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These are the graphics (in higher resolution) for my presentation, Internet Peering with annotations. See "Internet Peering, with annotations" for details.
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Impact on Network Architecture and Economics
Internet Peering
Brough Turner Founder & CTO, netBlazr Inc.
Today’s Network of Networks
12 March 2014 2
Billions of Internet users
Tens of Millions of Networks
Access ISPs
IXP
IXP
Backbones
IXP Aggregation Regional
12 March 2014 3
1991
NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use
SURFnet, PSInet & AlterNET form CIX exchange
12 March 2014 4
1993 Plan – 1995 Reality
12 March 2014 5
12 March 2014 6
AGIS, ANS, BBN, CERFnet, MCI, PSInet, SprintLink
NAP NAP
12 March 2014 7
AGIS, ANS, BBN, CERFnet, MCI, PSInet, SprintLink
NAP NAP
De-peering UUNET – April/May 1997 MAE-East FDDI shutdown – Feb 2001 Cable & Wireless – May 2001 Sprint – gradual 2001/2002
12 March 2014 8
Donut Peering
12 March 2014 9
Tier 1 ISPs
Access ISPs
Tier 2 ISPs
Cable Co’s
Large, savvy content providers
Content providers
$
$
$ $
$
Donut Peering
12 March 2014 10
Tier 1 ISPs
Access ISPs
Tier 2 ISPs
Cable Co’s
Large, savvy content providers
Content providers
P P
P
$
$
$ $
$
Donut Peering
12 March 2014 11
Tier 1 ISPs
Access ISPs
Tier 2 ISPs
Cable Co’s
Large, savvy content providers
Content providers
P P
P
$
$
$ $ $ $
$
CDNs emerge
12 March 2014 12
IXP IXP CDN NOC
CDNs emerge
12 March 2014 13
IXP IXP CDN NOC
Turbulence
12 March 2014 14
UUNET (Alternet) MFS Worldcom Verizon ANS AOL "
SprintLink Sprint BBN GTE Genuity Level 3 MCI Cable & Wireless CERFnet AT&T AGIS Telia PSInet (US) Cogent
(Canada) Telus (EU) Interroute
ISP1
Peering vs Transit
12 March 2014 15
Backbone
ISP2
ISP
U U U
U ISP ISP
ISPx
Transit
ISP1
Peering vs Transit
12 March 2014 16
Backbone
ISP2
ISP
U U U
U ISP ISP
ISPx Peering
Transit
ISP1
Peering vs Transit
12 March 2014 17
Backbone
ISP2
ISP
U U U
U ISP ISP
ISPx Peering
Transit
Peering Technology Internet Protocol –
IPv4 == 98% of all traffic IPv6 == ~2% of traffic
Border Gateway Protocol – Based on distance and path Routing information exchanged between
Autonomous Systems
12 March 2014 18
Border Gateway Protocol
12 March 2014 19
ISP1
ISP2
A
B
C
My Edge Router
Border Gateway Protocol
12 March 2014 20
ISP1
ISP2
A
B
C
I can handle traffic for A in 3 hops &
for B in 1 hop
My Edge Router
Border Gateway Protocol
12 March 2014 21
ISP1
ISP2
A
B
C
I can handle traffic for A in 3 hops &
for B in 1 hop
My Edge Router
Border Gateway Protocol
12 March 2014 22
ISP1
ISP2
A
B
C
I can handle traffic for A in 3 hops &
for B in 1 hop
1. Do I believe your offer? 2. Who has shortest path? 3. Are there $ considerations? 4. Add routes to routes table.
My Edge Router
Economics of a Growing ISP Transit from one upstream
Circuit (transport) to an open IXP Transit from two or more upstreams Peering for content (Google, Akamai, etc.)
Transport to other IXPs Peering for additional traffic
12 March 2014 23
Costs of YouTube-like growth
12 March 2014 24
Peering in Practice
12 March 2014 25
2011 survey of 4,331 ISPs (86% of the backbone) analyzed 142K interconnections
Settlement-free peering dominates 99.5% based on handshake agreements 99.7% symmetric
Typical peering requirements Operations (24 hr NOC; enough traffic) Technical (shortest prefix; consistency) General (NDAs, Suspend at will)
Emergence of multi-lateral peering
Governing Law Preferences
12 March 2014 26
Source: Survey of Characteristics of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements by Woodcock & Adhikari, Packet Clearing House. May 2011
Probability of selection as a country of governing law
Multi-lateral peering emerges
12 March 2014 27
Source: Survey of Characteristics of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements by Woodcock & Adhikari, Packet Clearing House. May 2011
Number of networks (X axis) with each quantity of peering partners (Y axis)
Many BGP sessions for Bi-lateral traffic exchange
12 March 2014 28
ISP1
ISP3
ISP2
ISP4
ISP5
Multi-lateral Peering
12 March 2014 29
ISP1
ISP3
ISP2
ISP4
ISP5
Route Server
Tier 1s and everyone else
12 March 2014 30
Number of advertised IPv4 addresses (Y axis) vs number of interconnects/ISP
Source: Survey of Characteristics of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements by Woodcock & Adhikari, Packet Clearing House. May 2011
Tier 1 ISPs
Market concentration declining
12 March 2014 31
The Internet
12 March 2014 32
A voluntary agreement among network operators to exchange traffic for their mutual benefit.
Fred Goldstein, TMCnews, June 2009
Essentially unregulated Largely informal Not well understood by outsiders
Extremely successful