Introduction to Nanotechnology

Sneha KachharaSemester VIIICentre for Converging Technologies, Jaipur.(skachhara.cct@gmail.com)

Outline

A brief overview History of Nanotechnology How it is done Applications Research Trends Research in India Environmental and social impacts Nano at CCT

What is NANO?

It doesn’t mean NANO car! Comes from the Greek word ‘nano’ meaning dwarf Nanoscience and nanotechnology are

the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science and engineering.

http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition.htm

How small?

How small?

https://class.coursera.org/nanotech-001/wiki/view?page=week1

How small?

https://class.coursera.org/nanotech-001/wiki/view?page=week1

Strangeness at the nano-level

Quantum Effects Opaque substances become transparent

(copper) Inert materials become catalysts (platinum) Stable materials turn combustible (aluminum) Solids turn into liquids at room temperature

(gold) Insulators become conductors (silicon)

http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten_things_you_should_know_3.php#ixzz2lCQCR3dt

Example: Gold nanoparticles

The diameter of gold nanoparticles determines the wavelength of light absorbed.

http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html

Strangeness at the nano-level

Surface to Volume ratio

Strangeness at the nano-level

Biology

Strangeness at the nano-level

Carbon Nanotubes

Nanotechnology is not new

1600 year old Roman goblet Shines differently from different

angles Contains gold and silver

nanoparticles(50 nm)

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/This-1600-Year-Old-Goblet-Shows-that-the-Romans-Were-Nanotechnology-Pioneers-220563661.html#ixzz2lCZDD5aN

Nanotechnology is not new

Stained glass of medieval Europe St. Vitus cathedral(built 1364 AD)

Wikipedia commons

Modern Nanotechnology

1959

“Why can we not write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”

Modern Nanotechnology

1980s

Modern Nanotechnology

Scanning Probe Microscopy (1981)

Bio-degradable polymer nano fiber, poly caprolactam Sample Courtesy: Prof. SR.Kim, Chungju National Univ.

Modern Nanotechnology

Electron Microscopy(1930s)

Synthesis of Nanomaterials

Everything is made up of atoms Two ways to make nanomaterials:

Top-down Bottom-up

Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Top-down approach

Making smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly

Start with large structures Slow Generally expensive Examples: Ball milling, Lithography

etc.

Synthesis of nanomaterials: Bottom-up approaches

Self-assembly Makes use of physical forces down at

atomic/molecular level Start with atoms or molecules Less expensive Found inherently in nature Examples: sol-gel processing,

Chemical vapour deposition etc.

Nanotechnology in everyday Life

Nanotechnology in everyday Life

Nano is everywhere

Nano is everywhere

Sporting goods: Polymer composite additives

Fabrics: Surface treatments Digital displays and sunglasses: thin

films Food and Automotives: Nano-

engineered materials Machine Parts: ceramic coatings

http://www.nano-reviews.net/index.php/nano/article/view/5883/7100

Nano is everywhere(cont.) Electronics and Information Technology

Nano-scale transistors: faster, more powerful, and increasingly energy-efficient

Displays of OLED screens: brighter images in a flat format, wider viewing angles, lightweight, better picture density, lower power consumption, and longer lifetimes

Flash memory chips for iPod nanos Ultra responsive hearing aids antimicrobial/antibacterial coatings on

mouse/keyboard/cell phone casings conductive inks for printed electronics for RFID/smart

cards/smart packaging flexible displays for e-book readers

http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits

Nano is everywhere(cont.) Sustainable Energy

More efficient solar panels: inexpensive solar power, lightweight, flexible

Nano-bioengineered enzymes: enable conversion of cellulose into ethanol for fuel

Batteries: less flammable, quicker-charging, more efficient, lighter weight, and that have a higher power density and hold electrical charge longer

waste heat in computers, automobiles, homes, power plants, etc., to usable electrical power.

CNT: wires having much lower resistance Energy from light, friction, and/or body heat.

http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits

Nano is everywhere(cont.) Environmental Remediation

Nanoparticles to clean industrial water pollutants in ground water through chemical reactions

Nano-fabric "paper towel," woven from tiny wires of potassium manganese oxide, can absorb 20 times its weight in oil for cleanup applications.

Nano-filters in airplanes Nanotechnology-enabled sensors and solutions to

detect, identify, and filter out, and/or neutralize harmful chemical or biological agents in the air and soil with much higher sensitivity than is possible today.

http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits

Nano is everywhere(cont.) Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine

Nano-crystals for biological imaging for medical diagnostics. These crystals offer optical detection up to 1,000 times better than conventional dyes used in many biological tests, such as MRIs, and render significantly more information.

Gold nanoparticles can be used to detect early-stage Alzheimer’s disease.

Cancer treatment To spur the growth of nerve cells

http://www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits

The Research Trends

The Research Trends: Global

The Research Centres: India

The Nano Mission: India

The Nano Mission is a Mission-Mode programme within DST. At the apex level, it is steered by a Nano Mission Council (NMC). It is currently being chaired by Professor CNR Rao, FRS, National Research Professor and Honorary President & Linus Pauling Research Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore.

The Nano Mission: India

If the top-10 place eludes India in global ranking for science performance — whether in innovation or publications, it is because of “subcritical funding” the discipline receives, according to the scientific adviser to the Prime Minister, C.N.R. Rao, who has been named for Bharat Ratna.

"But for the money that science receives, India, I suppose, is doing well," he said.

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cnr-rao-bemoans-lack-of-funding-for-science/article5361265.ece

Nanotechnology at CCT

Synthesis of CdS, ZnS and ZnO Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Thin Films of ZnO and Polymer films Green Synthesis Converging Technologies

Issues with Nanotechnology

Adverse effects of nanomaterial cannot be derived from the known toxicity of the macro-sized material

the potential for mass poisoning over a period of time

Easy Propagation to animal cells Effective in small quantity

http://nanogloss.com/nanotechnology/the-potential-disadvantages-of-nanotechnology/#ixzz2lDC1QPw4

Major risks with Nanotechnology

Economic disruption from an abundance of cheap products

Economic oppression from artificially inflated prices

Personal risk from criminal or terrorist use Personal or social risk from abusive restrictions Social disruption from new products/lifestyles Environmental damage or health risks from

unregulated products Free-range self-replicators (grey goo) Black market in nanotech (increases other

risks)http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm

Societal Impact

Conclusion

Thank you!Q & A