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Sponsored by
Panelists:Jeanine DavisKeith CollinsTony McGaha
A New Look at Sustainable Food Systems
November 14, 2011
Moderator:Jack Britt
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Sustainable food systems…to feed the billions.
• Intensification of agriculture
• Examples of improved sustainability in US food systems
• Examples of three different food systems
• Tomatoes and tomato products
• Milk and dairy products
• Beef and beef products
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“…the net effect of higher yields has avoided emissions of 590 Gt CO2e since 1961.”
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by Agricultural IntensificationJennifer A. Burney, Steven J. Davis and David B. Lobella
Stanford University, Stanford, CA and Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA
Source: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0914216107 published 2010
Intense agriculture reduced carbon footprint for feeding the world
GreaterThanLand Mass
Of Russia
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So how are we doing in the U.S. ?
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Farms and farmland in the United States, 2007
Source: 2007 Census of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistical Service, USDA.http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_Report/usv1.pdf
Ownership Type No. Farms % of Farms Acres % of Acres
Family or individual 1,906,335 86% 574,150,050 62%
Partnership 174,247 8% 161,416,999 18%
Corporation* 96,074 4% 125,319,200 14%
Other** 28,136 1% 61,208,981 7%
2,204,792 100% 922,095,230 100%*91% are family corporations **cooperative, estate, trust, institutional, etc.
Buncombe County has enough farmland to support a population of 31,600,based on U.S. average of 3 acres of farmland per person.
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Changes in land use in the United States 1982-2007U.S. Population Grew 30% During this Period
Source: Dale et al. Ecological Applications 24: 1039-1054, 2011.
-19%
+55%
-2% No change
+17%
+140%
-8%
CultivatedCropland
Rangeland Forest Land Non-cultivatedCropland
CRP Land PastureLand
Developed Land
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Examples of US Agriculture Rank Rank in World
Arable and permanent cropland 1Corn production, soybean production 1Milk yield per cow 1Tractors 1Meat production 2Fresh citrus 2Organic cropland 4Fertilizer use per hectare of cropland 40Pesticide use per hectare of cropland 43
How is the U.S. doing in production and sustainability?
Source: United Nations FAO most recent reports.
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US excels in sustainability measures: GHG production by dairy systems across regions of the world
Source: FAO 2010. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Dairy Sector - A Life Cycle Assessment
N A
mer
ica
C &
S A
mer
ica
W
Eur
ope
E E
urop
e
Rus
sian
Fed
N A
fric
a &
W A
sia
Sub
sar A
fric
a
Sou
th A
sia
Eas
t Asi
a
Oce
ania
Wor
ld
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Item 1944 2007 Change, %
U.S. milk production, billion kg
53 84 +58%
Resources per billion kg of milkCows, thousands 415 94 -77%Feed, billion kg 8.3 1.9 -77%Manure, billion kg 7.9 1.9 -76%Carbon footprint, billion kg CO2
3.7 1.4 -62%
Improvements in on-farm measures of sustainability by the US dairy farms from 1944 to 2007
Source: Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady, and D. E. Bauman. 2009. The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007. Journal of Animal Science doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1781
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Supermarket
Supermarket
Supermarket
Supermarket
Supermarket
Supermarket
Processing
DirectSales
Processing
ProcessingDistribution
Center
Distribution Center
Sustainability of Food System
Consumer
Farm
Farm
Farm
Farm
Farm
?
?
?
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Sustainability Institute
Tomato Production and Products
Dr. Jeanine Davis
Associate Professor & Extension Specialist
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Cali
fornia
Florid
a
Indian
a O
hio
Michiga
n
Georgia
Virg
inia
New Je
rsey
Tennesse
e
North
Carolin
a
Pennsyl
vania
South
Carolin
a
New York
Minneso
ta
Texa
s
Alab
ama
Arka
nsas
Kentu
cky
Illin
ois
Mary
land
Haw
aii
Connecti
cut
Mass
achuse
tts
Miss
ouri
Miss
issippi
Wisc
onsin
Ore
gon
Colorado
Wash
ington
Oklah
oma
Louisi
ana
New M
exico
West
Virginia
Iowa
Main
e U
tah
New Ham
pshire
Kan
sas
Rhode Isl
and
Delaw
are
Nebras
ka
Verm
ont
Ariz
ona
Montan
a
Idah
o
South
Dakota
Neva
da
North
Dakota
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
Tomatoes, acres, 2007
85% of U.S. tomatoes are produced in two states
Americans eat about 20 pounds of tomatoes per person, per year. Three-quarters of that is in processed form,
e.g., ketchup, salsa, and sauce.
Where do all these tomatoes come from?• The U.S. produces about 2 million
tons of fresh market tomatoes and 12 million tons of processing tomatoes each year.
• We also import almost $900 million worth of tomatoes annually, mostly from Canada, Mexico, and the Netherlands.
• Florida and California and the major tomato producing states; comprising over 2/3 of all the tomatoes grown in the U.S.
• California produces 95% of the processing tomatoes.
Could we produce all the tomatoes we need within our own county?
• In Buncombe county, we would need to devote about 25% of our existing vegetable acreage to tomatoes.
• In Mecklenburg County, however, 6X the existing vegetable acreage in the county would be needed to provide for their population.
• To provide for all 9.5 million people in the state, we would only need 4,768 acres of tomatoes.
We could produce all the tomatoes we currently consume, but…
• For fresh-market tomatoes, it would cost us more, especially in the off-season, and we’d have to convince more farmers to grow them, but we could do it.
• For us to produce all the processed tomato products we consume would be much more difficult and costly;
• we would need to develop new varieties and production methods, build processing plants, etc.
So what does it cost for us, environmentally and socially, to
maintain the status quo, i.e., have just two states provide a ready supply of
cheap tomatoes?• Let’s focus on California processing tomato
production since that really is the giant in the industry.
Photo from GrowingProduce.com
Value-Chains for California tomatoes
Note how much of the path is oriented towards marketers and processors.
Graph from ‘A Value Chain Analysis of Selected California Crops’ by M. Lowe and G. Gereffi, Duke University, 2008
Water UseTomatoes are always irrigated and are mostly water, so expected this to be much higher!
Graph from ‘A Value Chain Analysis of Selected California Crops’ by M. Lowe and G. Gereffi, Duke University, 2008
Nitrogen fertilizer useFertilizer use is very high! Run-off, groundwater contamination, and fossil fuel consumption during manufacturing are big concerns.This could be reduced with conservation tillage, drip-irrigation, and new varieties.
Graph from ‘A Value Chain Analysis of Selected California Crops’ by M. Lowe and G. Gereffi, Duke University, 2008
What about ‘food miles’ and greenhouse gas emissions?
• Many studies have demonstrated that agricultural production accounts for the bulk of the food system's greenhouse gas emissions; 80% or more of emissions occur before the product even leaves the farm.
• In most cases, transportation plays a relatively minor role.
Photo from Western Farm Press
Overall environmental impacts• In 1998 the Swedish Institute for Food and
Biotechnology published a lifecycle analysis on tomato ketchup.
• “The results showed that it was the hidden (and thus largely ignored by consumers) aspects of the product – its processing as well as its primary and secondary packaging along the supply chain – that had the most devastating consequences for climate and the environment.”
Quote from Pat Thomas, Behind the Label: Tomato Ketchup, The Ecologist, 2010
What about social issues, such as how much are field workers paid?
Workers on large farms are usually paid less and there are many issues about the number of hours worked, pesticide exposure, and working and living conditions.
66.16.26.36.46.56.6
U.S. Dollars
per Hour
Tomato Farming Labor Wages (U.S. Dollars)
IndustrialFarmsLocal Farms
Graph from The Underlying Costs of Tomatoes, a report by Amanda Collins, Edgewood College, 2005
What is a sustainable tomato production system?
• There is no simple answer.• It’s not just “local” versus “industrialized”.• Lots of issues to consider and they are all
interconnected.• We’ve done a good job of raising awareness.• New studies will help us define what direction we
need to go.
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Milk and Dairy Products
Mr. Keith Collins
President, Milkco Inc.
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Calif
ornia:
New York:
Idah
o:
New M
exico:
Texas
:
Ohio:
Ariz
ona:
Verm
ont:
Florid
a:
Colorad
o:
Miss
ouri:
Utah
:
Georgi
a:
Okla
homa:
Tennesse
e:
North
Carolin
a:
North
Dakota:
Louisia
na:
Miss
issippi:
Arka
nsas:
Mass
achusetts:
Alab
ama:
West
Virginia:
Haw
aii:
Rhode Isl
and:
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Milk, Million Pounds
52% of U.S. milk is produced in 5
states
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1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
0
50
100
150
200
Million LbsMilk Bottling Plants
Num
ber o
f Milk
Bott
ling
Plan
ts
Mill
ion
Poun
ds P
roce
ssed
Per
Pla
nt
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Sustainability Institute
Milk and Dairy Products
Mr. Keith Collins
President, Milkco Inc.
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Sustainability Institute
Beef Production and Products
Mr. Tony McGaha
Extension Agent, Agriculture, Haywood County
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Texa
sO
klah
oma
Mis
sour
iN
ebra
ska
Sout
h D
akot
aKa
nsas
Mon
tana
Kent
ucky
Tenn
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Flor
ida
Nor
th D
akot
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wa
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rado
Wyo
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gV
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nia
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Geo
rgia
Mis
siss
ippi
New
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neso
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uth
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lina
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zona
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sylv
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higa
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ork
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aii
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ylan
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aine
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mon
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ew Je
rsey
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sach
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ticut
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awar
eN
ew H
amps
hire
Rhod
e Is
land
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Beef cows 1000 hd
53% of beef cows are in
8 states
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Texa
s
Neb
rask
a
Kans
as
Iow
a
Colo
rado
Calif
orni
a
Sout
h Da
kota
Okl
ahom
a
Min
neso
ta
Arizo
na
Idah
o
Wisc
onsin
Was
hing
ton
Mich
igan
Ohi
o
Illin
ois
Indi
ana
Ore
gon
Penn
sylv
ania
Wyo
min
g
Nor
th D
akot
a
Miss
ouri
Mon
tana
New
Yor
k
Utah
Virg
inia
Kent
ucky
Mar
ylan
d
Tenn
esse
e
Nev
ada
Arka
nsas
Wes
t Virg
inia
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000 56% of cattle on feed are in 3 states
Cattle on feed, 1000 hd
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Sustainability Institute
Supermarket
Supermarket
Supermarket
Supermarket
Supermarket
Supermarket
FurtherProcessing
DirectSales
ValueAdded
PackerDistribution
Center
Distribution Center
Beef System from Farm to Consumer
Consumer
BackgroundStocker
Farm
Farm
Farm
Farm
Farm
Cow-Calf
Feed
lot
Farm
Farm
Farm
CAFO
CAFO
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Questions & Discussion