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Hydrogen 101: The Basics of a Hydrogen
Economy in South Carolina
Shannon Baxter-ClemmonsSC Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Alliance
Scott GreenwayGreenway Energy LLC
Hydrogen 101
Agenda
• SC & Hydrogen
• Energy Challenges
• Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Background
• Hydrogen Challenges for Communities
Hydrogen 101
South Carolina & Hydrogen: A Natural Fit
• SC has a 50+ year history of hydrogen research• A Harvard study identified hydrogen and fuel cells as a major
economic focus for SC• In 2006, the South Carolina Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Alliance
was formed to coordinate and collaborate SC’s hydrogen initiatives with economic development goals in mind
Hydrogen 101
SC has many existing hydrogen strengths
• Multi-level governmental support of hydrogen• Long-existing strength in research• Emerging strengths in a variety of hydrogen markets• Long-existing manufacturing expertise encourages
economic development and private investment• Coordination and collaboration through SCHFCA activities
Hydrogen 101
Multi-Level Governmental Support
• National Support: Rep. Bob Inglis and Sen. Lindsey Graham chair House and Senate Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Caucuses
• State Support: Gov. Mark Sanford formed SC Competitiveness Initiative, identified hydrogen and fuel cell markets as major focus
– SC Legislature passed the Hydrogen Infrastructure Development Act in 2007
• Community Support: Aiken County funded the $10 million Center for Hydrogen Research; City of Columbia passed a resolution to become a leader in hydrogen and fuel cell innovation
Hydrogen 101
Strength in Research
• Hydrogen production and storage
– Savannah River National Laboratory– Center for Hydrogen Research
• Fuel Cell Research
– University of South Carolina; NSF Industry/University Collaborative Research Center; Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Center of Excellence
• Automotive Integration
– Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research• Transportation Issues
– S.C. State University James E. Clyburn University Transportation Center
Hydrogen 101
SC’s Unique Hydrogen Markets
• Focused on feasible near-term applications– Portable applications – Such as ETV fuel cell cameras
and emergency responder packs– Off-road applications – Such as USC/Hydrogen Hybrid
Mobility fuel cell Segway and Bridgestone hydrogen forklift projects
– Automotive – Federal Transit Administration’s National Fuel Cell Bus Program, Fall 2008
Hydrogen 101
Columbia Activities and Demonstrations
• In 2007, the City of Columbia unanimously passed a resolution to become a leader in fuel cell innovation
• The Greater Columbia Fuel Challenge funds projects of various scales, including:
– Portable fuel cell battery packs for ETV cameras
– First responder extended fuel cell power packs
• University of South Carolina professors unveiled two hydrogen fuel cell Segways in 2007
Hydrogen 101
Aiken Activities and Demonstrations
• $10 million Center for Hydrogen Research opened 2005
• SC’s first hydrogen vehicle, a 2007 Chevrolet Silverado truck, unveiled February 2008
• Bridgestone plant deployed 23 hydrogen forklifts in 2008 with plans to create an all-hydrogen forklift fleet by 2009
Hydrogen 101
SC’s coordinated manufacturing system could attract more private investment
• SC has vast network of manufacturing resources• More than 50 statutes provide financial incentives for
manufacturing• Statewide coordination through the SC Manufacturing
Extension Partnership• Skilled workforce programs with the ReadySC program and
SC’s Technical College System
Hydrogen 101
Everybody Needs Energy
World
US
Hydrogen 101
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
GDP per capita (PPP, $1995)
Prim
ary
Ener
gy
per
cap
ita
(GJ)
US
Australia
Russia
BrazilChina
India
S. Korea
Mexico
Ireland
Greece
France
UK Japan
Malaysia
Energy demand and GDP per capita (1980-2002)
Source: UN and DOE EIAPPP = Purchasing Power Parity - A rate of exchange that accounts for price differences across countries allowing international comparisons of real output and incomes.
Economic Growth Takes Energy
Hydrogen 101
Energy Source Distribution
Hydrogen 101
Oil Consumption
Source: www.bp.com
Hydrogen 101
The World According to Oil
Hydrogen 101
• Hydrogen and fuel cells have the potential to solve several major challenges:
– Energy Security
– Local Pollution
– Climate Change
Benefits of H2
Hydrogen 101
Sources of EnergyGasification
Steam Reforming
Coal
Biomass
Natural Gas
Oil
H2
H2 is an energy carrier, it stores and delivers energy in a usable form.
An energy source or energy carrier?
Hydrogen 101
Wind
Solar
Hydro
Nuclear
Water Electrolysis
Sources of Energy
Hydrogen 101
Hydrogen Production
Present Near Future Future
Hydrogen 101
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
An electrochemical cell in which the energy of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, is converted directly and continuously into electrical energy.
Byproducts of the reaction are water and heat.
www.microsec.netwww.fuelcelltoday.com
Fuel Cell StackSchematic of a Fuel Cell
Hydrogen 101
Inside a Fuel Cell Inside a Battery
Fuel Cells Compared with Batteries
• Are scalable• Offer longer, continuous runtime• Maintain steady voltage
Hydrogen 101
How Much H2 is Out There?
• H2 is the most abundant substance in the Universe.
• H2 is the primary fuel that powers the stars, including our own sun.
• On Earth, H2 accounts for more than 70% of everything that exist on the planet’s surface.
Hydrogen 101
Qualities of Hydrogen
• It is tasteless, colorless, odorless and a non-toxic gas
• Lighter than air, in case of a leak (outdoors), it will dissipate quickly into the environment
• Flammable gas– Also flammable: natural gas, gasoline fumes,
other volatile compounds that people use on a daily basis
Hydrogen 101
H2 Applications in the Near Future
• Battelle Report identifies key early PEM fuel cell markets:
– Back-up Power– Lift Trucks– Airport vehicles
Hydrogen 101
Battery vs Fuel Cell Forklifts
5-10 min~ 8 hr
~ 6 hr
~ 6 hr(no fade)
~ 2 hr(fade)
15-20 min
~ 6 hr(no fade)
~ 2 hr(fade)
Fuel Cell Forklift& Refilling Station
Battery Forklift& Charging Station
Battery Forklift& Changing Battery
Run Time
Volt
age 8 hr
Run Time
Volt
age 6 hr 2 hr
Difficulty to SteerDuring Voltage Fade
Hydrogen 101
Cost Advantages
• PEM fuel cells can provide service at substantially lower total cost than current technologies:
(the higher cost of the 176-hour fuel cell system results from the cost of hydrogen storage tank rental)
Note: The current PEM Fuel Cell tax credit is $3000 / kW, 3 times the amount in this table!
Hydrogen 101
http://automobiles.honda.com/fcx-clarity/
The Zero-Emission Sedan of the Future
A Reality TodayA Reality Today
Hydrogen 101
Online Resources & Information
• DOE Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program – http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/
• National Hydrogen Association (U.S.A.) – http://www.hydrogenassociation.org
• South Carolina ’s Assets:– SC Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Alliance:
www.schydrogen.org– ARC:Hydrogen:
http://www.archydrogen.com/– Greater Columbia Fuel Cell Challenge:
www.fuelcellchallenge.com– NSF Center for Fuel Cells:
www.che.sc.edu/centers/PEMFC/index.html– SCRA Alternative Energy Programs:
www.scra.org/alternative_energy.shtml
Hydrogen 101
Economic Development Challenges• Do you know the site requirements companies
using hydrogen lift trucks will have?
• Do you know who to contact for hydrogen infrastructure and dispensing installation?
• Are you aware of the different types of hydrogen delivery and storage options?
• Are your code officials familiar enough with hydrogen to make informed decisions?
• Is your workforce ready to work in environments where hydrogen is present?
Hydrogen 101
Hydrogen Lift Trucks ED Example
• Hydrogen Infrastructure– Storage Type – Depends on Demand
• Gaseous Tube Trailers (6000 psig)• Liquid Hydrogen (Underground Cryogenic Storage)• Mobile Refueler• Onsite Production (Electrolysis and Natural Gas
Reforming)
– Offset Distances– Permitting (Industrial Gas)
• Hydrogen Delivery– Tube Trailer Replacement– Liquid Tanker Refueling
• Indoor Fuel Facility Permitting• Hydrogen Safety Training for Workers
Thank You for Attending!
