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openness & the commons
glyn moody
the GPL commons
free software commonsopen by definition
actually several disjoint commons
community norms defined by licences
biggest is defined by GNU GPL and compatible licences
licence most frequently chosen by businesses based around open source
enclosing the GPL commons
most open source business use dual licensingown the copyright to all the code
alongside GPL licence, offer commercial licence
this creates an asymmetryonly the company can offer such a commercial licence
only the company can enclose the GPL commons
policing the GPL commons
recently, communities have started forking
MySQL forked as Drizzle and MariaDB
OpenOffice.org forked to become LibreOfficecopyright of contributions remains with coders
policed by community
the Wikipedia commons
strong sense of community
open to all, but has some strict rules: NPOV and Assume Good Faith
policed by the community, enforced by senior members
twin threats of too open and too controlled
issues of sustainability
open content commons
digital content: commons with enclosures
actually very open: enclosures have porous perimeters
physical policing ineffectual in digital world
virtual policing with *legal* codeHADOPI, Digital Economy Act, ACTA
open educational commons
open courseware - MIT OCW; cc-nc, monolithic
OER: Moodle, Chamilo, Sakai
weak openness, weak commons
Connexions (Rice) modular,cc-by
National Digital Resource Bank (UK)cc materials
(re-used) open source code
open access commons
open online access to academic papers
main problem not enclosure but squatters on the commonspublishers claiming to be open access, but imposing conditions like user names,passwords etc.
policed by the community via reputation
open data commons
licences PDDL, ODC-By, ODC-ODbL
open data popular low-hanging fruit for open government
too much openness?personal info about politicians
aggregating anonymous data can sometimes reveal unexpected/personal information
hard to predict/police
open science commons
open access, open data, open notebook science
Science Commons (cf. Creative Commons): patents, MTA
problem of rivals pre-empting discoveries using public data
policed by the relevant communityHuman Genome Project drew up Bermuda Principles 1996
worked well
open personal genomics
genomic databases (digital)cost of sequencing DNA plummeting
OpenPCR project
biobanksDNA samples, necessarily linked to people's identity
Personal Genome Project 100,000 genomes from volunteersperhaps genomic privacy is illusory/irrelevant (cf. Facebook)
open synthetic biology
analogue DNA units can create modular parts: synthetic biology
enclosure a real threat
BiOS (Biological Innovation through Open Science): protected commons - like Apache licenceroyalty-free licence to patents
problems of opennessbugs in the code; accidental release; bioweapons
open hardware commons (1)
Arduinohardware reference designs under CC licence
software released under GPL
99.9% open: Arduino name is only for offical productstrademark issues
Freeduino fork for 100% freedom
minimal policing by company/community
open hardware commons (2)
open source carOSCar
c,mm,n
Open Source Green Vehicle (OSGV)
digital designs freely available under open licences
crucial constraint on openness is safety
policed by regulatory authorities
open hardware commons (3)
fabbers (3D printers)MakerBot Thing-O-Matic Kit; Fab@Home; RepRap
shared digital files for analogue objectsThingiverse.com: mainly GPL, cc
safety is a constraint
what happens when you can print guns etc.?
problems of openness
attacks (copyright, patents, ACTA)
equilibrium (anarchy/authority)
impersonation (false community)
introversion (community failure)
intrusion (privacy/aggregation)
occlusion (false reputation)
safety (accidental harm)
security (intentional harm)
between the commons
@glynmoody on identi.ca/Twitter
opendotdotdot.blogspot.com
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