ILRI-BMZ project country report/Ethiopia: Oct 2004-Sept 2005

Lemma Gizachew

Second Annual Review and Planning Workshop

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 13-17 September 2005

Project team members Lemma Gizachew (NPO) Ulfina Gelmessa (SNR) Zelalem Belayneh Jiregna Desalegn Gemechu Shale Temesgen Ayana Temesgen Jembere Diriba Geleti Chala Merera Gemeda Duguma Mulugeta Kebede

I. AnGR: Country context

Animal/plant genetic resources of Ethiopia AnGR is vital biodiversity component Center of origin/diversity for a number plant &

animal (breeds) species 6400 plant species (1000 spp. indigenous) At least 28 Trifolium spp. (9 endemic) 24 cattle breed (type) 13 goat 7 sheep 10 chicken

Contributing factors for richness in biodiversity Diverse ecological niches (32 AEZs) or

habitats Varying breeding goals & priorities of

farmers/pastoralists

Is this country benefiting from this rich AnGR? No

Why ? Attitudinal problem (mind set up) Low R and D attention on indigenous

AnGR Inadequate institutional & policy support

Outstanding threats to indigenous AnGR Breed replacement, crossbreeding,

interbreeding Habitat loss (emergence of private farms,

crop/bush encroachment, range degradation)

Disease epidemics Conflicts/raids Drought/famine

What does the future hold for AnGR? Appreciation of contribution: poverty reduction,

improving livelihood & agric sustainability Local & international attention shift for AnGR

(country report on AnGR/ collaborations) Emphases of regional/national research strategies Interest in specific genetic merits of AnGR

(hardiness, disease/parasite resistance) Growing market demand (local & overseas)

Three years ILRI-BMZ project outputs Community & priority breed identification Community based action research Analyses of economic, market & policy

factors Capacity building & dissemination

2004/05 plan & accomplishmentPlanned activities Accomplishment

Community & priority breed identification

Collect/review secondary data

Enumerator training

PRA survey/reporting back workshop

Livestock characterization ?

Development of livelihood indicators

PIC ?

2004/05 plan & accomplishment cont’d

Planned activities Accomplishment

Community-based interventions ?

Survey instrument design & sample selection

?

Collection and analysis of market secondary data

?

Capacity building (PRA, farmer field

school, graduate fellowships)

Workshops

II. Community & priority breed identification

Community & priority breed identification Consultation worship (relevant

stakeholders) Group discussion at community level Output: Three PAs (Gida-Abu, Dano-

Shenen & Sayo-Gambela) and cattle (Horro breed)

III. Capacity building

Capacity building PRA for research team Farmers field school training for trainers Breed characterization from prodn systems

context PhD student placement/coursework (Göttingen) Placing graduate students on project outputs

related activities Enumerator training Farmers training (forage production/health)

IV. Literature review on Horro cattle

Collection & compilation of information

Publications in center and national libraries consulted

Report compiled through desk review

Origin & distribution Name derived from sub province Horro

Guduru Distributed through Wellega, Illubabor,

Kefa & W.Shoa

Breed characteristics Intermediate Sanga (medium to large) Small & finely shaped head Medium to large horn Fine skin, uniform brown color Thin dewlap Straight & slender leg Small udder

Productive performance Milk yield of pure Horro: 0.4-6 l/day Lactation length: 4-12 months Milk yield of Horro crosses (25-50% exotic blood): 800-1400 l/lactation Milk chemical composition (6.4% fat & 3.9 % protein) Birth weight:18.6 ± 0.2 kg Weaning weight:192.4 ± 6 kg Calf management (suckling) Growth & finishing (concentrate/crop- residue/ forage)

Reproductive performance Age at 1st mating (heifer): 2.73-4.30 years Age at 1st calving: 3.5-5.0 years Weight at 1st heat:214 ± 7 kg Weight at 1st conception:215 ± 8 kg Gestation length: 280.7- 282.2 days NSC: natural - 1.4; AI - 1.75 Calving interval: 14.5-24.0 months

Gaps Characterization work incomplete No emphases on improvement thru selection Mechanism to regulate uncontrolled cross-

breeding/ interbreeding Absence of community based AnGR management Limited work on consumer preferences, power

output improvement, market & policy Low level of end-users involvement/limited

adoption of developed technologies

V. Livestock production & marketing system appraisal (PRA)

Major objectives Adequately describe the project study sites Identify the major roles livestock play in the lives

of the farming communities Identify constraints and possible interventions for

improvement of livestock production & marketing systems

Methodology Participatory situation analyses

Source of info Secondary data (Agric Dev’t /PA offices) Direct observation by multidisciplinary

team Key informant interview

Data analyses Use of PRA tools (triangulation,

conceptualization, tabulation, etc)

Findings

Household size & structure HH size:4-16 HH structure:Young> old

Household wealth classWealth class Heads of cattle

Rich >10

Medium 4-9

Poor 3

Percent wealth class in selected PA/implication?/PA Poor Medium Rich

Gida-Abu 67 25 6

Dano-Shenen 41 33 26

Seyo-Gambela 3 58 39

Land use pattern from community resource map/focus of feed intervention? /

PA Grazing Crop Forest Waste

Gida-Abu 26 61 4 9

Danno-Shanan 22 65 9 4

Sayo-Gambella 22 67 7 4

Average 23.5 64.3 6.7 5.67

Rainfall pattern

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Nov Dec Jan

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Shenen

Seyo-Gambella

HH food availability/coping strategies?/

Figure 2. Rank of monthly household food availability in the surveyed PAs

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Gidda &Abu Dano Shanan Sayyo Gambala

Relative contribution of different livestock spp.

Figure 3. Average household income from livestock

cow17%

heifer9%

bull11%

sheep5%

goat4%

chicken5%

oxen49%

Relative monetary return from livestock products

Figure 4. Average household income from livestock products

egg29%

butter50%

honey21%

HH expenditure / negligible for livestock /

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Gida&Abu

Shenen

Seyo-Gambella Clothing

School fee

Credit repay.

HH supplies

Tax

Contribution

Health care

Others

Sources of credit & relative importanceSource Relative importance

Relatives 1

Neighbor 2

Idir 3

Arata 4

Labor calendar /alternative use of labor at slack period?/

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Gida&Abu

Shenen

Seyu-Gambella

Purpose of keeping livestock Sources of incidental expense Storage of food Financial reserve during economic stress Input to crop production Wealth accumulation & security Buffering against crop failure

Preferred cattle traits Coat color (disease/flies/ feeding response) Body conformation Body size (growth rate & prolificacy) Naval flap & tail size Size & orientation of horn

Feed resources Communal pasture Crop residues Browses Supplements (salt)

Seasonal availability of feeds

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Seyo-Gambella Shenen Gida&Abu

Interventions to feed shortage problems Conservation & proper utilization of feeds Reducing herd size Privatization of communal grazing Paddocking & rotational grazing of NP Use of shrubs & browses Growing improved forages

Animal health Major diseases: Tryps, anthrax, black leg, Occurrence: seasonal Most affected class: oxen/milking cows

Livestock marketing Species of preference: Chicken > Shoats > Cattle Reason of sale:incidental expenses, school fee & credit

repayment Market channel:farmer small traders/ butchers (1⇨ °

market) b⇨ ig traders (2° market) b⇨ ig traders (3° market) b⇨ ig traders (terminal market)

Market info: informal (physical presence/ neighbor Price formation: Socio-cultural events, crop performance,

season (oxen), body feature (color), brokers Constraints: infrastructure, info, volume, capital, transport

Problem ranking (pair-wise)Constraints Rank

Feed 1

Disease 2

Market 3

Credit 4

VI. Community-based interventions

Community-based interventions Deciding livestock asset function requiring

improvement Delineating roles & responsibilities of the

project and the communities

Commodity of choice In all three PAs: cattle fattening/ finishing

Roles & responsibilitiesRole players Duties and responsible

Communities Avail animals for fattening

Conserve feed

Manage feeds & animals

Bear input costs

BMZ-project Advise type of animals to be fattened

Training on feeding, healthcare etc

Facilitate smooth marketing of animal

Monitor operation

Avail drugs on cost bases

Issues to consider for the success of the interventions Allocating revolving fund (to benefit the

poorest of the poor) Enhance the capacity of the research

system (resources)-for smooth take-off & sustain the effort

Encountered constraints Shortage of fund in some budget categories Less flexible budget release mechanism Absence of revolving fund (facilitate

community based intervention)