50W

75W

D C B2 B1 A3 A2 A1

Pmax

T8 lamp 58W according to 2000/55/ECLamp powerBallast loss

10 trumps of electronic ballasts

2.The luminaire performs a better overall efficiency – not solely because of the lower ballast losses but also due to the better lamp efficiency with high frequency operation (about 20 kHz to 60 kHz). Accordingly, the lamp is fed with a lower electric power.

10 trumps of electronic ballastsBut unfortunately• the actual difference is

only 3.6%(Imperial College, London),

• the old Directive only gave the absolute electrical values, irrespective of the lamp’s real brightness, which already is 4% lower with an electronic ballast,

• the practical design of todays’s magnetic ballasts deviates from the ratings.

Nominallamp power

Maximum input power of ballast and lamp circuits(ratings according to 2000/55/EU)

Max. catalogue data found

50Hz (mag-netic)

HF (elec-tronic)

ClassD

ClassC

ClassB2

ClassB1

ClassA3

ClassA2

15W 14W >25W 25W 23W 21W 18W 16W

18W 16W >28W 28W 26W 24W 21W 19W

30W 24W >40W 40W 38W 36W 33W 31W

36W 32W >45W 45W 43W 41W 38W 36W

38W 32W >47W 47W 45W 43W 40W 38W

58W 50W >70W 70W 67W 64W 59W 55W

70W 60W >83W 83W 80W 77W 72W 68W

10 trumps of electronic ballasts3.The 100-Hz light flicker is abandoned with this high lamp operating frequency.

However:There would be no mention of the flicker if ZVEI did not intend to abolish the well-proven lead-lag com-pensation of reactive power with fluorescent lamps. The arguments are not based on the principle but on an excessive rating of the compensation capacitance.?

Oh, by the way:Don't they praise the 100 Hz technique as a flicker free progress with TV sets?


4.Most electronic ballasts perform warm start capability (cathode pre-heating before firing), reducing lamp wear.

However:Beware of overaged news!The warm start capability may come as an extra with extra price premium to the electronic ballast; with magnetic ballasts it has always come indispensably by default, ever since fluorescent lighting has been around. There is no other way!


5.Modern electronic ballasts usually provide the so-called cut-off technology (switching off the cathode heating after firing), which reduces lamp wear and saves even more energy.

However:Beware of even more over-aged news!The cut-off capability may come as an extra with extra price premium to the electronic ballast; with magnetic ballasts it has always come indispensably by default, ever since fluorescent lighting has been around. There is no other way!

10 trumps of electronic ballasts6.The lamp lifetime expectancy is about 30% longer – provided the electronic ballasts perform the so-called warm start.

However:Lifetime tests on fluorescent lamps are carried out with common glow starters instead of the advanced electronic starters when magnetic ballasts are applied. This way, one starting process is replaced with several starting attempts, while the number of starts is mentioned as a crucial ageing factor.

10 trumps of electronic ballasts6. However,electronic ballast manufacturers keep silent about the cold start, while actually the cold start ballast is the standard ballast, which performs even poorer than the glow starter!

Note:• Empirical value for permanent duty

without switching → ≈ 60,000 h lifetime.• Lamp lifetime test according to IEC 60081: To be done with

starters according to IEC 60155, i. e. glow starters!• Test cycle:

2:45 h on / 0:15 h off → ≈ 15,000 h lifetime,→ 5455 switchings,→ costing 45,000 h of service life.

10 trumps of electronic ballasts6.Lamps being exhibited here under starter lifetime test according to IEC 60155:40 s on / 20 s off.

> 120,000 starts – both lamp and

starter still in order!

≈ 6,500 starts – both lamp and starter done!

IEC 60081

0h

10000h

20000h

30000h

40000h

50000h

60000h

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Life

time

expe

ctan

cy

→

Total number of starts during test →

with glow starter


0h

10000h

20000h

30000h

40000h

50000h

60000h

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Life

time

expe

ctan

cy

→


with electronic warm start ballastwith glow starter

0h

10000h

20000h

30000h

40000h

50000h

60000h

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Life

time

expe

ctan

cy

→


with electronic warm start ballastwith glow starter with electronic cold start ballast

0h

10000h

20000h

30000h

40000h

50000h

60000h

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Life

time

expe

ctan

cy

→


with electronic starterwith electronic warm start ballastwith glow starter with electronic cold start ballast

10 trumps of electronic ballasts7.Electronic ballasts are also available with instant start feature.

However:When electronic ballasts are praised as providing »imme-diate start capability«, this means that the extra cost for the warm start capability has been omitted. Fortunately this is impossible with magnetic ballasts! The lamps will be grateful for this. As a compromise there are very fast acting electronic starters available, firing within 0.5s.

10 trumps of electronic ballasts read like:

+ It is even equipped with spark plugs!

+ It even has a carburetor!

+ It does not require pre-heat capability!

+ Does not require any spark plugs at all!

+ Does not even require a carburetor!

+ It provides pre-heat capability!

The advantages of the diesel engine:

The advantages of the petrol engine:

Whereas the carburetor is coming of age.This is why the comparison fits all too well!

10 trumps of electronic ballasts8.Defective lamps are shut off automatically instead of harassing employees by permanent flashing of vain restart attempts (and even driving the ballast losses up above normal level on top of that, doing so).

However:With magnetic ballasts together with electronic starters there are not any vain restart attempts of defective lamps either.

10 trumps of electronic ballasts9.Electronic ballasts facilitate the use of the even more efficient T5 lamps, working with electronic ballasts only.

So what is this then?

?

And what is this here?

0:05 min


Of the cold start features not even to speak …

0:20 min0:40 min1:00 min1:20 min1:40 min2:00 min

2*35

W e

lect

roni

c A

2

2*35

W e

lect

roni

c A

1

2*35

W m

agne

tic A

2


Oh well,there are T5 lamps and T5 lamps. Depends on whether they are labelled HE or HO.

Comparison of T5 and T8 fluorescent lampsLamp T5 »HE« T8 (measured values) T5 »HO« (catalog values)Length 1449mm 1500mm 1449mm

Power rating 35W 58W 49W 80Woperated with El. ball. (HF) Magnetic ballast (50Hz) Electronic ballast (HF)Rated system

power42W (A3)39W (A2)

--- 67W (B2)64W (B1)

--- 58W (A3)55W (A2)

92W (A3)88W (A2)

Measured lamp power

--- 49W 53W 58W --- ---

Measured system power

--- 55W 61W 69W --- ---

System voltage 207V...253V 217V 230V 244V 207V...253V 207V...253VLight flux 3300lm 4596lm 4951lm 5305lm 4300lm 6150lm

System light efficacy

79lm/W (A3)85lm/W (A2)

84lm/W (B1, measured)



74lm/W (A3)78lm/W (A2)

67lm/W (A3)70lm/W (A2)

Consequently it now says in the new Directive:


Inconsequently, though, it now also gives some strange

»Second stage requirements« in the new Directive: »The requirements applicable to double capped fluorescent lamps 26 mm in diameter (T8) during the first stage shall apply to all double capped fluorescent lamps of other diameters than those covered in the first stage« (16 mm, 26 mm).

So all lamps are equal! – All of them? No! If its diameter equals 16 mm a lamp need not be efficient; to all other lamps strict limits (those for T8 lamps) apply!

Table 1 of EU-Directive 245/2009 – minimum rated luminous lamp efficacies, 100 h initial values for T8 and T5 lamps

T5 (16 mm Ø)HE (High Efficiency) HO (High Output)

Nominal wattage

Luminous efficacy

Nominal wattage

Luminous efficacy

Nominal wattage

Luminous efficacy

15W 63lm/W 14W 86lm/W 24W 73lm/W18W 75lm/W 21W 90lm/W 39W 79lm/W25W 76lm/W 28W 93lm/W 49W 88lm/W30W 80lm/W 35W 94lm/W 54W 82lm/W36W 93lm/W 80W 77lm/W38W 87lm/W58W 90lm/W70W 89lm/W

T8 (26 mm Ø)


10.By means of dimmability and optionally electronic lighting controls, say daylight adaptability, electronic ballasts may lead to additional energy savings.

However:Only 9% of all electronic ballast are dimmable. Rather, dimmbability doubles the price again, and dimmable electronic ballasts require a control cable on top of the power cable. The power cable has to remain permanently energized, so that the electronics is able to receive signals.


No. 11 out of 10:Electronic ballasts have a lobby, magnetic ones have none.

But why is this?All manufacturers of magnetic ballasts also offer electronic ones from another site or as a commodity.

Catalogue price

Lifetime expectancy

Turnover per duty time

electronic 50.00 € ≤ 50,000 h 1.00€/1000hmagnetic 15.00 € > 300,000 h 0.05€/1000h

No talk at all of the disadvantages:Frequent reliability problems

Electronic ballast failures at Paderborn-Lippstadt airport

Electronic ballast failures

in just one year

Electronic ballast failures at ETH Zürich

108

Electronic ballast failures with E.ONin Düsseldorf

1100 pieces installed – after half a year already 400 pieces had failed. Each and every time it was the filter capacitor.

HF superimposition from other ballasts on the mains (?)

Howsoever – they have now all been replaced by magnetics

that it is not thelamps which are defectivebut rather their commom electronic twin ballast has failed

Electronic ballast failures atBiberach University of Applied Sciences

Each time 2 lamps located side by side fail you

may assume

on a baker‘s shop

Electronic ballast failuresat Dortmund principal railway station

Repairing the electronic ballast failures

Back to magnetic ballasts!at Dortmund principal railway station:

Whenever two adjacent lamps… – see above

Electronic ballast failuresat Boisheim railway station:

200720082009

Electronic ballast failuresat Rummenohl railway station:

Here you can even see them:4 twin ballasts for a total of 8 lamps

Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station:

Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station are continuing…

16 days of closure over Easter 2010 on account of major railway works including lighting – but only two weeks later

it starts again!

Electronic ballast failures at Brügge railway station:

Electronic ballast failures at…

Statements heardin the market include:

• Magnetic ballasts are going to be phased out

• The use of magnetic ballasts is prohibited

• Magnetic ballasts don't exist any more at all

• Magnetic ballasts – what's that?

0 Mio.

20 Mio.

40 Mio.

60 Mio.

80 Mio.

100 Mio.

2000 2002 2004 2005

KVGVVGEVG

0 Mio.

20 Mio.

40 Mio.

60 Mio.

80 Mio.

100 Mio.

2000 2002 2004 2005

D, CBA

The truth in figures:

www.topmagnetic.com www.celma.orgwww.vito.be

Strange bidscruising this market:Dear Sir,… to be able to compare the bidded systems still requires some clarification. For the system power intake you use• the poorest available version (B2, 2 * 67 W = 134 W) for magnetic

ballasts, but• the best available version for (A2, 2 * 55 W = 110 W) for electronic

ballasts.Still, the same light output of 5200 lm is used for both versions in the calculations, although under the given circumstances only 4800 lm can be expected with electronic ballasts.In the lighting calculations, however, it is assumed that a far greater number of systems is required when employing magnetic ballasts:• Hall 1: 237 * 2 * magnetic versus 154 * 2 * electronic,• Hall 2: 150 * 2 * magnetic versus 100 * 2 * electronic.

All published case studies, however, read like this one published in Germany by www.dena.de:

• 152*700W mercury vapour lampswere replaced with: 72*400W sodium vapour lamps+72*250W sodium vapour lamps

• Generic low-beam luminaires were replaced with special factory reflector luminaires

• Magnetic ballasts were replaced with dimmable electronic ballasts

• Automatic daylight dependent dimming was installed

68% of energy savings is claimedthrough the renovation of the lighting in a factory hall. Albeit, the renovation included:

=56% savings

}

≈ 0% savings

Quite apart from the excellent PR ThyssenKrupp launched here, promoting a technique not using any magnetic steel at all against one which uses quite a lot of magnetic steel! Congratulations!

≈12% savings

So care has to be taken with dimming!energy consumption in relation to luminous flux

BLMK 13030F395 E

ELECTRONIC CONTROL GEAR

1 %13 % 100 %

20 %

50 %

80 %

100 %lu

min

ous

flux

system wattage

QUICKTRONIC® DE LUXE DIMMABLE

Original fabricator's slide

A1=A3? – Or: When does an electronic ballast match class A1?• It shall be dimmable at least down to 10% of the full light output.

•When set to full power it shall comply with the requirements of class A3.

•When dimmed down to 25% of full light output it shall use no more than 50% of its rated power (i. e. that of class A3).

This 50% also represents the power rating!

This 50% also represents the power rating!

This is logical, since e. g. also a car is ‘dimmable’: The engine provides60 kW, but in urban traffic the demand is usually only 10 kW, so the engine power is rated as 30 kW. Isn‘t it?

Or take a modernelectric locomotive:

Power for ac-celerating:6000kW.

Power during braking:-6000kW.

Power rating:0kW.

Logical, isn‘t it?

Oh yes, it isn‘t!

Efficacy against measured relative systems power requirement at rated voltage

0lm/W

10lm/W

20lm/W

30lm/W

40lm/W

50lm/W

60lm/W

70lm/W

80lm/W

90lm/W

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%P Syst/P Syst(U N)

Ligh

ting

effic

acy

T8 lamp 58W with magnetic ballast EEI=DT8 lamp 58W with standard magnetic ballast EEI=CT8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B2T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1T8 lamp 51W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1T5 lamps 2*35W with twin el. ballast EEI=A1 at 25°CEEI class A1 limit to standard (25°C)

0lm/W

10lm/W

20lm/W

30lm/W

40lm/W

50lm/W

60lm/W

70lm/W

80lm/W

90lm/W

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%P Syst/P Syst(U N)

Ligh

ting

effic

acy

T8 lamp 58W with magnetic ballast EEI=DT8 lamp 58W with standard magnetic ballast EEI=CT8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B2T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1T8 lamp 51W with low-loss magnetic ballast EEI=B1T5 lamps 2*35W with twin el. ballast EEI=A1 at 35°CEEI class A1 limit at 35°C

Alternative 1:Of course you save most if you turn off the light while it is not really needed. But if you turn off the light completely (possibly groupwise), then you save more than you would when »dimmed down to 0«. Therefore:

A »semi automatic« which also shuts off the electronic control gear and has to be turned on again manually.

Alternative 2:Or wireless sensors which do not require any stand-by supply!

See: www.enocean-alliance.org

D, >73W A2, 55W A2, 39W ?5300lm 4700lm 3300lm ?

Odd apparitions in advertising

The worst one ever è

+ cut-off

D, >73WA2, 55WA2, 39W ?5300lm 4700lm 3300lm ?

D, >73W A2, 55W A2, 39W ?5300lm 4700lm 3300lm ?

D, >73WA2, 55WA2, 39W ?5300lm 4700lm 3300lm ?

Albeit, by measuring

you arrive at totally different results!

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

T8 w

ith M

B

T5 »

HO

«w

ith E

B A

2

T8 w

ith M

B

T8 w

ith E

B A

3

2*T5

»H

E«

with

EB

A3

2*T5

»H

E«

with

EB

A1

& D

ALI

T8 w

ithE

nOce

an

Savings potential versus T8 with MBm

agne

ticel

ectr

onic

UN=2

20V,

USys=

230V

, PSys=

80W

you arrive at totally different results:

So the magnetic systems with T8 lampseven without dimmability– just with automatic switching –achieve the better mean annual efficacy!

Electrical and Luminous output, efficacy Electrical energy, light energy per year4 * MB 58W 3 * EB 2*35W 4*MB 58W T8 B1 3*EB 2*35W T5 A1

1000h/a at full brightness

Day-light 245.7W 19.8klm 81lm/W 223.1W 19.8klm 89lm/W 245.7kWh 19.8Mlmh 223.1kWh 19.8Mlmh

The lamps are on for SignalElectrical and Luminous output, efficacy Electrical energy, light energy per year4 * MB 58W 3 * EB 2*35W 4*MB 58W T8 B1 3*EB 2*35W T5 A1



550h/a at 50%/64%(EB/MB)


The lamps are on for Signal

Albeit, by measuring




550h/a at 50%/64%(EB/MB)


1030h/a at 2%/0%(EB/MB)

Day-light 0.0W 0.0klm --- 32.2W 0.4klm 12lm/W 0.0kWh 0.0Mlmh 33.2kWh 0.4Mlmh




550h/a at 50%/64%(EB/MB)


1030h/a at 2%/0%(EB/MB)


6180h/a never – Signal: »off«

Pres-ence 0.0W 0.0klm --- 1.5W 0.0klm 0lm/W 0.0kWh 0.0Mlmh 9.3kWh 0.0Mlmh




550h/a at 50%/64%(EB/MB)


1030h/a at 2%/0%(EB/MB)




Annual sums 323.6kWh 26.8Mlmh 335.6kWh 25.7Mlmh


Balance




550h/a at 50%/64%(EB/MB)


1030h/a at 2%/0%(EB/MB)




Annual sums 323.6kWh 26.8Mlmh 335.6kWh 25.7Mlmh

Mean annual light efficacy 82.7lm/W 76.6lm/W


Balance

= =

Conclusions so far:Dimmable electronic ballasts offer excellent opportunities for optimal lighting in conference rooms and the like. There they are a useful investment. There have been various dimming techniques for magnetic ballasts around, but they all had their drawbacks and do no longer match today‘s requirements.The energy savings argument is better covered by low-loss magnetic ballasts with electronic starters and, where adequate, a voltage reduction technique (but which cannot be seen as dimming, since the regulation is only ≈35%).

Measurements DIAL Calculated valuesU P (tot) P (Ball) P (Lamp) I U (Ball) U (Lamp) Φ h (Lamp) h (tot) P (Loss) P (tot)

[V] [W] [W] [W] [mA] [V] [V] [lm] [lm/W] [lm/W] P (tot) P N

190.0 35.42 2.44 32.94 314 111.6 137.2 3157 95.85 89.14 93.0% 57.7%

200.0 43.78 3.82 40.03 397 132.2 129.9 3813 95.25 87.09 91.4% 71.3%

210.0 50.57 5.14 45.38 470 149.8 123.2 4295 94.65 84.94 89.7% 82.3%

220.0 56.24 6.57 49.70 537 165.5 117.8 4662 93.80 82.89 88.4% 91.6%

U =U N 230.0 61.42 8.01 53.36 596 179.3 113.6 4952 92.80 80.62 86.9% 100.0%

240.0 66.40 9.60 56.72 659 192.6 109.9 5198 91.64 78.28 85.4% 108.1%

P =P N 244.0 68.53 10.31 58.00 683 197.7 108.8 5306 91.48 77.42 84.6% 111.6%

250.0 71.60 11.50 59.91 724 205.5 106.1 5420 90.47 75.70 83.7% 116.6%

190.0 54.92 297 110.1 4722 85.98 100.2%

200.0 54.75 285 108.4 4723 86.27 99.9%

210.0 54.90 275 109.3 4724 86.06 100.2%

220.0 54.85 263 112.8 4723 86.12 100.1%

U =U N 230.0 54.80 256 109.9 4718 86.10 100.0%

240.0 54.86 248 110.1 4724 86.11 100.1%

250.0 54.72 242 110.2 4723 86.32 99.9%

Metering con-

ditions

Type (device under test)

T8 lamp58W withelectronic

ballastEEI=A3

T8 lamp58W withlow-loss magnetic

ballastEEI=B1

For non-dimmable electronicballasts do save energy, butvoltage reduction saves more energy!

Also the new 51 W lampsaves energy but voltagereduction saves more energy!

Measurements DIAL Calculated valuesU P (tot) P (Ball) P (Lamp) I U (Ball) U (Lamp) Φ h (Lamp) h (tot) P (Loss) P (tot)


190.0 35.42 2.44 32.94 314 111.6 137.2 3157 95.85 89.14 93.0% 57.7%

200.0 43.78 3.82 40.03 397 132.2 129.9 3813 95.25 87.09 91.4% 71.3%

210.0 50.57 5.14 45.38 470 149.8 123.2 4295 94.65 84.94 89.7% 82.3%

220.0 56.24 6.57 49.70 537 165.5 117.8 4662 93.80 82.89 88.4% 91.6%

U =U N 230.0 61.42 8.01 53.36 596 179.3 113.6 4952 92.80 80.62 86.9% 100.0%

240.0 66.40 9.60 56.72 659 192.6 109.9 5198 91.64 78.28 85.4% 108.1%

P =P N 244.0 68.53 10.31 58.00 683 197.7 108.8 5306 91.48 77.42 84.6% 111.6%

250.0 71.60 11.50 59.91 724 205.5 106.1 5420 90.47 75.70 83.7% 116.6%

207.0 44.81 5.76 39.02 498 156.7 108.6 3571 91.51 79.68 87.1% 80.5%

U =U N 230.0 55.09 8.86 46.28 625 185.1 102.3 4179 90.29 75.85 84.0% 99.0%

Φ m=Φ e 230.2 55.22 8.81 46.52 626 185.4 102.5 4181 89.88 75.72 84.2% 99.2%

253.0 66.17 13.51 52.69 775 213.3 95.0 4557 86.48 68.86 79.6% 118.9%

U =U N (30°C) 229.9 57.16 9.02 48.11 624 184.6 102.1 4484 93.20 78.45 84.2% 102.7%

Metering con-ditions


T8 lamp58W withlow-loss magnetic

ballastEEI=B1

T8 lamp 51W with low-loss

magnetic ballast EEI=B1

Also the new 37 W lampwith a special startersaves energy but voltage reduction saves more energy!

Measurements DIAL Calculated valuesU P tot P Ball P Lamp I U Ball U Lamp Φ h Lamp h tot P Loss P tot


R20= 13.80 Ω 190.0 35.42 2.44 32.94 314 111.6 137.2 3157 95.85 89.14 93.0% 57.7%

m= 1.32 kg 200.0 43.78 3.82 40.03 397 132.2 129.9 3813 95.25 87.09 91.4% 71.3%

210.0 50.57 5.14 45.38 470 149.8 123.2 4295 94.65 84.94 89.7% 82.3%

220.0 56.24 6.57 49.70 537 165.5 117.8 4662 93.80 82.89 88.4% 91.6%

U =U N 230.0 61.42 8.01 53.36 596 179.3 113.6 4952 92.80 80.62 86.9% 100.0%

240.0 66.40 9.60 56.72 659 192.6 109.9 5198 91.64 78.28 85.4% 108.1%

P =P N 244.0 68.53 10.31 58.00 683 197.7 108.8 5306 91.48 77.42 84.6% 111.6%

250.0 71.60 11.50 59.91 724 205.5 106.1 5420 90.47 75.70 83.7% 116.6%

with starter 230.0 43.93 6.05 37.83 512 157.5 109.9 3761 99.43 85.62 86.1% 79.0%

without starter 230.1 62.53 8.06 54.47 597 179.9 116.8 5648 103.70 90.33 87.1% 112.4%

Φ w ith=Φ w ithout 192.8 38.53 2.84 35.66 341 119.1 135.5 3762 105.49 97.63 92.6% 69.2%

58 W lamp 230.1 43.90 5.88 38.14 505 156.5 112.6 3308 86.74 75.36 86.9% 78.9%

Metering con-ditions

Type (device

under test)

T8 lamp 58W with low-loss magnetic

ballast EEI=B1

37W Power Saver Set

with special starter

Karl Böhmer from www.eckerle.com, an electronic ballast manufacturer, says:

»It is very, very hard for an electronic ballast to compete with the efficiency of a very good B1 magnetic ballast.

This is not the reason, after all, why we care for electronic ballasts, but rather…«

Now what can dimmableballasts offer us?

Create adaptable lighting scenarios for dedicated purposes, such as in conference rooms or in

www.miwula.de

And what are thenon-dimmableelectronic ballasts good for?

•For low mains voltage(e. g. USA: 120 V)

•In emergency lighting (DC)•In vehicles(DC or e. g. 16.7 Hz)

So what‘s really wrong about them?Since one manufacturer now offers an LED lamp which »matches compatibility problems occurring when replacing halogen lamps with LED lamps«…

From a press release (Light & Building 2010):

»In the past the replacement of halogen spot lamps with LED lamps frequently caused problems. The reasons were many different transformers.«

A »patented electronic solution« claims to help through »a simulation of the electric properties of a low-voltage halogen lamp«…

This is what the »electrical properties of a low-voltage halogen lamp« look like:

This is what the lamp looks like:

front side reverse side

Oops!

And this is where this Dutch product

was made!

è

And the package looks like this:

Oops! What does it say there?

Not the permission for HF operation anyway!

Just a moment, please!This was not yet all!The best is yet to come!

Since recently you can not only see but also hear lighting! Let us put you on the spot…

Upcoming but striving hard

Here an 8 W LED »lighting tube« would like to replace an 18 W fluorescent tube, but:• Position dependent• No tandem configuration possible• No combination with fluorescent tubes• Light or lamplet?• And how about EMC?

Upcoming but striving hardOut of 8 W power rating 5.7 W active power and 7.2 var (harmonic) reactive power are left over

Measurements DIALU P I Φ h Q S

min. 119.90 € Ratings 230.0V 25.0W 1900lm 72lm/W

max. 119.95 € Measured 230.0V 25.9W 114mA 1828lm 70lm/W 3.9var 26.2VA

min. 77.52 € Ratings 230.0V 25.5W 110mA 1650lm 65lm/W #ZAHL! 25.3VA

max. 99.00 € Measured 230.0V 26.7W 118mA 1899lm 71lm/W 5.0var 27.1VA

min. 94.90 € Ratings 230.0V 30.0W 2700lm

max. 94.90 € Measured 230.0V 29.1W 127mA 2432lm 83lm/W 2.0var 29.2VALOBS LED 30 W 5100-XL-

DW-65


Philips Master LEDtube GA 1500 mm, 840 G13

With ballast type

AB

B 5

8-15

0/23

SF-

50-

B4

Price

OSRAM SubstiTube ST8-HA5-165-840 Advanced

Regarding the »savings potential« of such »solutions«

Morals:• The »cheapest« one is the strongest and simultaneously

the most efficient one!• But by no means more efficient than a fluorescent lamp!• It’s a shame to stuff LEDs into a plastic tube!• Neither do you go to the racing parcours with a tractor.• Nor do you attach a plough to a race car.

Oops!

Regarding the »savingspotential« of such »solutions«

Even this lamp provides a savings potential of 60% …

… if you use it as a replacement for this one!

Sodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5 lm/W

T5 fluorescent lamp »HE« 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 93.6 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification) 89.1 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W »Philips TL-D Eco« with EB Cl. A3 86.5 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3 86.1 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 37 W »Philips Power Saver Set« with special starter at 230 V 85.6 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB) 82.4 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 80.6 lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp »HO« 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 79.5 lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp »HE« 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 78.6 lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2 77.0 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W »Philips TL-D Eco« with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 73.8 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V 71.7 lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp »HO« 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 66.8 lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 66.5 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2 66.1 lm/W2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB 55.8 lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality 55.7 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 51.5 lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality 46.7 lm/WMini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman) 44.8 lm/WTC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB 42.1 lm/W

Summary – part 1: Fluorescent lampsSodium low pressure vapour lamp 135 W with low-loss ballast 141.5 lm/W









T8 fluorescent lamp 37 W »Philips Power Saver Set« without special starter at 193 V 97.6 lm/WT5 fluorescent lamp »HE« 35 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 93.6 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 190 V (out of specification) 89.1 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W »Philips TL-D Eco« with EB Cl. A3 86.5 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with EB Cl. A3 86.1 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 37 W »Philips Power Saver Set« with special starter at 230 V 85.6 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 222 V (brightness as with EB) 82.4 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 80.6 lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp »HO« 80 W (at 35°C) with EB Cl. A2 (optimal operation) 79.5 lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp »HE« 35 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 78.6 lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W with twin EB Kl. A2 77.0 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 51 W »Philips TL-D Eco« with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 73.8 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 58 W with MB Cl. D for 220 V measured at 230 V 71.7 lm/WT5-fluorescent lamp »HO« 80 W (at 25°C) with EB Cl. A3 (not optimal) 66.8 lm/W2 T8 fluorescent lamps 2*18 W tandem with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 66.5 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with EB Cl. A2 66.1 lm/W2 TC-S-fluorescent lamps 2*9 W tandem with high-loss MB 55.8 lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W brand quality 55.7 lm/WT8 fluorescent lamp 18 W with MB Cl. B1 at 230 V 51.5 lm/WCompact fluorescent lamp 11 W DIY market quality 46.7 lm/WMini compact fluorescent lamp 4 W improved DIY market quality (Megaman) 44.8 lm/WTC-S-fluorescent lamp 9 W single mode with high-loss MB 42.1 lm/W

Summary – part 2:LEDs and incancescent lampsLED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W

3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7lm/W

2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0lm/W

Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W

LED lamp systems ≈60.0 lm/W

3 IRC halogen lamps 3*50 W with toroidal core transformer 300 W (50% load) 23.7 lm/W

2 halogen lamps 2*100 W with toroidal core transformer 400 W (50% load) 12.4 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with toroidal core transf. 300 W (83% load) 12.1 lm/W3 halogen lamps 2*100 W + 50 W with electronic transf. 250 W (100% load) 12.0 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with electronic transformer 60 W (100% load) 11.2 lm/W3 halogen lamps 3*20 W with cheap DIY transformer 60 W (100% load) 10.0 lm/W

Generic incandescent lamp 200 W frosted 15.5 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 150 W frosted 14.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 100 W frosted 13.6 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 60 W frosted 12.0 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 40 W frosted 10.4 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 25 W frosted 8.8 lm/WLinestra tube 120 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 60 W 7.0 lm/WLinestra tube 35 W 6.8 lm/WGeneric incandescent lamp 15 W frosted 6.0 lm/W

























Stearin candle 0.1 lm/W

More:www.leonardo-energy.org/lighting

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