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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
ENGINE OIL
22
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
ObjectivesObjectives
• The student should be able to:– Prepare for ASE Engine Repair (A1)
certification test content area “D” (Lubrication and Cooling Systems Diagnosis and Repair).
– Describe the importance and the role of engine oil.
– Describe the various oil specifications.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
ObjectivesObjectives
• The student should be able to:– Discuss the importance of the vehicle
manufacturer’s requirements. – Discuss how to change oil.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
IntroductionIntroduction
• Engine oil serves these functions– Lubricates moving parts– Helps cool engine parts– Helps seal piston rings
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
IntroductionIntroduction
• Engine oil serves these functions– Helps neutralize acids created as by-
products of combustion– Reduces friction in the engine– Helps prevent rust and corrosion
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
IntroductionIntroduction
• Specified engine oil must be used• Oil should be replaced a specified
mileage or time intervals
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF ENGINE OILENGINE OIL
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Properties of Engine OilProperties of Engine Oil
• Most important engine oil property is thickness or viscosity– As oil is cooled, it gets thicker– As oil is heated, it gets thinner
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Properties of Engine OilProperties of Engine Oil
• Lowest temperature at which oil will pour is called its pour point
• Index of change in viscosity between cold and hot extremes is viscosity index (VI)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Properties of Engine OilProperties of Engine Oil
• Oils with high VI thin less with heat than oils with low VI
• Oils must be miscible, capable to mixing with other oils
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RATINGSAE RATING
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Terminology– Oils have Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE) grade number– SAE number indicates viscosity range
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Terminology– Oils tested at 212°F (100°C) have a
number with no letter following– Oils tested at 0°F (−18°C) rated with
number and the letter W, which means winter
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Multigrade Engine Oil– An SAE 5W-30 multigrade oil meets SAE 5W
specification at 0°F (-18°C) and SAE 30 viscosity specification at 212°F (100°C)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Multigrade Engine Oil– Most manufacturers recommend these
multiviscosity engine oils• SAE 5W-30• SAE 10W-30
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Figure 22-1 The SAE viscosity rating required is often printed on the engine oil filler cap.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Multigrade Engine Oil– Characteristics to consider in choosing
engine oil within recommended viscosity range
• Thinner oil– Improved cold engine starting
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Multigrade Engine Oil– Characteristics to consider in choosing
engine oil within recommended viscosity range
• Thinner oil– Improved fuel economy
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Multigrade Engine Oil– Characteristics to consider in choosing
engine oil within recommended viscosity range
• Thicker oil– Improved protection at higher temperatures
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Multigrade Engine Oil– Characteristics to consider in choosing
engine oil within recommended viscosity range
• Thicker oil– Reduced fuel economy
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SAE RatingSAE Rating
• Multigrade Engine Oil– NOTE: Always used specified viscosity
engine oil.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RATINGAPI RATING
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Definition– American Petroleum Institute (API)
established engine oil performance classification
– Oils are tested and rated in production automotive engines
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Figure 22-2 API doughnut for a SAE 5W-30, SN engine oil. When compared to a reference oil, the “energy conserving” designation indicates a 1.1% better fuel economy for SAE 10W-30 oils and 0.5% better fuel economy for SAE 5W-30 oils.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Gasoline Engine Ratings– In gasoline engine ratings, S means service– S can also indicate spark ignition engines
• SA Straight mineral oil (no additives), not suitable for use in any engine
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Gasoline Engine Ratings– S can also indicate spark ignition engines
• SB Nondetergent oil with additives to control wear and oil oxidation
• SC Obsolete (1964)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Gasoline Engine Ratings– S can also indicate spark ignition engines
• SD Obsolete (1968)• SE Obsolete (1972)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Gasoline Engine Ratings– S can also indicate spark ignition engines
• SF Obsolete (1980)• SG Obsolete (1988)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Gasoline Engine Ratings– S can also indicate spark ignition engines
• SH Obsolete (1993–1997)• SJ Obsolete (1997–2001)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Gasoline Engine Ratings– S can also indicate spark ignition engines
• SL 2001–2003• SM 2004–2010• SN 2011 +
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Gasoline Engine Ratings– NOTE: Vehicles built since about 1996 that
use roller valve lifters can use the new, higher rated engine oil classifications. Newly overhauled antique cars or engines can also use newer, improved oils. Engines older than about 1996 or those using flat-bottom lifters should use a zinc additive if using newer rated oil.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Diesel Engine Ratings– Diesel classifications begin with the letter
C, which stands for commercial.– C can also mean compression ignition or
diesel engines• CA: Obsolete• CB: Obsolete
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Diesel Engine Ratings– C can also mean compression ignition or
diesel engines• CC: Obsolete• CD: Minimum rating for use in diesel engine
service
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Diesel Engine Ratings– C can also mean compression ignition or
diesel engines• CE: Designed for certain turbocharged or
supercharged heavy-duty diesel engine service
• CF: For off-road indirect injected diesel engine service
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Diesel Engine Ratings– C can also mean compression ignition or
diesel engines• CF-2: Two-stroke diesel engine service• CF-4: High-speed four-stroke cycle diesel
engine service
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Diesel Engine Ratings– C can also mean compression ignition or
diesel engines• CG-4: Severe-duty high-speed four-stroke
diesel engine service• CI-4: Severe-duty high-speed four-stroke
diesel engine service
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
API RatingAPI Rating
• Diesel Engine Ratings– C can also mean compression ignition or
diesel engines• CJ-4: Required for use in all 2007 and new
diesels using ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
ILSAC OIL RATINGILSAC OIL RATING
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
ILSAC Oil RatingILSAC Oil Rating
• Definition– International Lubricant Standardization and
Approval Committee (ILSAC) rating consolidates SAE viscosity rating and API quality rating
– Engine oils meeting standards display “starburst” symbol
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
ILSAC Oil RatingILSAC Oil Rating
• Definition– Oil suitable for use in almost any gasoline
engine
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
ILSAC Oil RatingILSAC Oil Rating
• ILSAC Ratings– The original GF-1 (gasoline fuel) rating in
1993– Updated to GF-2 in 1997– Updated to GF-3 in 2000
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
ILSAC Oil RatingILSAC Oil Rating
• ILSAC Ratings– Updated to GF-4 in 2004– Updated to GF-5 in 2010– For more information, visit www.gf-5.com
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Figure 22-3 The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) starburst symbol. If this symbol is on the front of the container of oil, then it is acceptable for use in almost any gasoline engine.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
EUROPEAN OILEUROPEAN OILRATING SYSTEMRATING SYSTEM
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• Gasoline engine oils
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A1 Low-friction low-viscosity oil (not
suitable for some engines)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A2 General-purpose oil intended for
normal oil change intervals; not suitable for some engines or extended oil drain intervals in any engine
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A3 Designed for high-performance
engines and/or extended oil drain intervals and under all temperature ranges
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A4 Designed to meet requirements for
gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A5 Low-viscosity low-friction oil not
suitable for some engines
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• Diesel engine oils• ACEA B1 Low-viscosity oil designed for use in
a passenger vehicle diesel engine that is equipped with an indirect injection system; not suitable for some diesel engines
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA B2 Designed for use in passenger
vehicle diesel engines using indirect injection and using normal oil drain intervals
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA B3 Intended for use in a high-
performance indirect injected passenger vehicle diesel engine and under extended oil drain interval conditions
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA B4 Intended for year-round use in
direct injected passenger vehicle diesel engines; can be used in an indirect injected diesel engine
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA B5 Designed for extended oil drain
intervals; not suitable for some engines
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens
d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA C1Specifications for catalyst
compatible oils, C2, C3, which have limits on the amount of sulfur, zinc, and other additives that could harm the catalytic converter
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– Starting in 2004, the ACEA began using
combined ratings such as A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B4, and A5/B5
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– ACEA oil requires low levels of sulfated ash,
phosphorous, and sulfur (SAPS) and has high temperature/high shear rate viscosity (HTHS)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– C ratings are catalytic converter compatible
oils and include• C1: basically A5/B5 oil with low SAPS, Low
HTHS
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– C ratings are catalytic converter compatible
oils and include• C2: A5/B5 with low HTHS and mid-level SAPS
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– ACEA oil requires low levels of sulfated ash,
phosphorous, and sulfur (SAPS) and has high temperature/high shear rate viscosity (HTHS)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– C ratings are catalytic converter compatible
oils and include• C3: A5/B5 with high HTHS and mid-level
SAPS
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System
• Definition– C ratings are catalytic converter compatible
oils and include• C4: low SAPS; high HTHS
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Figure 22-4 ACEA ratings are included on the back of the oil container if it meets any of the standards. ACEA ratings apply to European vehicles only such as BMW, Mercedes, Audi, and VW.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
JAPANESE OIL RATINGSJAPANESE OIL RATINGS
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Japanese Oil RatingsJapanese Oil Ratings
• Japanese Automobile Standards Organization (JASO) tests use small Japanese engines
• Ratings require more stringent valve train wear standards than other oil ratings
• Most Japanese brand vehicles specify SAE, API, and ILSAC rating standards
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
ENGINE OIL ADDITIVESENGINE OIL ADDITIVES
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Engine Oil AdditivesEngine Oil Additives
• Balance additives are called additive package
• Additives to Improve the Base Oil– Viscosity index (VI) improver allows
lubricant to operate over wider temperature range
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Figure 22-5 Viscosity index (VI) improver is a polymer and feels like finely ground foam rubber. When dissolved in the oil, it expands when hot to keep the oil from thinning.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Engine Oil AdditivesEngine Oil Additives
• Additives to Improve the Base Oil– Pour point depressant keeps lubricant
flowing at low temperatures– Antifoam agents reduce/stop foaming
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Engine Oil AdditivesEngine Oil Additives
• Additives to Protect the Base Oil– Antioxidants slow breakdown of base fluid
caused by oxygen and heat– Oxidants prevent acid formation (corrosion)
in form of sludges, varnishes
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Engine Oil AdditivesEngine Oil Additives
• Additives to Protect the Engine– Total base number (TBN) neutralizes acids
created during combustion– Rust inhibitor inhibits action of water on
ferrous metal, such as steel
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Engine Oil AdditivesEngine Oil Additives
• Additives to Protect the Engine– Corrosion inhibitor protects nonferrous
metals, such as copper
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Engine Oil AdditivesEngine Oil Additives
• Additives to Protect the Engine– Antiwear additive forms protective layer on
metal surfaces to reduce friction and prevent wear
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Engine Oil AdditivesEngine Oil Additives
• Additives to Protect the Engine– Extreme pressure additive functions when
heavy loads and temperatures occur
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
OIL BRAND OIL BRAND COMPATIBILITYCOMPATIBILITY
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Oil Brand Compatibility Oil Brand Compatibility
• If brand of engine oil is not performing up to expectations, change brands
• Oil changes are the most important regularly scheduled maintenance
• Check oil level regularly and add oil as needed
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Oil Brand Compatibility Oil Brand Compatibility
• According to SAE standard J-357, all engine oils must be miscible with other brands of oil
• Any brand of engine oil can be used if it meets viscosity and API standards recommended by vehicle manufacturer
?
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Figure 22-6 Using a zinc additive is important when using SM or SN-rated oil in an engine equipped with a flat-bottom lifter, especially during the break-in period.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
SYNTHETIC OILSYNTHETIC OIL
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• Definition– Manufactured product not refined from
naturally occurring substance
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group 1
– Mineral, nonsynthetic base oil with few if any additives
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group 1
– Suitable for light lubricating needs and rust protection
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group 1
– Not for use in an engine
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group II
– Mineral oil with quality additive packages
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group II
– Includes most conventional engine oils
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group III
– Hydrogenated synthetic compounds
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group III
– Lowest costing synthetic engine oil
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group III
– Includes Castrol Syntec
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group IV
– Synthetic oils made from mineral oil and monomolecular oil
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies
engine oil into following groups• Group IV
– Includes Mobil 1
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Figure 22-7 Mobil 1 synthetic engine oil is used by several vehicle manufacturers in new engines.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups• Group V
– Nonmineral sources such as alcohol– Includes Red Line synthetic oil
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• API Groups– Groups II, IV, and V are considered
synthetic– All synthetic oils perform better than Group
II oils
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil
• Advantages of Synthetics– Remain fluid at very low temperatures
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Figure 22-8 Both oils have been cooled to -20°F (-29°C). Notice that the synthetic oil on the left flows more freely than the mineral oil on the right even though both are SAE 5W-30.
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil
• Disadvantages of Synthetics– Cost of synthetics can be four to five times
cost of petroleum-based oils
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil
• Synthetic Blends– Some synthetic blended with petroleum
base engine oil– Percentage of synthetic used is unknown
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
VEHICLE-SPECIFICVEHICLE-SPECIFICSPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Background– Oils may meet industry standards but not
tests specified by vehicle manufacturer
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– BMW
• Longlife-98 and longlife-01 (abbreviated LL-01), LL-04
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– General Motors
• GM 6094M• GM 4718M (synthetic oil specification)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– General Motors
• Dexos 1 (all GM gasoline engines, 2011 +)• Dexos 2 (all GM diesel engines, 2011 +)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Ford
• WSS M2C153-H• WSS-M2C929• WSS-M2C929-A (low viscosity rating, SAE
5W-20)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Ford
• WSS-M2C930-A• WSS-M2C931-A• WSS-M2C934-A
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Chrysler
• MS-6395 (2005 + vehicles)• MS-10725 (2004 and older)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Honda/Acura
• HTO-06 (turbocharged engine only)
21 ENGINE OIL
Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Mercedes
• 229.3, 229.5, 229.1, 229.3, 229.31, 229.5, and 229.51
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Figure 22-9 European vehicle manufacturers usually specify engine oil with a broad viscosity range, such as SAE 5W-40, and their own unique standards, such as the Mercedes specification 229.51. Always use the oil specified by the vehicle manufacturer.
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Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Volkswagen (VS and Audi)
• 502.00, 505.00, 505.01, 503, 503.01, 505, 506 diesel, 506.1 diesel, and 507 diesel
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Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– NOTE: Most Asian brand vehicle
manufacturers do not specify specifications other than SAE, API, ILSAC. These brands include:
• Acura/Honda• Toyota/Lexus/Scion
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Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– NOTE: Most Asian brand vehicle
manufacturers do not specify specifications other than SAE, API, ILSAC. These brands include:
• Kia• Hyundai
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Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– NOTE: Most Asian brand vehicle
manufacturers do not specify specifications other than SAE, API, ILSAC. These brands include:
• Nissan/Infinity• Mitsubishi
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Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman
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Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications
• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– NOTE: Most Asian brand vehicle
manufacturers do not specify specifications other than SAE, API, ILSAC. These brands include:
• Mazda• Suzuki
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HIGH MILEAGE OILSHIGH MILEAGE OILS
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High Mileage OilsHigh Mileage Oils
• Definition– For use in vehicles that have over 75,000
miles– Most high mileage oils do not meet ILSAC
GF-4 rating and are not recommended for most engines
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High Mileage OilsHigh Mileage Oils
• Differences– Esters are added to swell main and valve-
stem oil seals– Only used in engines with more than
75,000 miles– Does not have energy rating of
conventional oils
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OIL FILTERSOIL FILTERS
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Oil FiltersOil Filters
• Construction– Filter is made from closely packed cloth
fibers or porous paper
?
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Oil FiltersOil Filters
• Oil Filter Valves– Many oil filters have an antidrainback valve
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Figure 22-10 A rubber diaphragm acts as an antidrainback valve to keep the oil in the filter when the engine is stopped and the oil pressure drops to zero.
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Oil FiltersOil Filters
• Oil Filter Valves– Valve keeps oil in filter, allows engine to
receive immediate lubrication on startup
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Oil FiltersOil Filters
• Oil Filter Valves– Engine or filter has bypass valve to allow oil
to go around filter– Bypass allows engine to be lubricated with
dirty oil rather than none
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Figure 22-11 A cutaway of a typical spin-on oil filter. Engine oil enters the filter through the small holes around the center of the filter and flows through the pleated paper filtering media and out the large hole in the center of the filter. The center metal cylinder with holes is designed to keep the paper filter from collapsing under the pressure. The bypass valve can be built into the center on the oil filter or is part of the oil filter housing and located in the engine.
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Oil FiltersOil Filters
• Oil Filter Disposal– Crush or drain before discarding as metal
scrap
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Figure 22-12 A typical filter crusher. The hydraulic ram forces out most of the oil from the filter. The oil is trapped underneath the crusher and is recycled.
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OIL CHANGEOIL CHANGE
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Intervals– Intervals expressed in mileage or elapsed
time– Most manufacturers recommend interval of
7,500 to 12,000 miles (12,000 to 19,000 km) or every six months.
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Intervals– Under any one of these conditions,
recommended interval is 2,000 to 3,000 miles (3,000 to 5,000 km) or every three months
• Dusty areas• Towing
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Intervals– Under any one of these conditions,
recommended interval is 2,000 to 3,000 miles (3,000 to 5,000 km) or every three months
• Short trip driving, especially in cold weather• Operating below freezing (32°F, 0°C)
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Intervals– Under any one of these conditions,
recommended interval is 2,000 to 3,000 miles (3,000 to 5,000 km) or every three months
• Idling for extended periods
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Oil Life Monitors– Warning light tells when to change oil– Two types monitoring systems
• Mileage only
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Oil Life Monitors– Warning light tells when to change oil– Two types monitoring systems
• Algorithm recommends oil change based on specific performance tasks, including number of cold starts, engine run-time
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Figure 22-13 Many vehicle manufacturers can display the percentage of oil life remaining, whereas others simply turn on a warning lamp when it has been determined that an oil change is required.
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Oil Change Procedure– Step 1: Check oil level.– Step 2: Safely hoist vehicle.
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Oil Change Procedure– Step 3: Position drain pan under drain plug;
remove plug.• CAUTION: Used engine oil is harmful. Wear
rubber gloves. If used oil gets on skin, wash thoroughly with soap and water.
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Figure 22-14 (a) A pick is pushed through the top of an oil filter that is positioned vertically.
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Figure 22-14 (b) When the pick is removed, a small hole allows air to get into the top of the filter which then allows the oil to drain out of the filter and back into the engine.
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Oil Change Procedure– Step 4: Allow oil to drain freely.– Step 5: Examine oil plug gasket; replace if
damaged.– Step 6: Reinstall and tighten drain plug;
replace oil filter.
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Oil Change Procedure– NOTE: Honda/Acura recommends replacing
oil drain plug gasket at every oil change.
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Oil ChangeOil Change
• Oil Change Procedure– Step 7: Refill engine with proper type,
grade, and quantity of oil.• Restart engine and allow to idle• Check for oil leaks
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OIL CHANGE 1 Before entering the customer’s car for the first time, be sure to install a seat cover as well as a steering wheel cover to protect the vehicle’s interior.
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OIL CHANGE 2 Run the engine until it is close to operating temperature. This will help the used oil drain more quickly and thoroughly.
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OIL CHANGE 3 Raise the vehicle on a hoist, and place the oil drain container in position under the oil drain plug. Be sure to wear protective gloves.
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OIL CHANGE 4 Remove the plug and allow the hot oil to drain from the engine. Use caution during this step as hot oil can cause painful burns!
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OIL CHANGE 5 While the engine oil continues to drain, remove the engine oil filter using a filter wrench. Some oil will drain from the filter, so be sure to have the oil drain container underneath when removing it.
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OIL CHANGE 6 Compare the new oil filter with the old one to be sure that it is the correct replacement.
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OIL CHANGE 7 The wise service technician adds oil to the oil filter whenever possible. This provides faster filling of the filter during start-up and a reduced amount of time that the engine does not have oil pressure.
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OIL CHANGE 8 Apply a thin layer of clean engine oil to the gasket of the new filter. This oil film will allow the rubber gasket to slide and compress as the oil filter is being tightened.
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OIL CHANGE 9 Clean the area where the oil filter gasket seats to be sure that no part of the gasket remains that could cause an oil leak if not fully removed.
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OIL CHANGE 10 Install the new oil filter and tighten it by hand. Do not use an oil filter wrench to tighten the filter! Most filters should be tightened 3/4 of a turn after the gasket contacts the engine.
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OIL CHANGE 11 Carefully inspect the oil drain plug and gasket. Replace the gasket as needed. Install the drain plug and tighten firmly but do not overtighten!
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OIL CHANGE 12 Lower the vehicle and clean around the oil fill cap before removing it.
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OIL CHANGE 13 Use a funnel to add the specified amount of oil to the engine at the oil fill opening. When finished, replace the oil fill cap.
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OIL CHANGE 14 Start the engine and allow it to idle while watching the oil pressure gauge and/or oil pressure warning lamp. Oil pressure should be indicated within 15 seconds of starting the engine.
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OIL CHANGE 15 Stop the engine and let it sit for a few minutes to allow the oil to drain back into the oil pan. Look underneath the vehicle to check for any oil leaks at the oil drain plug(s) or oil filter.
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OIL CHANGE 16 Remove the oil-level dipstick and wipe it clean with a shop cloth.
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OIL CHANGE 17 Reinstall the oil-level dipstick. Remove the dipstick a second time and read the oil level.
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OIL CHANGE 18 The oil level should be between the MIN and the MAX lines. In this case, the oil level should be somewhere in the cross-hatched area of the dipstick.