Review Quiz 1

The Skeletal System

In silence complete all 10 questions

No conferring with others!!

All books and notes out of sight!!

Answers1. Axial - Any 2 from: Skull/cranium, vertebrae, ribs

Appendicular – Any 2 bones other than skull/cranium, vertebrae, ribs

2. Movement, support, mineral storage, blood cell production and protection

3. Patella

4. Epiphysis

5. Articular (hyaline) cartilage

6. Humerus, radius, ulna

7. Carpals, radius, ulna

8. Femur, tibia

9. Talus, tibia, fibula

10. Head of femur and accetabulam of the pelvis

Grading

• <4/10 <40% U

• 4/10 40% E

• 5/10 50% D

• 6/10 60% C

• 7/10 70% B

• 8/10+ 80%+ A

Joints and movement

SpecificationCandidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the:

• Wrist: flexion and extension

• Radio-ulnar: pronation and supination

• Elbow: flexion and extension

• Shoulder: abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, rotation, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, circumduction

• Spine (cartilaginous, gliding and pivot): flexion, extension, lateral flexion

• Hip: abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, rotation

• Knee: flexion and extension

• Ankle: dorsi flexion, plantar flexion

Learning objectives

To know and understand: • The different types of synovial joints• The structure of a synovial joint• The range of movement of synovial joints

To be able to:• Identify and describe the structure of a synovial

joint• Identify the type of joint and the range of

movement it will allow

Classification of Joints

• Fibrous (fixed) • No movement• Most stable

• Cartilaginous (slightly movable)

• Little movement• Stable

• Synovial• Free movement• Least stable

Joints and movement

• Muscle attached to two adjacent bones on either side of a joint

• Muscle contraction across a joint = movement

• What determines how much movement takes place at each joint?

Synovial joints

Name the 6 types of synovial joints

• Ball and socket joint• Hinge joint• Condyloid joint• Saddle joint• Gliding joint• Pivot joint

Synovial jointsCondyloid jointThis is a synovial joint that allows movement in two planes, an

example of this would be the wrist.

The two main bones of the forearm (the radius and unla) and the bones of the hands (carpals) are the articulating bones that form the joint.

The joint structure is much flatter and shallower than a ball and socket joint.

Complete a description for each of the other 4 synovial joints. Ensure that you mention

(a) Structure

(b) An example with articulating bones

(c) The number of planes of movement

Planes of movement

Hinge joint

• Cylindrical shape articulating with trough-shaped depression

• Movement occurs in one plane – bend and straighten

• Examples: Knee, elbow, ankle

Pivot

• Rounded or pointed structure that articulates with ring-shaped structure of another

• Movement occurs in one plane – rotation around longitudinal axis

• Examples: Radio-ulna and spine (neck)

Gilding joint

•Articulating surfaces are almost flat and of a similar size

• Movement occurs in three planes but very limited

• Examples: Between the bony processes of the vertebrae

Ball and socket

• Ball shaped head of one bone articulates with the cup like shape of another

• Movement occurs in three planes- allows greatest range of movement

• Examples: Shoulder and hip

Synovial joint structure - knee

Femur

Tibia

Patella

Tendon

Cruciate ligaments

Articular cartilage

Synovial cavity containing synovial fluid

Bursa

Pre patella bursa

Meniscus

Pad of fat Ligament

Joint capsule

Quadricep

Synovial membrane

Key features - NEW

• Bursa – a flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial fluid that contains a

thin film of synovial fluid– prevents friction at sites where ligaments, muscles, tendons and

bones might rub together

• Meniscus– White fibrocartilage that improves the fit between adjacent bone

ends– Make joint more stable and reduces wear and tear between joint

surfaces

• Pad of fat– Fatty pad that provides cushioning between the fibrous capsule

and a bone or muscle

Find your family!

• You have been given a piece of paper which has written on it either:

– A name of a part of a synovial joint– A definition of a part of a synovial joint– A function of a part of a synovial joint

• Work together to find your group of three (matching name, definition and function)

Structure of a synovial joint

• Complete the table to show the name, definition and function of each part of the synovial joint.

Planes of movement

• Stood in anatomical position

• All movement is described in relation to this position

Types of movement

• What type of movements do we already know?– Flexion– Extension– Abduction– Adduction– Rotation

Horizontal flexion

Horizontal extension

Lateral flexion

Circumduction

Pronation

Supination

Dosiflexion

Plantar flexion

Flexion & Extension

• Flexion – makes a body part move in a forwards direction from the anatomical position

• Extension – makes a body part move in a backwards direction from the anatomical position

• Except the knee joint! Flexion = lower leg moves backwards

Memory aids

• Horizontal flexion/extension – Fingers are already pointing to the horizon

• Abduction – Being taken ‘away’ from or ‘abducted’

• Supination– Holding a bowl of soup ‘soupination’ = palms

upwards

• Plantar flexion – P for plantar and P for pointed feet

Practical task – on your feet….

Find a position in which all the major joints in your body are flexed

Movement analysis table

• Complete the ‘Movement allowed’ column of your movement analysis table

Movement analysisLook at the pictures and identify what movement

actions are taken place at each joint

Sporting examples

• For each of the joint actions work in pairs to think of at least one sporting example for each type of movement

Exam question – Jan 2008

Identify two structures of a synovial joint and describe the role of one of these structures during physical performance

(3 marks)

Exam question – May 2005

Identify two structures of the hip joint and describe the role of each structure during physical performance

(4 marks)

Specimen paper 2000

Explain the differences in flexibility measurements given for the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….

(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers

and gymnasts.

Specimen Paper 2000(b) 1 mark for each of

• The glenoid fossa at the shoulder joint is very shallow and allows more movement than the hip

• The acetabelum on the hip joint is quite deep giving more stability and less movement.

• The muscles and connective tissue surrounding the shoulder joint are less restrictive than the hip as stability is not essential

• Any relevant comment regarding the difference in technique for swimmers or gymnasts

• Any relevant comment concerning training for swimmers or gymnasts

[max 4]

Home study

• Complete exam questions

• Revise notes from today’s lesson for next weeks review test

• Read pages 15 – 26 : Muscles

• Ensure you have an understanding of the following terms – Origin– Insertion – Agonist– Antagonist

+ learn as many new muscle names as possible!

Next lesson

Muscles

You will need…

• Movement analysis table

• Completed exam questions

• To have completed the reading tasks