Aristotle (384-322BCE)

•Plato's most famous student.•For a time the personal tutor of Alexander the Great.•Aristotle also started his own school, the Lyceum in 335 B.C.•Very little of Aristotle's own writings remain intact. Students recorded nearly everything he discussed at the Lyceum. •The aim of Aristotle's logical treatises was to develop a universal method of reasoning by means of which it would be possible to learn everything there is to know about reality.

AppealsPathos, Logos, Ethos

Pathos

Appeal to emotion• You know that an author is using pathos when he attempts to evoke fear, sympathy, sorrow, excitement, distrust, or any other emotional response.

LogosAppeal to Logic

• You know that an author is using logos when she uses the terms of logic, like “therefore” and “cause and effect” or refers to scientific research, or mathematical reasoning.

EthosAppeal to Ethics (can also mean “history” “tradition” “authority”)

• You know that an author is using ethos when he invokes the voice of someone well-know and well-regarded, or when he says that his ideas are in line with those from the past, or implies that his argument is backed by a religious or other moral code.

In Aristotle’s Words• There are, then, these three means of

effecting persuasion. The man who is to be in command of them must, it is clear, be able (1) to reason logically, (2) to understand human character and goodness in their various forms, and (3) to understand the emotions-that is, to name them and describe them, to know their causes and the way in which they are excited.