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Global Project Management Communication, Collaboration and Management Across Borders George Liakeas, PMP Page 1

Global project management

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Global project management: Communication, collaboration and management across borders Drawing inspiration from the 17th-century samurai Miyamoto Musashi who developed the Nitoryu style of handling two swords at the same time, this workshop will address the challenge of being assertive, quick, and to the point in one culture, while succeeding in being unassertive, patient, and somewhat indirect in another. Learning outcomes • Understand the framework for effective cross-cultural project management • Discover tools and techniques in  Trust building, conflict resolution, influencing, negotiating  Communication channels management  Project meetings organization  Use of the English language  Selection of Human Resources  Knowledge sharing for a project team that spans different locations, time zones, cultures and languages. Topics • Cultural dimensions analysis • Global project leadership • Communication • Project structure • Collaborative tools

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     Global Project Management         Communication, Collaboration    and 

Management Across Borders

George Liakeas, PMP

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Preface◘ Organizations  are  taking advantage  of  geographically distributed skills,  round-the-clock operations,  and  virtual  teams while  struggling  to  obtain acceptable  levels  of  efficiency and quality from global projects.

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Program Objectives (1 of 3)

◘ To journey into the world of multiculturalism.

◘ To comprehend the global aspect of interculturalism.

◘ To understand different cultures in this era of global environment.

◘ To comprehend the challenges & opportunities of intercultural negotiation.

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Program Objectives (2 of 3) 

◘ Identify opportunities strategies in a diverse workforce.

◘ Manage to interact fruitfully with people of unique values & backgrounds.

◘ Enhance your competitive positioning through understanding the different values of people.

◘ Expatriates: tips for adaptation in an intercultural environment.

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Program Objectives (3 of 3) 

◘ Enrich your organizational strategies & outcomes.

◘ Improve interactivity in a cross-cultural environment.

◘ Understand the religious beliefs & practices that shape behaviors.

◘ Underline stereotypes & prejudices that take place into our understanding of other cultures.

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 Global Environment This is the era of global interactivity.

Countries, businesses, institutions, organizations, & individuals interact nationally & internationally.

Organizational management no longer runs as usual.

Businesses, organizations, & institutions are delineating their management approach on global perspectives.

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Global Project challenges◘ Distant Locations◘ Number of different organizations◘ Country cultures◘ Different languages◘ Time zones

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Perfect communication can result in total misunderstanding

•  A high context culture information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person with less communicated in the explicit words or message

• Leaders of global projects must be bilingual

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• Restrict the use of English words to their most common meaning

• Select words with few alternate meanings (e.g. accurate instead of right, 1 vs. 27 meanings)

• Become aware of alternate spellings (e.g. organization, centre)• Conform to basic grammar rules more strictly• Avoid terms borrowed form sports (“can’t get to first base”) or 

literature (“catch-22”)• When addressing someone you do not know well, keep the 

tone formal while expressing personal interest or concern

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Use of the English language

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Build Intercultural Relations (1 of 9)

■ Sense of Respect■ Patience■ Listening  ■ Silence

■ Observation■ Openness■ Divergence■ Minimize Antagonism 

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Consider This

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“Culture Shock”♦ This term was first introduced by Kalervo Oberg

in 1954.

♦ Culture shock includes anxiety & feelings caused by surprise, uncertainty, confusion, & disorientation.

♦ Anxiety caused when people have to operate within a different & unknown cultural or social environment.

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Trust Building

    The belief or confidence in a person or organization's integrity, fairness and reliability (Lipnack & Stamps)

• Identify the level of trust required based on the  project  complexity,  project  schedule, number  of  different  locations,  number  of different  cultures,  number  of  different organizations and number of new relations

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Diversity Activities and Ice-Breakers•       Who I Am

This activity allows the learners to share their culture roots and to learn about each other.

• I Want You To Know    Share the experiences of various cultural groups and listen to one another.

• Getting To Know You    To learn about each other.• The Herman Grid          To discover that first impressions of people are not always true.

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Diversity Activities and Ice-Breakers

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Long-term trust

      Depending  on  the  level  of  PM maturity, either 

• Organize a  lessons-learned  session  to identify  aspects  that  contributed  to increasing  the  level  of  trust,  or reduced it.

• Organize  an  informal  event  and identify  the  comments  that  relate  to trust. 

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Conflict

• The  unitary  perspective  sees  consensus  as  the  ideal  state, and  conflict  as  a  malfunction  with  harmful  effects  on projects.  Resolution  consists  of  identifying  and  eliminating the root causes of conflict

• People  from  individualist  societies  are  educated  under  the pluralist perspective and see conflict as positive . Resolution consists of  reconciliation of different parties  interests, using plan, objectives and strategies

• The  interactionist  perspective  sees  group  cohesion  as  bad, and  encourages  both  conflict  stimulation  and management of conflict 

(Buchanan and Huczynski)

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Definition: Culture 

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‘Culture is what is left if you forgot all else’

Eduard Herriot

‘Culture is what is left if you forgot all else’

Eduard Herriot

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Definition: Culture 

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Collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another(…)The mind stands for the head, heart and hands - that is, for thinking, feeling, and acting, with consequences for beliefs, attitudes and skills(…) Culture in this sense includes values (Hofstede, 2001)

Collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another(…)The mind stands for the head, heart and hands - that is, for thinking, feeling, and acting, with consequences for beliefs, attitudes and skills(…) Culture in this sense includes values (Hofstede, 2001)

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Definition: Culture 

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Our own culture is like water to a fish. It sustains us. We live and breathe through it (Trompenaars, 2005)

Our own culture is like water to a fish. It sustains us. We live and breathe through it (Trompenaars, 2005)

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Cultural aspects basic model

• Sense of self• Communicational language• Dress and appearance• Food and eating habits• Time and time-consciousness• Relationships• Values and norms• Beliefs and attitude• Mental process and learning• Work habits and practices

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Culture and project management

• Symbols• Heroes• Rituals

• Values: Tendencies and preferences over different aspects of social or professional life. 

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Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede)

• Power distance– How individuals from different cultures handle the fact that people are unequal.

• Individualism and collectivism – Classifies countries according to their relationship between individuals and societies. 

• Masculinity and femininity– Degree of gender differentiation. Ideals are economic growth, progress, material success and performance. 

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Cultural Dimensions (Hofstede)

• Uncertainty Avoidance– Reflects the resistance to change and the attitude to taking risks

• Long-term Orientation– People from short-term oriented cultures tend to give high importance to values such as quick results and give more attention to personal stability. 

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Cultural dimensions matrix

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Dilemmas

 "Imagine you're in a car driven by a close friend of yours. He's speeding - going 50mph where you're allowed to go 30mph - and he hits a pedestrian. It comes to court and the lawyer of your friend says, 'Don't worry, you're the only witness.' Two questions: first of all, what is the right of your friend to expect you to testify to the lower figure? And, secondly, should you lie?"

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Cultural Dimensions (Trompenaars)

• Universalism vs. Particularism – Defines how people judge the behavior of their colleagues. 

• Individualism and Communitarianism• Achievement vs. Ascription• Neutral vs. Affective• Specific vs. Diffuse• Human-Nature relationship (internal vs. external control) 

• Human-Time relationship Page 27

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Cultural framework

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Cultural framework

• Low Context: Be quick & to the point, Be prepared for rational arguments 

• High Context: There are many ways to get things done, respect a person’s title, age, background connections

• Predictability-oriented: Be specific and precise• Uncertainty-tolerant: Be prepared for vagueness, recognize that it 

may take longer to make decisions• Monochronic: One activity at a time, schedule in advance, be 

prompt, relationships are subordinate to schedules, follow initial plans

• Polychronic: Do more than one activity at a time, appointments are approximate, schedules are subordinate to relationships

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Cultural framework

• Group focused: Show patience for time taken to consent, negotiators agree tentatively & then consult with superiors, Importance is on lasting relationships

• Individual focused: Prepare for quick decisions, negotiators can commit, importance is on meeting the objective

• Equalitarian culture: Respect knowledge and information of the counterparts even if they are short of influence, use the title that reflects your competency 

• Hierarchical culture: Respect the status and influence of the counterpart, even if they are shirt of knowledge, use the title that reflects your degree of influence in the organization. 

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Corporate cultures

• The incubator is both person oriented and egalitarian. It is highly creative, incubating new ideas. Sharing excitement with fellow innovators

• The guided Missile : equalitarian, task oriented culture => there is a multidisciplinary project, and the team work aims at bringing it to a successful end. Meeting team objectives and group goals

• The family : the oldest form. It is hierarchical: the gap between “parents” = owners and “children” = employees is wide.  Fulfilling your obligations to colleagues

• The Eiffel Tower : It does precise, detailed and routine tasks without errors. Fulfilling your job description as specified in advance

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Cultural frameworkMiyamoto Musashi & Nitoryu 

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How to integrate• Always use culture in the context of business• Start with the business issue and then look into its cultural 

aspect• Frame issues into dilemmas. 

– Chart the dilemma so that the line can be cracked– Make the dilemma as specific as possible – Stretch the dilemma (positives & negatives)– Reconcile the dilemma (How can value X give more of 

value Y)• Look into all levels and not only national• Create the process for constructive dialog• Celebrate the similarities while working on the differences• Work on key-issues and not all issues

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How to integrate• Be sensitive to other ways of :

– thinking– feeling– acting

 • To be able to deal effectively with:

– customers– suppliers– clients– bosses– employees

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Stakeholders

•   Persons and organizations whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by execution  or  completion  of  the  project (PMI)

•     People  or  groups  who  are  interested  on the  performance  and/or  success  of  the project,  or  who  are  constrained  by  the project (ICB)

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Stakeholders commitment framework

• From ignorance to awareness• Understanding• Support• Involvement• Commitment

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Project Knowledge base

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Communication templates

• Colors• Drop-down menus• Automated filtering• Include legends and explanations• Allow identification of location

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Communication requirements matrixStakeholderInformation

Sponsor Steering committee

PM Project Coordinators

Members Customers Partners

Project Status

WP status

Org

Logistics

StandardsTemplates

Plan

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Stakeholders communication channels

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Communication techniques

• Project virtual room divided to levels with hyperlinks

• Status meetings– Stakeholders (changes on the register and their impact)– Communication plan– Validity of assumptions– Schedule– Issues & Corrective actions– Risks– Changes– Quality– Procurement– Minutes

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Global Project structure

• Centralised • Distributed with local Coordinators

• Distributed with functional Coordinators

• Round-the-clock project management

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Global team member’s skills

• Global communication• Global experience• Global thinking• Culture awareness• Technical capabilities in the communication tools• Self-discipline• Personal Confidence• Tolerance for ambiguity• Self-motivation• Self-efficacy• Organization• Concentration• Reduced social interaction• Openness and flexibility 

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Global Collaborative networks

• Interests• Corporate cultures• Maturity levels on project management

• Maturity levels on processes and procedures

• Collaborative tools and communication techniques

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Global Collaborative networks

• Establish the purpose of the program/project• Prepare team charter• Define roles and responsibilities• Agree on common systems, structures,  policies,t ools and 

methods• Define a shared goal• Understand the different values and styles• Identify training an coaching needs• Organize social activities that allow relationship building and 

the creation of informal networks• Monitor the effectiveness of the above 

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Focus in communication infrastructure

• Ease of use and quality of telephones , email, audio and video conferencing, instant messaging, web conferencing.  

• Documentation and procedures of technologies used. 

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Communication recommendations

• Consider constant travelling, local holidays and vacations as possible reasons for delays

• Try to reply the important messages on the same day or provide an estimate on the reply date

• Remember to enable the ‘out of office’ message• Avoid acronyms, sarcasm, slang• Always state the time zone, date format you are referring to• Wait overnight to send emotional responses • Be careful when replying to messages sent to a large group of 

people• Always include a short signature with contact details• Always keep the original text intact when forwarding a message• “Be conservative in what you send and liberal in what you receive” 

(Hambridge)

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Communication recommendations

Avoid• E-mail for urgent information or requests• Adopting e-mails as the main communication tools, instead of 

meetings, knowledge sharing tools and collaborative project management systems

• E-mail as a file transfer tool• Call after the e-mail• Create as many informal events as possible, especially in difusse, 

low context cultures 

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Communication recommendationsAudio conferencing• Issue the meeting request in advance along with the telephone number 

details• Limit the duration to two hours by dividing the meeting into logical sections 

(3h for video)• Commence the conference facilities prior to the starting time• Confirm that every invitee has joined• Speak slowly and clearly• Use mute when not talking• Proactively engage participants, note who is not participating , and invite 

them by name to confirm their agreement, or voice their opinion• Capture all action points, confirm their ownership, and expected completion 

date• When the time allocated is not enough, ask all if all participants are able to 

continue.• Take special care for video conferencing (Conference room telephone 

number, participants mobile numbers, allow time for technical issues)

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Project management software

• Network diagramming• Detailed schedule with colored indications• Milestone schedule• Risk log with automted warnings to owners• Issues log• Change control system• Progress report• Resources allocation • Integration with timesheet• Integration with financial systems• Schedule network analysis

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 Seven sinsin a multicultural world

• Unawareness• Ethnocentrism• Amnesia• Professional myopia• Conceptual mix-up• Academic polemics• Level confusion

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Project management fundamentals

Be clear on the Business strategy including corporate objectives, business unit objectives, mission statements and vision 

Have a concise elevator speech ready at all times Don’t waste time. It is the most precious resource Treat key projects as a portfolio of investments Clearly communicate key project deliverables and dates Clearly communicate and challenge key project assumptions. 

They might be risks

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Project management fundamentals

Understand the project constraints  Begin detailed project planning with clear formulation of 

what has to be accomplished (product scope) and what has to be done (project scope)

Remember the triple constraint of scope, schedule and budget

Spend some extra time to turn unknown unknowns into known unknowns

Ask the tough EV analysis questions to determine if we are within budget and on schedule

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References

• Buchanan D. and Huczynski, A. (1997) Organizational Behavior : An introductory Text – third edition (Prentice Hall Europe, UK)

• Hambridge, S. (1995) Netiquette Guidelines (IETF)• Hofstede G. (2001) Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, 

institutions and Organizations across nations (Sage Publications, UK)• Lipnack J. and Stamps J, (1997) Virtual teams: reaching across space, time, 

and organizations with technology (John Wiley and sons, USA)• Somers M. (2007) Coaching at work: Powering your team with awareness , 

responsibility and trust (John Wiley and sons, UK).• Trompenaars F. and Hampden-Turner C. (2005) Riding the waves of culture: 

understanding cultural diversity in Business (Nicholas Brealey, UK)• Trompenaars F and Wooliams P. (2003) Business across cultures (Capstone, 

UK)• Kerzner H (2004) Advanced project management: Best practices on 

implementation (John Wiley & sons, USA)• Morrell M, and Capparell, Shackleton’s way (Penguin Books, 2001)• The world is flat, Friedman, T. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006• Managing cultural differences, Moran R. Harris P. and moran S. 2006

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