MAX IV – An ultra-brilliant synchrotron radiation facilityOur vision: A Nordic – Baltic laboratory

Åke Kvick, MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

Synchrotron radiation produced by relativistic electrons in particle acceleratorsVery intense X-ray beams - A unique resource for advanced research

MAX-lab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden www.maxlab.lu.se

On a typical day in Stuttgart…

Development of synchrotron radiation sources

Electromagnetic radiationOur main source of knowledge of nature

Unique beam propertiesContinuous spectrum – Polarized Pulsed (semi-continuous source)

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

5. 1012

1. 1013

5. 1013

1. 1014

5. 1014

1. 1015Flux phot/s/mrad/0.1%

Photon Energy keV

MAX-Wiggler

711

Dramatic improvement of sources

BrillianceStabilityReliabilityCoherence

Third generation facilitiesOptimized for undulators (and wigglers)

Cut-off determined by electron beam energy

MAX I 550 MeV

MAX II 1500 MeVMAX III 700 MeV

LINAC injector

MAX-lab - A National Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchThird generation facility – Lund, Sweden

A large number of beamlines used in parallelCover many scientific disciplinesFree access – Ranking of project proposals

24 h operationLarge user communities

Among recent Nobel Prizes

ATP synthase, motors! Boyer, Walker; 1998Ribosomes

K+ and water channels Agre, McKinnon; 2004

RNA polymerase Kornberg; 2006

How do we know the atomic structure of biomolecules?A key to understanding their function

Structure and Function of the Ribosome

8

2009 Nobel Prize in ChemistryVenkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz och Ada E. Yonath

Gradual improvement of the resolution

X-ray tomographic investigations of microfossils

Experiments at SLSIllustration provided by Stefan Bengtsson, The Swedish Museum of Natural History

Chemical bonding and monolayer structure

Graphene and h-BN on lattice-mismatched substrates

Unit supercell [e.g. 12(C):11(Rh)] is determined by the mismatch

Details of interfacial chemistry important!

?

404 402 400 398 396

N 1

s p

ho

toe

lect

ron

inte

nsi

ty (

arb

. u

nits

)

h-BN/Pt(111)

h-BN/Rh(111)

N2h-BN/Ru(0001)

Binding energy (eV)

N1

h-BN/Ir(111)

Chemical bonding and monolayer structure

h-BN morphology on lattice-mismatched substrates: N 1s PE

[A. B. Preobrajenski et al., CPL 582, 21 (2007)]

Stre

ng

th o

f che

mica

l bo

nd

ing

Stre

ng

th o

f che

mica

l bo

nd

ing

weak corrugation

strong corrugation

h-BN/Pt(111)

h-BN/Rh(111)

}

}

[A. B. Preobrajenski et al., PRB 75, 245412 (2007)]

[Nanomesh - M. Corso et al. Science 303, 217 (2004)]

N2 N1 N2

”wire” ”pore”

Dynamics: From seconds to femtoseconds Not just pictures – we need movies!

• Growth

• Catalysis

• Fluid transport

• Chemical reactions

• Crystallization

• Magnetization

• Heat transport

• Electron dynamics

Single atom steps and 50 nanometer Au particles control the motion of mesoscopic droplets!

The Lund Nanowire technology platform

Complex heterostructures Nanowire trees

Ref: Nature Mat. 2004; 3, 380, Nano Lett. 2005; 5(4) 635, Nano Lett. 2005; 5(10) 1943, Nano Lett. (2004), 4, 699,IEEE EDL, 27, 323 (2006), Adv. Mater 19, (2007) 1801, Nano Lett. 7, (2007), 2960, Nature Nanotechn 4, 50 (2009)

Perfect Ordering

Nanowire/cell interaction Quantum Physics

A wide variety of complex, reproducible 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D structures!

A great playground for science and well suited for applications

Novel high speed/low power electronics on Silicon

Smaller samples – down to the nm scale

Time resolved studies – From fs to ms and s

In situ studies

Dilute (real) samples

Coherence techniques – Holography, correlation spectroscopy, phase contrast imaging etc.

Synchrotron radiation source – storage ring

Energy Recovery Linac

Free Electron Laser

Need for new X-ray sources

Strategy for the MAX IV project

Most users require storage rings

Both soft and hard x-rays are important

Top-up

No short bunches in the storage rings

Optimize rings for average brilliance (coherence)

Linac driven source for short bunches and high peak brilliance

Spontaneous emission and FEL

The MAX IV project aims at building a second generation FEL

A Linac/FEL program has already started at the MAX 500 MeV injector

MAX IV – Unique design

20

3 GeV ring 20 straight sections (0.24 nmrad)540 m circumference

1.5 GeV ring 12 straight sections (5.6 nmrad)96 m circumference

3 GeV linac Injection + short pulse facility

Third generation synchrotron radiation facilitiesin Europe

Facility Location Start ofoperation

Circumf(m)

Energy(GeV)

Emittance(nmrad)

ELETTRA Trieste 1993 259 2-2.4 7-9.7

ESRF Grenoble 1994 850 6 4MAX II Lund 1997 90 1.5 8.8

BESSY II Berlin 1998 240 1.7 5.2

SLS Villigen 2001 288 2.4-2.7 5SOLEIL Paris 2007 354 2.5-2.75 3DIAMOND Oxford 2007 562 3 2.74

Operating facilities - Emittance less than 10 nmrad

Facility Location Status Circumf(m)

Energy(GeV)

Emittance(nmrad)

PETRA III Hamburg Constr. 2300 6 1

MAX IV Lund Proposed 530 3 0.24

Planned or under construction - Emittance 1 nmrad or less

Compact magnet design - Combined magnetic functions

MAX III – Prototype for MAX IV

An international comparison

What are the new opportunities due to the extreme brilliance?

Very high resolution spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy

Electron spectroscopy – RIXS

A world-class laboratory for structural biology

Small crystals - screening of large number of crystals

Membrane proteins

Time dependent studies

Unique micro- and nanofocussing capabilities - 10 nm or less

Materials science

Nanotechnology

Environmental science

New imaging capabilities

Micro and nanotomography

Phase contarst imaging (coherence)

What are the new opportunities due to the extreme brilliance?

Coherence techniques

Holography

X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy

In situ studies of reactions and processes

Spectroscopy - Diffraction

Studying dynamics

Ultrafast dynamics (fs)

Follow processes in real time

Medical applications

MAX IV

ESS

Science City

Photoelectron spectroscopy: Revolution in resolution and intensity

Core level spectroscopies: Use of energy tunability

Structural studies

Imaging

Micro- and nanofocussing

Applications of Synchrotron Radiation