JavaScriptA Primer In Far Too Many Parts

History

MochaLiveScript

JavaScript

Brendan EichCTO, Mozilla Corp.

April 1995

JavaScript

ECMAScript

ActionScript

JScript

Basics

Data Types

• number

• string

• boolean

• object

• null

• NaN

• undefined

Strings

• Are Objects, have methods

"Foo" + "Bar"; //"FooBar"

var str = "Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet";

str.toLowerCase(); //"lorem ipsum dolor sit amet"str.toUpperCase(); //"LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET"str.split(" "); //["Lorem", "Ispum", "Dolor", "Sit", "Amet"]str.substring(6,9); //"Ips"

new String("Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet") == str; //true

Strings

parseInt("56"); //56parseInt("42.567"); //42parseInt("asdf"); //NaNparseInt("5a6"); //5parseFloat("24.68"); //24.68parseFloat("asdf"); //NaNparseFloat("24a"); //24

String to Number

Objects

• “Dictionary” / “Associative Array”

• Key: Value or 'Key': Value

• Without ': A-Z0-9 only

• Does not keep intrinsic ordering

• Accessed keys using . (dot) or [] notation

var object = { foo: 'value', 'complex key': 0, bar: { nested: true }};

object.foo; //'value'object.['complex key']; //0object.bar.nested; //trueobject.bar['nested']; //trueobject['bar'].nested; //trueobject['bar']['nested']; //true

Objects

in or hasOwnProperty()

• Tough call:

• .hasOwnProperty() more consistent

• in checks inherited properties

• Used in for loop

var test = { foo: 'value', bar: 'value', baz: 'value'}

for (var key in test) { console.log(key + ": " + test[key]);}

//PRINTS://foo: value//bar: value//baz: value

in

Arrays

• Special object

• Numerical keys only

• Keeps intrinsic ordering

• Short ([]) and Long (new Array()) syntax

var arrayShort = [ 'one', 'two'];arrayShort[2] = 'three';

var arrayLong = new Array();arrayLong[0] = 'one';arrayLong[1] = 'two';arrayLong[2] = 'three';

//arrayShort: ["one", "two", "three"]//arrayLong: ["one", "two", "three"]

Arrays

var arr = [1,2,3,4,6];

arr.indexOf(2); //1arr.join(':'); //"1:2:3:4:6"arr.pop(); //6 //[1,2,3,4]arr.push(7); //5 //[1,2,3,4,7]arr.reverse(); //[7,4,3,2,1]arr.shift(); //1//[2,3,4,7]arr.unshift(8); //5//[8,2,3,4,7]arr.slice(1); //[2,3,4,7]arr.slice(1,3); //[2,3]arr.slice(-3); //[3,4,7]arr.slice(-3,-1); //[3,4]

Arrays

var arr1 = [1,2,3];var arr2 = [3,4,5];

arr1.concat(arr2); //[1,2,3,3,4,5]

Arrays

Functions

• Are Objects as well

• “Elevated”

• You can use a named function before it is defined in code

• Function definitions are elevated to the top

function Foo() { //...}

Foo(); //validBar(); //valid

function Bar() { //...}

Functions

function Foo() { }

Foo.bar = "value";

'bar' in Foo; //trueFoo.bar == "value"; //true

Functions

Function Arguments

• No way to assign default arguments

• But arguments are not required

• If an argument is not specified, it is set to undefined

arguments

• A special variable found inside a function

• A not-quite array object containing all the function arguments

function sum() { var x = 0; for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; ++i) { x += arguments[i]; } return x;}sum(1, 2, 3); //6

arguments

typeof

• Determines a variables type

• Returns a string

typeof true; //"boolean"typeof 12; //"number"typeof "string"; //"string"typeof []; //"object"typeof {}; //"object"typeof NaN; //"number"typeof null; //"object"typeof undefined; //"undefined"

function Foo() {}typeof Foo; //"function"

typeof

Comparison

• a == b / a != b

• A and B compared by value alone

• 1 == “1” evaluates to true

• a === b / a !== b

• A and B compared by value and by type

• 1 === “1” evaluates to false

window, document• Built in, global, Objects

• window

• Provides access to the browser window

• The “global” object: foo === window.foo

• Things like window.location.href, etc

• document

• Provides access to the current DOM

Scoping

Global & Local

• Functions are the only way to create new scopes

• Variables defined with var are local

• Variables defined without var are global

• Global variables are members of window

var outerScope = 10;var outerScope2 = 10;

function Foo() { var outerScope = 20; var innerScope = 20; globalVariable = 30; outerScope2 = 40;}

Foo();

alert(outerScope); //10alert(outerScope2); //40alert(innerScope); //erroralert(globalVariable); //30

Global & Local

function Foo() { var baz = 1; return Bar();}

function Bar() { return baz;}

Foo(); //baz is not defined

Lexical Scopingfunction Foo() { var baz = 1; function Bar() { return baz; } return Bar();}

Foo(); //1

Closures

Closures

• First-Class

• Can assign functions to variables, pass as arguments and return as values

• Anonymous

• Not required to have a name

• A function that “closes over” variables defined outside itself

function Foo() { var count = 0; return function() { count = count + 1; return count; };}

var bar = Foo();

bar(); //1bar(); //2bar(); //3

Closures

function createAdder(amount) { return function(input) { return input + amount; };}

var add2 = createAdder(2);

add2(2); //4add2(8); //10

var add3 = createAdder(3);

add3(3); //6add3(7); //10

Closures

(function(exports, undefined){ //ALL your code here var localVar = "bar" globalVar = "baz"; exports.foo = "bat";})(window);

alert(localVar); //erroralert(globalVar); //"baz"alert(window.globalVar); //"baz"alert(foo); //"bat"alert(window.foo); //"bat"

Module Pattern

BEWARE: export (singular) is a reserved word in Safari

this

this

• Trips everyone up

• Special variable used within a function

• Refers to the “contextual object”

• Changes based on where a function executes

var Foo = { bar: "bar", baz: function() { return this.bar; }};

Foo.baz(); //"bar"

Foo.bar = "bat";Foo.baz(); //"bat"

var baz = Foo.baz;baz(); //undefined

this

var Foo = { bar: "bar", baz: function() { return this.bar; }};

Foo.bat = function() { return this.bar + "bat";};

Foo.bat(); //"barbat"

this

call & apply

• Methods in the function prototype

• Change the context in which a function executes!

var Foo = { bar: "bar", baz = function(param1, param2) { return this.bar + param1 + param2; }};

var Foo2 = { bar: "123"};

Foo.baz("baz", "bat"); //"barbazbat"

Foo.baz.apply(Foo2, "baz", "bat"); //"123bazbat"Foo.baz.call(Foo2, ["baz", "bat"]); //"123bazbat"

call & apply

Exceptions

Exceptions

• All errors are thrown

• Classic try...catch...finally blocks

try { funcDoesNotExist();} catch (e) { alert(e); //ReferenceError: funcDoesNotExist is not defined} finally { //Always Executes}

Exceptions

function Foo() { throw new Error("Message");}

function Bar() { throw "Message";}

try { Foo();} catch (e) { e.message == "Message"; //true}

try { Bar();} catch (e) { e == "Message"; //true}

Exceptions

Prototype

OOP... Kinda...

• Almost no real difference between a dictionary and an object

• Named Functions double as object constructors

• Function objects contain a prototype dictionary that is copied to instance when using new

Foo‣bar‣prototype‣baz‣constructor‣__proto__

function Foo() { //The "Constructor"}

Foo.bar = function() { //A "Static" Function}

Foo.prototype.baz = function() { //A "Method"};

OOP... Kinda...

instance‣__proto__‣baz‣constructor‣__proto__‣...

var instance = new Foo();

instance.baz(); //worksinstance.bar(); //error

Foo.bar(); //worksFoo.baz(); //errorFoo.prototype.baz(); //works

new

instance‣bat‣__proto__‣baz‣constructor‣__proto__‣...

instance.bat = function() { /* ... */ }

instance.bat(); //works

Foo.bat(); //errorFoo.prototype.bat(); //error

new

function Foo(baz) { this.baz = baz;}

Foo.prototype.bar = function() { return this.baz;};

var foo1 = new Foo(1);var foo2 = new Foo(2);

foo1.bar(); //1foo2.bar(); //2

Foo.prototype.bar = function() { return this.baz * 2;};

foo1.bar(); //2foo2.bar(); //4

Overriding Prototype

Asynchronous

Asynchronous

• setTimeout, setInterval allow you to have code executing asynchronously while other code executes

var id = setInterval(function() { //Code to execute every 1000 milliseconds}, 1000);

//clearInterval(id); to stop

setInterval

var id = setTimeout(function() { //Code to execute after 1000 milliseconds have passed}, 1000);

//clearTimeout(id); to cancel

setTimeout

setTimeout(function() { //Code to run in parallel //while the code after is //executed.}, 1);

//Code here will execute immediately//without waiting on the above

Nifty Trick

DOM

DOM

• Document Object Model

• API to interact with the HTML/XHTML document

var paragraph = document.createElement('p');var content = document.createTextNode("Lorem Ipsum");

paragraph.appendChild(content);paragraph.classList.add('my-class');

document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0].appendChild(paragraph);

DOM

JSON

JSON

Douglas CrockfordAwesome

2001

JSON

• JavaScript Object Notation

• Serialization format that is basically JavaScript code minus comments

• Can be eval()’ed

• Minimal overhead compared to XML

• No advanced parsers needed

{"menu": { "id": "file", "value": "File", "popup": { "menuitem": [ {"value": "New", "onclick": "CreateNewDoc()"}, {"value": "Open", "onclick": "OpenDoc()"}, {"value": "Close", "onclick": "CloseDoc()"} ] }}}

JSON<menu id="file" value="File"> <popup> <menuitem value="New" onclick="CreateNewDoc()" /> <menuitem value="Open" onclick="OpenDoc()" /> <menuitem value="Close" onclick="CloseDoc()" /> </popup></menu>

jQuery

jQuery

John ResigAuthor, jQuery

January 2006

jQuery

• Cross-browser JavaScript library

• Simplifies and normalizes DOM, AJAX, etc.

• Centers around using extended CSS selectors to grab an element(s)

Find all div tagsAdd class special

$("div").addClass("special");

jQuery

$("#foo") .html("<strong>bar</strong> baz");

jQuery<div id="foo"></div>

<div id="foo"> <strong>bar</strong> baz</div>

•Hide all images with the class preview•When element with the class button is clicked, show all images with the class preview

$('img.preview').hide();$('.button').click(function(){ $('img.preview').show();});

jQuery

When .button is clicked, fade out img.preview over 600 milliseconds and then remove it from the DOM

$('.button').click(function(){ $('img.preview') .fadeOut(600, function() { $(this).remove(); });});

Animation

Events

• jQuery wraps an event handling system

• Handles browser events, AJAX events, and custom events

$(document).ready(function() { //Only execute when the document fires //its onready event (page is done loading)});

$(document).bind('ready', function() { //Equivalent to the above});

Events

$('img').hover(function(){ //Do something when user hovers over //any img tag});

Events

AJAX

• Asynchronous JavaScript And XML

• Though never use XML, use JSON

• jQuery has an AJAX library

• Wraps all the different browser quirks

• IE is weird

$.ajax({ url: "test.php", success: function(data){ $('div.status').addClass("done") .html(data); }});

AJAX

Resources

http://api.jquery.com/

Tools

Chrome/Safari Devel. Tools

Firefox FireBug