NOMBRE: NOMBRE: Leidy RicoLeidy Rico

CURSO: 1102CURSO: 1102TEMA: INGLES - TEMA: INGLES -

PronombresPronombres

TOPICS FOR TODAY’S PRESENTATION1. ENGLISH: indefinite pronouns and partitive pronouns2. SPANISH PRONOUNS: Gender and number definition.Subject pronounsPrepositional pronounsReflexive pronouns Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Indirect object pronounsDirect object pronouns

Indefinite pronouns

-Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that typically refer to no particular person or thing.

-Equally, they are characterized by having functions directly involved in expressing quantity, from totality (“all”) to its converse (“nothing”).

-Reference in some cases invokes gender, such that items in –body are personal, items in –thing nonpersonal.

-Quantification in some cases invokes countability and number, such that each is singular count, both dual count, while some may be noncount or plural count.

THE UNIVERSAL ITEMS

These function only as pronouns and despite their entailment of plural meaning they take singular verbs:

Everyone, Everybody, Everything, No one, Nobody, Nothing, noting that all except “no one” are written as single words.

EXAMPLES:

-The room was full of youngsters and everyone/everybody was listening to the speeches. (La habitación estaba llena de jóvenes y todo el mundo estaba escuchando los discursos).

I appealed to the whole crowd, but no one/nobody was willing to get up and speak. (Yo le pedí a todo el público, pero nadie estaba dispuesto a pararse y hablar)

-My mother was very particular about how her things were arranged in her bedroom; she knew where everything was supposed to be and she insisted that nothing was ever to be misplaced. (Mi mamá era muy exigente en como sus cosas estaban arregladas en su habitación, ella sabía donde debía estar todo e insistía en que nada fuera colocado en el lugar equivocado)

Two further indefinites are each and none, both able to operate irrespective of gender with singular reference.

EXAMPLES:-Many members hesitated but although each was pressed to act, none was in the end willing. (Muchos miembros dudaron pero aunque cada uno fue presionado para actuar, ninguno estuvo dispuesto al final).

-There were several knives in the drawer, but although each was tried in turn, none was Sharp enough to cut the rope. (Habían varios cuchillos en el cajón, pero aunque cada uno fue probado sucesivamente, ninguno estaba suficientemente filoso para cortar la cuerda).

-Each (but no none) can also function as a determiner, in which role it is closely paralleled by every. EXAMPLE: Each Candidate will be individually interviewed

Every

(Cada candidato será entrevistado individualmente). -Where they differ is that each is more targeted on the individual among the totality, every on the totality itself.

By contrast with each, none is not restricted to singular reference, though plurals like the following are objectionable to some users:  EXAMPLE:

- Hundreds were examined but none were acceptable. (Cientos fueron examinados pero ninguno fue admisible)

-With the determiner no which corresponds to none, however, plural is as universally used as the singular.EXAMPLES:

-No photography is permitted during the ceremony (Las fotografías no están permitidas durante la ceremonia).

-There were no passengers on the train (No habían pasajeros en el tren).

With all and both, we make plural and dual universal reference.EXAMPLES:

-The factory produces luxury cars and all are for export. (La fábrica produce carros lujosos y todos son para exportar).

-Police interviewed the (two) suspects and both were arrested. (La policía entrevistó a los dos sospechosos y los dos fueron arrestados).

-These two items also have a predeterminer function.EXAMPLES:

-All these cars are for export. (Todos estos carros son para exportar)

-Both (the) suspects were arrested. (Ambos sospechosos fueron arrestados)

-The converse of all is no; that of both is neither, usually with singular verb concord.EXAMPLE:

-Police interviewed the (two) suspects but neither was arrested. (La policía entrevistó a los dos sospechosos pero ninguno fue arrestado).

-It has a parallel determiner function.EXAMPLE:

-Neither suspect was arrested (Ningún sospechoso fue arrestado)

PARTITIVE INDEFINITES

(a) I can see someone climbing that tree Somebody

(Puedo ver a alguien trepando ese árbol)

There is something I want to tell you (Hay algo que quiero contarte)

There are nuts here; please have some.(Hay nueces aquí, por favor toma algunas).

(b) Did you see anyone in the vicinity ? anybody

(¿Viste a alguien en la vecindad?)

- I couldn’t find anything to read. (No pude encontrar nada para leer)

-I’d like nuts, if you have any. (me gustarían nueces, si tienes)

EXAMPLES:Assertive John bought some apples

(Jhon compró unas manzanas)

Non-assertive/interrogative/positive Did john buy any apples? (¿Jhon compró unas manzanas?)

Non assertive/interrogative/negative Didn’t John buy any apples?(¿John no compró unas manzanas?)

Non-assertive/negative John didn’t buy any apples (John no compró ningunas manzanas)

Non- assertion

(a) The negative never, no, either, nor

(b) The “incomplete negatives” Hardly, Nearly, Almost, Little, Few, Least, But, Only, Seldom, etc

(C) The “implied negatives” Just, Before, Fail, Prevent, Reluctant, Hard, Difficult, etc.

COMPARE THE FOLLOWING ASSERTIVE/NON-ASSERTIVE SENTENCES:

(a) Jhon will always manage to do something useful John will never manage to do anything useful

(a) (John siempre consigue hacer algo útil) (John nunca consigue hacer algo útil) (b) There was a good chance somebody could come There was little chance anybody could come

(b) (Había una Buena posibilidad de que alguien pudiera

venir) (Había poca posibilidad de que alguien pudiera venir)

(c ) John was eager to read something about the war.

John was reluctant to read anything about the war.

John was too lazy to read anything about the war.

(c ) (John estaba ansioso por leer algo acerca de la guerra) (John estaba reacio a leer algo acerca de la guerra) (John estaba demasiado perezoso para leer algo de la guerra).

EXAMPLES:

Freud probably contributed more than anyone to the understanding of dreams (Freud probablemente contribuyó más que ningún otro a la interpretación de los sueños)

Nobody contributed more to the understanding of dreams than Freud (Nadie contribuyó más a la interpretación de los sueños que Freud)

EXAMPLE WITH SOME:

Did somebody telephone last night? Anybody

( Alguien llamó la noche pasada)

Would you like some wine? (¿Quieres vino?)

SPANISH PRONOUNSSPANISH PRONOUNS:: Gender and number definition.Gender and number definition. Subject pronounsSubject pronouns Prepositional pronounsPrepositional pronouns Reflexive pronounsReflexive pronouns Indefinite pronounsIndefinite pronouns Relative pronounsRelative pronouns Interrogative pronounInterrogative pronoun Demonstrative pronounsDemonstrative pronouns Indirect object pronounsIndirect object pronouns Direct object pronounsDirect object pronouns

GENDER:

EXAMPLES:

Él tiene dos carros (He has two cars)

Ellas son hermosas (They are beautiful)

No comprendo esto (I do not understand this)

NUMBER:

EXAMPLES:

Ella es alta (She is tall)Ellas son altas (They are tall)

SUBJECTS PRONOUNS

SINGULAR:

EXAMPLE:

Yo soy pedro (I am Peter)

Ella es bonita (She is beautiful)

PLURAL

SPANISH ENGLISH

NOSOTROS ( masculino ) We (masculine or mixed gender)

NOSOTRAS ( femenino) We (feminine)

VOSOTROS ( masculino, familiar en España)

You ( mixed gender)

VOSOTRAS ( femenino, familiar en España)

You (mixed gender)

ELLOS ( masculino) They (mixed gender)

ELLAS ( femenino) They (mixed gender)

USTEDES (formal en España, familiar en Latino América. Género mezclado)

You ( mixed gender)

EXAMPLE:

Nosotros estamos en el colegio (We are at the school)

Ellas están bailando (They are dancing)

PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS

EXAMPLES:

A mí, no me gusta la carne de cerdo ((To me), I don't like pork)

Quiero estudiar con ellos (I want to study with them)

Tengo un regalo para ti  ( I have a gift for you)

But we also have ello which is for neuter,

No tengo tiempo para ello (I don't have time for that.)

Estoy ocupado, y por ello no puedo ir al cine ( I'm busy, that's why I can't go to the movies.)

Gracias por ver!