The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions.

The Industrial revolution took place in Britain, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history in almost every aspect of human life.

Industrial revolution can also be described in the words of Nobel Prize winning Robert E. Lucas, Jr. as he states,

"For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before."

Before Industrial revolution manufacturing took place in homes or rural areas and it was done by hand. Some products made in home (including clothing, furniture, tools, cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather, silverware, and weapons) were even exchanged for food. But, people lived in fear that the crops they grew might fail, as many of them already suffered from malnutrition. In addition, diseases and other epidemics were unfortunately common. Hence machines were introduced to enhance the effective production.

Industrial revolution specifically emerged from Britain because it had natural resources like coal, iron ore and developed farmlands. It also had a stable population growth due to the boosting agricultural system

Collectively there were many major factors that contributed to Industrial revolution. The urge to increase the quality of human like, to make technological advancement led to the causes of the Industrial revolution. But there are three most important causes of Industrial revolution were

• Dependency on technology • Impact of education• Protestant Reformation

Steam power was fuelled by coal, utilization of water wheels and powered machinery.

Development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of production.

Effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialization.

Factory owners needed a way to efficiently and cheaply produce the energy needed to power industry. James Watt had the answer. A more cost-effective

engine was required to make its use widespread.

James Watt Steam Engine

The locomotive named “Butcher” that dragged 30 tons of materials till four miles. This successful presentation marked the first steam locomotive journey

made on railroad that was specifically created for train use.

Stephenson's locomotive

Fulton’s steamboat was the first to become a practical, financial, and commercially successful steamboat. Fulton’s steamboat was names as

‘Clermont’.

Robert Fulton's ‘Steamboat’

Agricultural Revolution began in the early 1700s with an Englishman. Crop yields per acre were increased by new knowledge about what techniques would allow plants to grow and new agricultural techniques.

Fertilizers, minerals, and soil content were all factors that started to be taken into account. New tools, and processes were developed. New plows, rakes, and other implements began to be used.

Jethro Tull invented a Seed Drill which could be pulled behind a horse. A seed drill sowed seeds that exactly positions the seeds in the soil and then covers them. It would sow seeds in uniform rows

repeatedly instead of the wasteful method of scattering seeds by hand.

Jethro Tull

Townshend discovered-or merely popularized, that if crops were grown in rotation, the land could be kept in production with no loss of fertility.

Townshend's method became known as the Norfolk Crop Rotation system.

Lord Townshend

Bakewell's great innovation included random breeding called ‘in-an-in’, resulting in many different breeds with their own unique, but random,

characteristics. This breeding included both plants and animals.

Robert Bakewell

The textile industry significantly grew during the Industrial Revolution. Advancement was made in use of machinery which was cheaper then products made by hand (which took a long time to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.

In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell set up the first American textile factory.

Cotton gin made cotton processing less labor-intensive, it helped planters earn greater profits, prompting them to grow larger crops, which in turn required

more people.

Eli Whintey's Cotton gin

James Hargreave’s ‘Spinning Jenny’, revolutionized the process of cotton spinning. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun, so

by turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.

The Spinning Jenny

John Kay in 1733, formed the ‘Flying Shuttle’. The flying shuttle also allowed the thread to be woven at a faster rate, thus enabling the process of weaving to

become faster.

John Kay's 'Flying Shuttle'

The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances.

There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads.

Transportation was important because people were starting to live in the West. During this time period, transportation via water was the cheapest way to move heavy products.

The Rocket was designed and built by George Stephenson with the help of his son, Robert, and Henry Booth. The Rocket reached speeds of 24mph during the

20 laps of the course. The Rocket can be seen at the Science Museum, in London.

Stephenson's 'Rocket'

Wright Brothers were successful in flying the first plane. The plane flew for 59 seconds, at 852 feet, an extraordinary achievement.

The Wright Brothers

Henry Ford invented the assembly line at his automobile company. The assembly line reduced production time. More cars were made available for a

lower cost, making the cars more common

Henry Ford

There are many medical advances that occurred during the Industrial Revolution.

Some of these advancement included small pox vaccination, discovery of anesthetic, discovery of X-ray, invention of aspirin and blood transfusion.

Louis Pasteur's main contributions to microbiology and medicine were:

• Instituting changes in hospital/medical practices to minimize the spread of disease by microbes or germs.

• Discovering that weak forms of disease could be used as an immunization against stronger forms and that rabies was transmitted by viruses too small to be seen under the microscopes of the time.

• Introducing the medical world to the concept of viruses.

Germ theory that was proposed by Louis Pasteur.

Louis Pasteur ‘Germ theory’

Edward Jenner confronted small pox. He performed an experiment by deliberately infecting a young boy with the dose of cow pox. His experiment wouldn't be

approved by ethics committees today, but Jenner's discovery of immunization has saved more lives than perhaps any other single discovery in medical science.

Edward Jenner

Not only did the transport or medial sector evolve during the period of Industrial revolution but also improvements were made in communication.

Example:- In 1700 it took four days to contact from London to Manchester, but in 1880 it took four hours. By 1902, the whole British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables called the 'All Red Line'.

New invention were introduced by Samuel F.B. and Alexander Graham Bell.

Samuel F.B. Morse’s telegraph was patented in 1837. This telegraph cables reached from London to Australia; massages could be flashed

halfway around the globe in a matter of minutes, speeding commercial transactions

Samuel F.B. Telegraph

The telephone and other innovations like the microphone were reportedly developed By Alexander Graham Bell in part to assist

people with hearing loss.

Alexander Graham BellTelephone

Industrial Revolution consisted of bothpositive and negative aspects that impactedGreat Britain, its economy, and its people.

Positively, inventions such as the steamengine, pushed Britain and other nationstowards manufacturing and engineeringprowess. Britain was by far the wealthiestnation, as it began producing moreefficiently. This led to set new standards toform an industrial economy.

However with Industrial revolution, camemany negative impacts too.

• Infrastructure

• Modern inventions

• Class structure

• Erosion of gender inequality

• Improvement in Education system

• Work conditions

• Child labor

• Rural - Urban migration

• Increase in Population

• Pollution

In coal mines children had to crawl through narrow underground passages as low as 16 to 18 inhes in height.

Child labor during Industrial

Revolution

Child Labor during Industrial Revolution

The smog in 1873 killed over 700 people in London. However, the largest air pollution disaster in Britain was the Great London Smog of December 1952

which killed approximately 4,000 people.

Pollution

Even in today’s time we’re experiencing Industrial Revolution. Weather its war machines, modern medicine or infrastructure, the effect of Industrial revolution can be greatly seen. Every technological advancement made is a sign of Industrial revolution.

One such example of Industrial revolution is the Social Media or Internet. The Internet is bringing a revolution along with it.