Future Electricity Grids 1/2

Mini-Course on Future Electric GridsPart 1 of 2

Dirk Van Hertem — [email protected]

Electric power systemsElectrical engineering department

Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

February 22, 2010

K.U.Leuven (Belgium) KTH, Stockholm (Sweden)

Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 1 / 29

1 IntroductionCourse overview

2 Variable flows in the systemBefore liberalization and the rise of renewablesInternational market environmentMore renewable energy generationEffects on the systemInternational settingCommon misunderstandings about wind power

3 Investments in the power systemNeed for investmentsInvestments to integrate renewablesInvestment technologies to increase transmission capacity


Introduction





Introduction Course overview

Who am I?

Master in engineering from KHK Geel, Belgium

Master of science in engineering from K.U.Leuven, Belgium

PhD in engineering from K.U.Leuven, Belgium

Currently Post-Doc researcher at the Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm, Sweden

Active member of both IEEE and Cigré



Course overview and objectives

Overview Part 1New situation in the power system

1 Liberalization of the market2 Increased penetration of smaller, variable energy sources3 No single authority in Europe4 Lacking investments in the transmission system



Course overview and objectives

Overview Part 2International coordination in the power system

How this cooperation can benefit and obstruct

Power flow controllers

Coordination and power flow controllers

The future “supergrid”. . .

. . . and the road towards it



What it is about and what not

Not the grid of 2050

Main focus is Europe

Not about smart grids (or not specifically)

About transmission and not distribution

Mainly from a grid operator point of view


Variable flows in the system





Variable flows in the system Before liberalization and the rise of renewables

The old system

Before liberalization:Mostly vertically integrated companiesAll operational issues were within one companyBoth generation and transmission investments were done in one companyand coordinatedSynchronous system to increase securityLimited international trade, and mostly long-term contracts

Before massive introduction of renewable energy sources anddistributed generation:

Centrally planned generationCentrally controlledFocus on high availabilityBigger is better (economy of scale)


Variable flows in the system International market environment

Energy is traded

Electric energy is traded on the market in blocks of 1 or more hours

Where different bids can come from different generators

These bids are also from neighboring systems

When a single company offers a block, this is not necessarily from thesame generator

This causes variable flows throughout the grid

Including transnational flows

Physical flows are not equal to contracted flows

A higher reserve margin is needed

The ramping of generators is not immediate


Variable flows in the system More renewable energy generation

Increased penetration of smaller, variable energy sources

Traditional power plantsBigger is better, more economicSize is limited by technology (GW power plants)Generally investments and operation by centrally controlled, bigcompanies

Renewables, CHP and new generator types emergedGeneration units as small as 1 kWNot centrally planned or controlledFurther increase to be expected in the future (Electrical cars?)

Uncertain generation pattern. . .Pwind = f (v3

wind ), no light during the night and clouds,. . .CHP output is usually dependent on heat process

. . . and consequently uncertain flows

Balancing of wind is a problem for some countries



A strong increase in power from renewable energy

Figure: Share of electricity from renewable energyto gross electricity consumption. (source:Eurostat)

Figure: The development of wind energy inEurope shows an almost exponential increase(logarithmic scale). (source: Eurostat)



A strong increase in power from renewable energyIncreased installed wind power in Europe



A strong increase in power from renewable energy

Installed capacity of wind in Europe

(source EWEA)



A strong increase in power from renewable energyLarger part of new generation is from variable sources

(source EWEA)Dirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 11 / 29

Variable flows in the system Effects on the system

Effects on the system

Contracted/scheduled flows

[email protected]© K.U.Leuven - ESAT/Electa

Unannounced wind power in the north D scheduled power exchanges

B NL

D

CENTREL

RWE

ELIA TENNET CEPS

CZ

MVM

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SEPS

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PSE

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A APG

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North

South

- 1017 - 2967

- 504

+3903 +3126

+677

+2614

- 5380 - 452

646

2169

2150

798

1815

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118

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575

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120

401

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173

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Physical flows


Unannounced wind power in the north D scheduled power exchanges vs physical power flows

B NL

D

CENTREL

RWE

ELIA TENNET CEPS

CZ

MVM

H

SEPS

SK

PSE

PL

A APG

CH

ETRANS

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North

South

- 1017 - 2967

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646

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Resulting flows


Unannounced wind power in the north Ddifference between physical and programmed flows

B NL

D

CENTREL

RWE

ELIATENNET CEPS

CZ

MVM

H

SEPS

SK

PSE

PL

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North

South

2384

147

150

2283

232

0

1492

1307

4327

437

729

92




Frequency deviations due to hourly changes in generation and limited ramprates (source UCTE)



Effects on the systemFrequency deviations in Nordel increase in general



Unpredictability of wind power: international context

0 5 10 15 20 25 30−2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Day of the month

Win

d ge

nera

tion

(MW

)

Actual

Real, estimated and mismatch wind generation in November 2007 in theE.On-Netz grid (Now transpower, part of TenneT), Day-ahead data for every15 min




0 5 10 15 20 25 30−2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Day of the month

Win

d ge

nera

tion

(MW

)

ActualExpected





0 5 10 15 20 25 30−2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Day of the month

Win

d ge

nera

tion

(MW

)

ActualExpectedDifference





�16,3 %

�3,9 %

-2,9 %

?3,5 %

614,2 %612,8 %

+100 MW

-100 MW

Wind is predominantly located in the north. . . and is balanced in the south

National problem can have international consequences




Unpredictability of hydro

Runoff variations in the power-generating rivers (source: Swedenergy)


Variable flows in the system International setting

Difficult international settingEvery TSO, generator, regulator,. . . on his own

There is no single European authority: an international patchwork

Each has his own responsibilities and tasks

No common authority and no common goal

European Union Synchronous zonesDirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 14 / 29






ETSO TSOsDirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 14 / 29


Difficult international settingEvery TSO, generator, regulator,. . . on his ownThere is no single European authority: an international patchworkEach has his own responsibilities and tasksNo common authority and no common goal

Third package

3rd package proposes some changes

Full (further) unbundling

Establishment of ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission SystemOperators for Electricity)

ETSO + synchronous zones (UCTE, Nordel, Baltso, UKTSOA, ATSOI)

Establishment of an ACER (Agency of energy regulators) to get ONEregulatory body with binding decision powers to complement nationalregulators

Not a direct successor of ERGEG/CEER

Cross-border cooperation and investments should be promoted

More transparency and solidarity







Steps towards a IEM are being taken: ERI + Third package

Regional coordinated grids ENTSO-E: synchronous zones + ETSODirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 14 / 29

Variable flows in the system Common misunderstandings about wind power

Common misunderstandings about wind power

Wind integration is a hot issue, and much debated

There are both people in favor and against wind

A lot of misconceptions exists

(source: Wind Power Myths Debunked; M. Milligan, K. Porter, E. DeMeo,P. Denholm, H. Holttinen, B. Kirby, N. Miller, A. Mills, M. O’Malley,M.Schuerger, L. Söder; Power and Energy Magazine; Nov/Dec 2009)




Power system operation with variable wind?Variability is something operators can work with, as loads also vary

Variability is lower when more wind generators are grouped, especiallywhen spread geographically

Forecasting is possible and techniques get better

Answer: yes possible, but higher reserves are needed on thegenerators (at a cost + international influence)

Capacity credit?Capacity credit: sufficient installed capacity to cover load

Planning takes normally a reserve margin for generation (outages etc)

But can we count on wind?

Answer: yes, but not at full capacity. Capacity margin should becalculated through LOLE (loss of load expectancy)




What are the chances on no wind at all?. . . or simultaneous shut down at too high wind speeds

Aggregation again lessens the problems

Current forecasts are good enough to start up alternative energygeneration in due time

Difficult to predict wind?Amplitude and shift

Long time horizons are more difficult to predict than short

Updating of forecasts and scheduling is needed

Forecast errors need to be integrated in predictions




Expensive to integrate wind?Integration costs money

But these costs can be integrated

Also here balancing over large areas helps

New transmission needed?Any generation needs transmission

Distributed wind might initially reduce the need for grids

Remote locations need to be connected (e.g. new offshore alwaysneeds new lines)

Similar as connection of hydro in 60’s and 70’s

Balancing/variability requires more grid than traditional generation forthe same amount of energy delivered



Common misunderstandings about wind powerWind power and backup generation: burning fossil fuels?

Backup (reserves) are needed

In practice this is done through existing generation not working at 100 %capacity or controllable generation (mostly hydro)

→ No dedicated backup

System-wide, CO2 is saved and fossil fuel consumption decreased(although single machine efficiency might be lower)

Storage is needed?The grid itself works as a storage device by balancing different variableenergy sources

Storage might be interesting from an economical point of view,especially at very high levels of penetration

Storage must compete with wind curtailment, new transmission linesand generation dispatch

Limited availability of useful storage technologies

Hydro (pumped or controlled flow) best storageDirk Van Hertem (Electric Power Systems, KTH) Mini-course on Future Electric Grids (1/2) 22/02/2010 15 / 29



Does wind generation measure up taking capacity factor intoaccount?

This is a purely economic consideration: e/kWh

Is there a limit to the accommodation of wind?There is an economic limit (linked to willingness to pay for a “greener”,CO2-free society or a more reliable energy supply)

Dependent on the grid

Technically there is no clear limit as both active (through curtailment)and reactive power can be controlled

Control of the wind generators and the system as a whole needs to beadapted in order to accommodate a high penetration of wind


Investments in the power system





Investments in the power system Need for investments

Lacking investments in the power systemIn the vertically integrated system, investments were “easy”

Centrally controlled with government supportSecurity above everything else: overinvesting is okGeneration investments and transmission investments were plannedwithin one organization

Now investments in transmission lines are subject to regulatory approvalRegulator is usually focussed on reducing transmission tariffsRegulators consider mainly issues within their member statePolicy and regulations (environmental, building permits,. . . ) havebecome more stringent, complex and especially time consumingDifficult investment climate due to uncertain investments in generationand uncertain politics/regulationsHeavy public opposition against any new investment (environmental,public, political, health,. . . )

NIMBY, NIMTO, BANANA, CAVE,. . .

According to ETSO: . . . in some countries, not a single overhead powerline exceeding five kilometres has been built in the last 10 years”



Lacking investments in the power systemIn the vertically integrated system, investments were “easy”

Centrally controlled with government supportSecurity above everything else: overinvesting is okGeneration investments and transmission investments were plannedwithin one organization

Now investments in transmission lines are subject to regulatory approvalRegulator is usually focussed on reducing transmission tariffsRegulators consider mainly issues within their member statePolicy and regulations (environmental, building permits,. . . ) havebecome more stringent, complex and especially time consumingDifficult investment climate due to uncertain investments in generationand uncertain politics/regulationsHeavy public opposition against any new investment (environmental,public, political, health,. . . )

NIMBY (not in my backyard), NIMTO (not in my term of office), BANANA(Built absolutely nothing anywhere near anything), CAVE (citizens againstvirtually everything),. . .

According to ETSO: . . . in some countries, not a single overhead powerline exceeding five kilometres has been built in the last 10 years”



Investments over the last decadesDSO data

The grid was built about 40 years ago

sources: resp. RWE, PBPower/IBM and KEMA



Cross border investments

Why cross-border investments are especially problematicCross-border connections are traditionally weak: previously onlyneeded for synchronization and in emergencies

Price differences between zones specifically show themselves ascongestion on borders

Uncertainty about what is happening abroad (limited knowledge of theoutside grid development)

Different policies and requirements across borders

Paradox of investing in transmission lines for other beneficiaries



Paradox of investing in cross-border lines

Paradox of investing to relieve congestion

A B

A is congested because ofnorth-south flow in B





A B

A is congested because ofnorth-south flow in B

A B

Investing in A is ‘bad’ solution forA: local investment for foreignproblem





A B

Investing in B would be best, butno reason for B (or the regulatorof B) because no local problem





A B

Investing in B would be best, butno reason for B (or the regulatorof B) because no local problem

A B

PFC can help



Result: Bottlenecks in the system

Figure: Electricity Projects of European Interest (source: PIP:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0846:REV1:EN:PDF)


http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0846:REV1:EN:PDF

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0846:REV1:EN:PDF


Obstables for PIP projects according to TEN-EPIP= Priority Interconnection Plan

Obstacle # Projects

1 Electromagnetic fields (EMF) 112 Environmental issues 93 Visual impact 74 Densely populated/Urban/Rural areas 75 Grid issues 96 Dependency on other project(s) 27 Authorization procedure and legal framework 128 Identification of cross-border points 39 Commercial Problem 3

10 Difficult terrain and weather 411 No perception of supra-national or European perspective 2

Table: Obstacles according to the priority interconnection plan of TEN-E


Investments in the power system Investments to integrate renewables

Investing to accommodate renewables

Any generation needs transmission

Renewables often located at remote locations

This is certainly the case for wind (NIMBY)

. . . and evident for offshore

Variability of wind makes that on average more grid is needed for thesame load



Power from the sea: Belgian example

Concessions:

C-power: 216-300 MW, 27 km

Belwind: 330 MW, 42 km

Eldepasco: 180-252 MW,38 KM

More coming/being processed




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50˚00'

50˚00'

3˚50' 5˚40'

49˚40'

49˚30'

49˚30'49˚40'

49˚50'

49˚50'

50˚10'

50˚10'

50˚30'

50˚20'

50˚20'50˚30'

50˚50'

50˚40'

50˚40'50˚50'

51˚00'

51˚00'

51˚20'

51˚10'

51˚10'51˚20'

51˚30'

2˚30' E . Greenwich 2˚40' 2˚50' 3˚00' 3˚10' 3˚20' 3˚30' 3˚40' 4˚00' 4˚10' 4˚20' 4˚30' 4˚40' 4˚50' 5˚00' 5˚10' 5˚20' 5˚30' 5˚50' 6˚00' 6˚10' 6˚20' 6˚30' 6˚40 ˚50' 7˚00'

51˚30'

6˚

COURS D’EAU WATERLOPEN

R ivières et canaux R ivieren en kanalen

CENTRALES

centrale nuc léaire

centrale hydraulique

centrale de pompage

exis tants

en projet

380kV

220-150kV

70kV

centrale thermique

parc d'éoliennes

centrale thermique en projet

C ENTRALES

S TATIONS

windmolenpark

thermis che centrale in ontwerp

POS TES

bes taande

in ontwerp

380kV

220-150kV

70kV

M E R C A T O R

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Herbaimont

kerncentrale

thermis che centrale

waterkrachtcentrale

pompcentrale

1 x 150 + 1 x 70 (2 x 150 + 1 x 70)

ONDERGRONDSE KABELS

câbles en parallèle

en cons truction ou en projet

2e terne en cons truction ou en projet 2de draads tel in aanbouw of in ontwerp

lignes à 2 ternes detens ions différentes

tens ion d’exploitation inférieureà la tens ion de cons truction

Tableau des compos itions deslignes à plus de 2 ternes :

1 0 3 4

9 1 x 150 + 2 x 70 (3 x 150)

1 x 150 + 3 x 70 (4 x 150)

2 x 150 (2 x 380 + 2 x 150)

2 x 150 (4 x 150)

CABLES SOUTERRAINS

380kV

220kV

150kV

70kV

S amens tellingtabel van de lijnenmet meer dan 2 draads tellen:

1 5 1 6

3 x 150 (4 x 150)

3 x 150 + 1 x 70 (4 x 150)

Nombre de ternes

ins tallés

1

1

2

(avec numéro de référence dansle tableau des compos itions )

5 6

2 x 150 + 2 x 70 (4 x 150) 1 1 1 2

1 7 1 8

4 x 70

3 x 150

3 x 220

1 x 380 + 2 x 150 (2 x 380 + 2 x 150)

380kV

220kV

parallele kabels2 2

150kV

70kV

prévus

1

2

2

> 2

1 2

2 x 150 + 1 x 70 (3 x 150)

4 x 150

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uitbatings spanning lagerdan de cons tructiespanning

7 8

1 3 1 4

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1 x 70 (4 x 150)

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150 + 70

70(150)

4

in aanbouw of in ontwerp

S T - A M A N D

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150 +70

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LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN

Tension d’exploitation

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70kV 70kV

2

2

2

2

2 LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN

UitbatingsspanningTension d’exploitation

2

2

2

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2

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2

2

2

3 2

150kV 150kV

3

2

2

2

2

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220k V 220k V





380kV 380kV

Hermalles /Huy

C roix-C habot

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S ocolie

Amps in-Neuville

Abée-S c ry

Les S pagnes

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P âturages

Froidchapelle

HanzinelleC iney

B uis sonville

S oy S ankt-Vith[S aint-Vith]

C arrièredu Milieu

Ath(S NC B )

B aulersS auvenière

Gembloux

S tatte(S NC B )

C roix-C habot

Wanze

Pepins ter G ileppe

Vesdre

B as -Warneton[Neerwaas ten]

S T-Denijs - B oekel

Geraardsbergen

Kes sel- lo

Leuven(NMB S )

HeverleeGas thuisberg

Lummen

Maasmechelen

B ornem

S t-NiklaasHerenthout

Langveld

Gerdingen

R ijkevorsel

Arlon

Differd.Arbed

B elv. Arbed

S chif.

Monceau-en-Ardennes

Orgeo

R ecogne

Neufchâteau

Vierre

Longlier (S NC B )

Marbehan(S NC B )

R espelt

S olre S t-Géry

MomigniesC himay

C lermont

Thy- le-C hâteau

C ouvin

R omedenne

Pondrôme

Dinant

S ommière

Has tière

Herbaimont

Hogne(S NC B ) Marche-en-

Famenne

C harneuxOn

Forrières(S NC B )

C ierreux

Quevaucamps

Harchies

E louges

Thumaide

Lobbes

C iply

Lens

Gerpinnes

Andenne

F lorée

S art-B ernard(S NC B )

G rands -Malades

Dorinne

Yvoir(S NC B )

Warnant

Namur

Marche- les -Dames

Waret

Leuze

B ois -de-Villers

S t-S ervais

Wierde

C omblain

B omalMiécret

Trois -Ponts

B ronrome

B evercé

S paTuron

Heid-de-Goreux

Amel

[B utgenbach]

S tephanshof

B ütgenbach

[Amblève]

B landain

B ekaert

K ortrijk- NMB S

K .Oos t

R onse

Tournai

[R enaix]

Deux-Acren

R onquières

Enghien (S NC B )

B raine- le-C .

Hoves

Mes lin

Herfelingen

Appelterre

[Edingen (NMB S )]

C ourt-S t-E t.

Ottignies (S NC B )

C eroux

S t-Truiden

Landen

J odoigne

G latigny

Ais che-en-R efail

Hannut

Tongeren

B orgloon

Ivoz

FoozS aivesMons in

S tembert

Welkenraedt (S NC B )

Les P lenes ses

Henri-C hapelle

Montzen(S NC B )

S oiron

Noordschote

Gavere

Zottegem

B aas rode

Welle E s seneDenderleeuw

(NMB S )

Hamme

Temse

Amylum

Willebroek

Tis selt

Duffel

Muizen

Geel/Oevel

Halen

K ersbeek

Aars chotDorenberg

Pellenberg

Dowchemical

Hechtel

Opglabbeek

B ilzen

Paals teens tr.

Has selt

(NMB S )

Alken

Maaseik

B ekaert

Lanaken

Nijlen

K almthout

Turnhou t

R avels

HerentalsOlen

S t-Huibrechts -L ille

OverpeltInfrax

MAR CHIN

CHER ATTE

B ERNEAU

NAVAGNE

Hte S AR TE

C LERMONT

AWIR S

LA TROQUE

S ER AING ROMS EE

B R ES S OUX

J UP ILLE

CHER TAL

LE VAL

B ELLAIR E

C B R

SCHELL E

MHO

WOMMELGEM

MORTSEL

BASF

KETENISSE

OORDEREN

NOORDLAN D

HEIMOLEN WALGOED

SCHELLE DOR P

WAARLOOS

LIER

B EVEREN

S T-PAUWELS

LILLOBAYER

FINA

EKEREN7e HAVENDOK


ZURENBORG

BURCHT

ZWIJNDRECH T

C. ZWIJNDRECHT

DAMPLEIN

PETROL


ESSO

OELEGE M

SOLVAY


F . DE FER

MARCHE -LEZ-EC AUS S INNES

PETROCHIM

LA C ROYER E

BOEL HFBOEL TC C

GOS S EL IE S

AMER CŒ UR

BAUDOURAIR

L IQUIDE

TER TR E

PETIT MARAIS

GHLIN

J EMAPPES

OBOURG

HARMIGNIE S

VILLE /HAINE

TR IVIE R E S

B INCHE

BOELLL

BOELFOUR

BAS COUP

DAMPR EMY

MONC EAUMALFALIS E

CAR ALFOC


FLEURUS

MONTIGNIE S

AUVELAIS

FAR C IENNES

B LANCHIS S ER IE

LA PR AYE

PONT-de-LOUP

LA PR AYEFOUR

J EMEPPE -S OLVAY


FE LUY

BUIS S ER ET

HE IMOLEN HEZE

PETIT MARAIS

LATOUR

DOTTIGNIE S[DOTTENIJ S ] B AS S E -WAVR E

S CHIFFLANGE

ES CH-S UR-ALZETTE

HE INS CH

B ER TR ANGE

ROOS T

VIR EUX

THUILL IE S

S NC B


S NC B

MARCOUR T

ANTOING

AIR L IQ.

NIVE LLE S

C LAB ECQ

OIS QUER CQ

S NCBC LERMONT

LE VAL

CHER TAL

S TADEN

IEPER NOORD

WES TROZEB EKE S T-B AAFS -VIJ VE

WOR TEGEM

MOEN

TIE LT

DES S E LGEM

R ELEGEM

TER L INDEN

KOB B EGEM

S CHAAR B EEK

MOLENB EEK

DILB EEK

Q. DEMETS K .ZUID/MIDI

B UIZINGEN

WIJ GMAAL

KNP

HERDER EN

S IDMAR

NIEUWEVAAR T

KENNEDYLAAN

KEER KEN

MALDER EN

BUR CHT

ZWIJ NDR ECHT

WALGOED

B ER INGEN

BALEN

BAS F

SOLVAY

MALLE

ROUVROY

S t-MARD

S NCB

HER S ER ANGE

OXYLUX

LANDR ES

B ELVAL

MONT S T.MAR TIN

HE IS DOR F

LUMES

VILLEROUX

FLEBOUR

VIANDENS .E .O. B AULER

NIEDERS TEDEM

TR IER

J AMIOLLE

NEUVILLEPLATE -TAILLE

CHOOZ

MONT-LEZ-HOUFFALIZE

TER TR E

B AUDOUR


PETROCHIMFELUY

GHLINOBOURG

HARMIGNIE S

V/HAINELA C ROYER E

BAS COUP

TR IVIE R E S

PERONNES

B INCHE


J EMEPPE -S OLVAY

GOS S EL IE S

FLEURUS

AMER CŒ UR

DAMPR EMY

MONC EAU MONTIGNIE S

AUVELAIS

FAR C IENNES

LA PR AYEFOUR

S E ILLE S

S NC B

Hte S AR TE

S NC B

IE PER

MARQUAIN

HAR ELB EK E

HEULE

ZWEVEGEMWEVELGEM

PEKKE

MOUS C RON

KUURNE

MENENWES T

[MOES KROEN]

R UIEN

OUDENAARDE

LIGNETHIEULAIN

WATTINESGAURAINS NC B

E IZE R ING E N

NINOVE WOLUWE -S T-L .S T-L . WOLUWE

HELIPOR T WIER TZ

DHANIS

IXE LLE SE LS ENEFOR ES T

VOR S T

LABOR ELEC

S T-GENES IUS -RODE[RHODE-S T-GENÈSE]

COR BAIS

WATER LOO

B RAINE -L ’ALLEUD

BAIS Y -THY

VIEUXGENAPPES NC B

NMB S

TIENEN B RUS TEM

AWIR SLA TROQUE

S ER AING

B R ES S OUXJ UP ILLE

ROMS EE

EUPEN

P T-R ECHAIN

GARNS TOCK

B ERNEAU

BATTIC E

F IB ER

KOKS IJ DE

B EER S T

ZEDELGEM

P ITTEM

MU IZE L AAR

B EVER EN

RUMB EKE

OOS TROZEB EKE

AALTERLANGER B RUGGE

S ADAC EM

R INGVAAR T

HAM

FLORA

DRONGEN

DE INZE

ZELE

S T-G ILL IS -DENDERMONDE

MER CHTEMAALS T NOORD

AALS T

LOKER EN

MACHELEN

HOENDERVELD

WESPELAAR

LEES T

WILS E LE

GR IMB ERGEN

S IDAL

PUTTEMECHELEN

NMB S KRUIS B AAN

HE IS T/B ER G

S CHELLE-DOR P

LIE R

ZAVENTEM

HAR ENHE IDE

AMOCOES S OCHEM

HERCULES

TES S ENDERLO

DIE S T

TIP

HOUTHALEN

ZUTENDAAL

S TALEN

GENK -LANGER LO

GODSHE IDE

S IK E L

ZONHOVEN

E IS DEN

S L IJ K ENS

ZEEB RUGGE

B RUGGE

B LAUWE TOR ENHERDER S B RUG

EEK LO

KETENIS S E

KALLO

B EVER EN

S T-PAUWELS

NOORDLAND

LILLO

BAYER

F INA

EKER EN

7e HAVENDOK

MER KS EMSCHELDE-

LAAN

ZUR ENBORGWOMMELGEM

OELEGEM

MOR TS EL

S t- J OB

DAMPLE IN

PETROL

NOORDERDOKKEN(NMB S )E S S O

BEERS E

POEDER LEEMOL

NYR S TAR

LOMMELOVER PELT

MHO

B LIGHBANK

THORNTONBANK

T I H A N G E

G R A M M E

R I M I E R E

L I X H E

MERCATOR

LINT

ZANDVLIET

DOEL

S T - A M A N D

G O U Y

T E R G N E E

C O U R C E L L E S


M A A S B R A C H T

M A S T A I N G

C H I E V R E S

G O U Y

B R U E G E L

D R O G E N B O S

L I X H E

R O D E N H U I Z E M E R C A T O R

K R E E K R A K

Z A N D V L I E T

E I N D H O V E N

A U B A N G E

M O U L A I N E

V I G Y

R E V I N

M A Z U R E S

L O N N Y

V E S L E

A C H E N E

A V E L I N

C H E V A L E T

C E N T R A L E S E N E F F E C O U R C E L L E S S T - A M A N D

T E R G N E E

C O G N E L E E

C H A M P I O N

R I M I E R E T I H A N G E

G R A M M E

B R U M E C O O

W A R A N D E

A V E L G E M

M E K I N G E N

A V E R N A S

I Z E G E M

Z O M E R G E M

B U G G E N H O U T

V E R B R A N D E B R U G

L I N T M E E R H O U T

O B E R Z I E R

V A N E Y C K

E E K L O N O O R D

B O R S S E L E

D O E L

M A S S E N H O V E N

D O D E W A A R D

G E E R T R U I D E N B E R G

400 kV

150 kV

Wind

≈ 30 km> 30 km

Limited grid

Wind is located far from shore

With limited grid in between

Already loaded in inlanddirection

Investments needed toaccommodate all generation

Upgrade proposed by Elia(Belgian TSO)

Limited length of new linesneeded (OHL), rest upgrade

Still in proposal phase

Significant resistance

Earliest realization 2013, realdate 20??

Building of wind mills might befaster




Alz

ette

Mos

elle

Our

Sûre

Vierre

Semois

Lesse

Ourthe

Sambre

Warche

Amblève

Gileppe

Vesdre

Meu

se

Maa

s

Demer

Grote Nete

Ourthe

Vesdre

Meu

se

Dijle

Dyle

Rupel

Dende

r

Dendr

e

Sche

lde Leie

Escaut

IJzer

Meu

se

Sambre

Eau

d’H

eure

Echelle Schaal

0 10 20 30 km

1 : 1 000 000 Situation au

stand op 1-1-2009

Institut Géographique National Nationaal Geogra�sch Instituut

Amel

Ho lz wa rche

We s e r

5˚50'4˚30'2˚40' E . Greenwich 2˚50' 3˚00' 3˚10' 3˚20' 3˚30' 3˚40' 3˚50' 4˚00' 4˚10' 4˚20' 4˚40' 4˚50' 5˚00' 5˚10' 5˚20' 5˚30' 5˚40' 6˚00' 6˚10' 6˚20' 6˚30' 6˚40' 6˚50'

50˚00'

50˚00'

3˚50' 5˚40'

49˚40'

49˚30'

49˚30'49˚40'

49˚50'

49˚50'

50˚10'

50˚10'

50˚30'

50˚20'

50˚20'50˚30'

50˚50'

50˚40'

50˚40'50˚50'

51˚00'

51˚00'

51˚20'

51˚10'

51˚10'51˚20'

51˚30'

2˚30' E . Greenwich 2˚40' 2˚50' 3˚00' 3˚10' 3˚20' 3˚30' 3˚40' 4˚00' 4˚10' 4˚20' 4˚30' 4˚40' 4˚50' 5˚00' 5˚10' 5˚20' 5˚30' 5˚50' 6˚00' 6˚10' 6˚20' 6˚30' 6˚40 ˚50' 7˚00'

51˚30'

6˚

COURS D’EAU WATERLOPEN

R ivières et canaux R ivieren en kanalen

CENTRALES

centrale nuc léaire

centrale hydraulique

centrale de pompage

exis tants

en projet

380kV

220-150kV

70kV

centrale thermique

parc d'éoliennes

centrale thermique en projet

C ENTRALES

S TATIONS

windmolenpark

thermis che centrale in ontwerp

POS TES

bes taande

in ontwerp

380kV

220-150kV

70kV

M E R C A T O R

MOLENB EEK

Herbaimont

kerncentrale

thermis che centrale

waterkrachtcentrale

pompcentrale

1 x 150 + 1 x 70 (2 x 150 + 1 x 70)

ONDERGRONDSE KABELS

câbles en parallèle

en cons truction ou en projet

2e terne en cons truction ou en projet 2de draads tel in aanbouw of in ontwerp

lignes à 2 ternes detens ions différentes

tens ion d’exploitation inférieureà la tens ion de cons truction

Tableau des compos itions deslignes à plus de 2 ternes :

1 0 3 4

9 1 x 150 + 2 x 70 (3 x 150)

1 x 150 + 3 x 70 (4 x 150)

2 x 150 (2 x 380 + 2 x 150)

2 x 150 (4 x 150)

CABLES SOUTERRAINS

380kV

220kV

150kV

70kV

S amens tellingtabel van de lijnenmet meer dan 2 draads tellen:

1 5 1 6

3 x 150 (4 x 150)

3 x 150 + 1 x 70 (4 x 150)

Nombre de ternes

ins tallés

1

1

2

(avec numéro de référence dansle tableau des compos itions )

5 6

2 x 150 + 2 x 70 (4 x 150) 1 1 1 2

1 7 1 8

4 x 70

3 x 150

3 x 220

1 x 380 + 2 x 150 (2 x 380 + 2 x 150)

380kV

220kV

parallele kabels2 2

150kV

70kV

prévus

1

2

2

> 2

1 2

2 x 150 + 1 x 70 (3 x 150)

4 x 150

Aanta l draads tellen

voorzien uitgerus t

(met referentienummer inde samens tellings tabel)

1 1

2 1

2 2

> 2

lijn met 2 draads tellenvan vers chillende spanningen

uitbatings spanning lagerdan de cons tructiespanning

7 8

1 3 1 4

3 x 380 (4 x 380)

3 x 70

1 x 70 (4 x 150)

1 x 220 + 2 x 70

150 + 70

70(150)

4

in aanbouw of in ontwerp

S T - A M A N D


Marchienne

F . DE FER

70(150)

Mais ières150 + 70

MAR CHE -LEZ-EC AUS S INNES

PETROCHIM

LA C ROYER E

La Louvière

BOEL HFBOEL TC C

GOS S EL IE S

AMER CŒ UR

Liberchies

K eumiée

70(150)

150 + 70

B AUDOURAIR

L IQUIDE

TER TR E

E louges

PETIT MARAIS

GHLIN

C iplyP âturages

J EMAPPES

B ous su

Mons

70(150)

70(150)

150+70

150 + 30

150 + 70

30(150)

70(150)

70(150)

1 6

1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0

OBOURG

HARMIGNIE S

VILLE /HAINE

TR IVIE R E S

B INCHE

BOELLL

BOELFOUR

150+70 150 + 70

150 +70

150 + 70

70(150)

E s tinnes

G O U Y

BAS COUP

DAMPR EMY

MONC EAU

P iéton(S NC B )


MALFALIS E

CAR ALFOC

70(150)

70(150)15

0+70

2 Anderlues

220 +

150


FLEURUS

MONTIGNIE S

T E R G N E E

AUVELAIS

FAR C IENNES

B LANCHIS S ER IEC harleroi

G illy

LA PR AYE

PONT-de-LOUP

Heppigniessud

J umet

(30)70+30(150)

70(150)

4

LA PR AYEFOUR

70(150)

J EMEPPE -S OLVAY

Fos ses - la-Ville

S a m b r e


FE LUY

C O U R C E L L E S

BUIS S ER ET

S eneffe70(

150)

1 2

2


S ombreffe

Marbais(S NC B )

C has sart

Gembloux

Wilrijk

SCHELL E

MHO

WOMMELGEM

MORTSEL

BASF

KETENISSE

OORDEREN

150+36

9

NOORDLAN D

S t-Niklaa s

HEIMOLEN

Temse

MERCATOR

150+

70

WALGOED

SCHELLE DOR P

Hoboke n

Aartselaa r Kontich

WAARLOOS7

LIER

LINT

B EVEREN

S T-PAUWELS

LILLOBAYER

FINA

EKEREN7e HAVENDOK


ZURENBORG

BURCHT

ZWIJNDRECH T

C. ZWIJNDRECHT

Oeve rB elliardstr.



150+36

2

2

3

DAMPLEIN2

PETROL

2


ESSO

2

OELEGE M

ZANDVLIET

DOEL

380+

150

22

SOLVAY

1 : 500 000

1 : 50 0 0 0 0

Hermalles /Huy

MAR CHIN

T I H A N G E

C roix-C habot

J emeppe

P rofondval

Ehein

R amet V e s d r e

S aives

CHER ATTE

150+70

S ocolie

B ERNEAU

NAVAGNE

G R A M M E

Hte S AR TE

C LERMONT

Amps in-Neuville

Abée-S c ry

Les S pagnes

R I M I E R E

Poulseur

E sneux

R ivage(S NC B )

O u r t h e

Anthisnes

70 (150)

AWIR S

Ivoz-R amet

Fooz

Voroux(S NC B )

380+150

LA TROQUE

S ER AING ROMS EE

B R ES S OUX

J UP ILLE

CHER TAL

Hollogne

Ans

Alleur

G lain

Vottem

FNVottem

Montegnée

Tilleur

OugréeS c les s in

S art-T ilman

Angleur

F lémalleLE VAL

G rivegnée

C hênée

Magotteaux

B E LLAIR E

Mons in

FN

Hers tal

70(150

)

70(15

0)

70 (150)70(220)

220+15

0

8

1 7

1 4

1 6

1 6

1 6 4

3

150+70

Pouplin

Ferblatil

Inc in. Hers tal

L I X H E

C B R

Visé(S NC B )

M e u

s e

1 3

Uitbatingsspanning


Tension d’exploitation

2

2

3

2

70kV 70kV

2

2

2

2

2 LIGNES AERIENNES BOVENGRONDSE LIJNEN


2

2

2

22

2

2

150+70

2

2

2

3 2

150kV 150kV

3

2

2

2

2

2

220k V 220k V





380kV 380kV

Hermalles /Huy

C roix-C habot

J emeppe

P rofondval

Ehein

R amet

S aives

S ocolie

Amps in-Neuville

Abée-S c ry

Les S pagnes

Poulseur

E sneux

R ivage(S NC B )

Anthisnes

Ivoz-R amet

Fooz

Voroux(S NC B )

Hollogne

Ans

Alleur

G lain

Vottem

FNVottem

Montegnée

Tilleur

OugréeS c les s in

S art-T ilman

Angleur

F lémalle

G rivegnée

C hênée

Magotteaux

Mons in

FN

Hers tal

Pouplin

Ferblatil

Inc in. Hers tal

Vis é(S NC B )

WilrijkS t-Niklaa s

Temse

Hoboke n

Aartselaa r Kontich

Oeve rB elliardstr.



Marchienne

Mais ières

La Louvière

L iberchies

K eumiée

E louges

C iplyP âturages

B ous su

Mons

E s tinnes

P iéton(S NC B )


Anderlues

C harleroi

G illy

Heppigniessud

J umet

Fos ses - la-Ville

S eneffe

S ombreffe

Marbais(S NC B )

C has sart

Gembloux

S oignies

Fourmies

Fays - les -Veneurs

B onnert

Hatrival

C hiny Villers -s /S emois

P âturages

Froidchapelle

HanzinelleC iney

B uis sonville

S oy S ankt-Vith[S aint-Vith]

C arrièredu Milieu

Ath(S NC B )

B aulersS auvenière

Gembloux

S tatte(S NC B )

C roix-C habot

Wanze

Pepins ter G ileppe

Vesdre

B as -Warneton[Neerwaas ten]

S T-Denijs - B oekel

Geraardsbergen

Kes sel- lo

Leuven(NMB S )

HeverleeGas thuisberg

Lummen

Maasmechelen

B ornem

S t-NiklaasHerenthout

Langveld

Gerdingen

R ijkevorsel

Arlon

Differd.Arbed

B elv. Arbed

S chif.

Monceau-en-Ardennes

Orgeo

R ecogne

Neufchâteau

Vierre

Longlier (S NC B )

Marbehan(S NC B )

R espelt

S olre S t-Géry

MomigniesC himay

C lermont

Thy- le-C hâteau

C ouvin

R omedenne

Pondrôme

Dinant

S ommière

Has tière

Herbaimont

Hogne(S NC B ) Marche-en-

Famenne

C harneuxOn

Forrières(S NC B )

C ierreux

Quevaucamps

Harchies

E louges

Thumaide

Lobbes

C iply

Lens

Gerpinnes

Andenne

F lorée

S art-B ernard(S NC B )

G rands -Malades

Dorinne

Yvoir(S NC B )

Warnant

Namur

Marche- les -Dames

Waret

Leuze

B ois -de-Villers

S t-S ervais

Wierde

C omblain

B omalMiécret

Trois -Ponts

B ronrome

B evercé

S paTuron

Heid-de-Goreux

Amel

[B utgenbach]

S tephanshof

B ütgenbach

[Amblève]

B landain

B ekaert

K ortrijk- NMB S

K .Oos t

R onse

Tournai

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400 kV

150 kV

WindWind is located far from shore

With limited grid in between

Already loaded in inlanddirection

Investments needed toaccommodate all generation

Upgrade proposed by Elia(Belgian TSO)

Limited length of new linesneeded (OHL), rest upgrade

Still in proposal phase

Significant resistance

Earliest realization 2013, realdate 20??

Building of wind mills might befaster



Outside Europe

Needed upgrades in the west of the US to achieve 20 % renewables



Outside Europe

. . . Similar investments needed in China (and India)

800 kV lines planned in China by 2015


Investments in the power system Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity

Investment technologies to increase transmission capacity

Overhead linesTraditional, well known technology

Available for high power ratings and long distances

Cheap

Straightforward and fast construction

Clearly visible

EMF?

Significant right-of-way needed

Evolutions: Fixed insulators, composite materials forpylons and high temperature conductors

Permitting is difficult

Though siting opposition




Uprating and upgrading of existing circuitsUprating is understood as increasing the transmission capacity of acertain transmission path

Adding a second circuit to an existing circuit

High temperature conductors: Special alloys and composite core

Higher transmission voltage (V ×2→P ×4)

More power through the same line

No new right-of-way

Low opposition to be expected

Quick installation and permitting

Limited in application




UndergroundingAt transmission voltages, relatively new technology

Expensive

On land: 1 km pieces: expensive + joints are difficult to install+ joints are prone to faults

High voltage: compensation needed (big capacitors)Maximum line length at 400 km seriously limited by chargingcurrentCurrently, no 400 kV installations of more than 20 km existSea cables at 400 kV are very difficult

EMF: higher (close by) and lower (far field), can be limited byshielding

Permitting can be quite rapid but in some cases

GIL (Gas Insulated Lines) can be an option, although notmature for long distances

HTS (High Temperature Superconductors) are not yet readyfor transmission systems




Power flow control (not HVDC)Power flow controllers operate as a valve, limiting (or increasing) powerflow through a line

Power flow controllers are a local solution, often placed in an existingsubstation

Can be an investment in an interconnection at one side only

Some add dynamic control capabilities

Controllable

Relatively cheap solution

Postponing structural investments




Power flow control (HVDC)LCC (Line Commutated Converter) or VSC (Voltage Source Converter)

Lower line losses and cheap cable (capacity is also no problem)

Expensive converters

Cheap on longer distances and special cases

No AC EMF

Smaller right of way

Controllable

Permitting is expected to be easy



Investment technologies to increase transmission capacityEconomic value of HVDC

DC overhead (China/India)

AC overhead (China/India)

DC overhead (Europe)

AC overhead (Europe)

DC cable

AC cable

Line length500-600 km± 400 km

Cost

30-40 km



Comparing investment technologies

Technical comparison

Table: Comparison of classical AC transmission (OHL, uprating and cable), powertransmission using FACTS or PST for power flow control (PFC) and HVDC, both VSCand classical (LCC)

AC OHL uprating AC cable AC PFC LCC HVDC VSC HVDC

length limitations few few yes no no notrans. cap. increase high medium medium medium high mediumpower control: active no no no yes yes yespower control: reactive no no no dependent no yesgrid interconnections synchr. synchr. synchr. synchr. any anylosses low low+ low+ low medium highpower oscillation damping no no no possible limited yespower reversal fast fast fast fast slow fastInstallation cost low low high medium medium high




Technical comparison

Table: Comparison of classical AC transmission (OHL, uprating and cable), powertransmission using FACTS or PST for power flow control (PFC) and HVDC, both VSCand classical (LCC)

AC OHL uprating AC cable AC PFC LCC HVDC VSC HVDC

length limitations few few yes no no notrans. cap. increase high medium medium medium high mediumpower control: active no no no yes yes yespower control: reactive no no no dependent no yesgrid interconnections synchr. synchr. synchr. synchr. any anylosses low low+ low+ low medium highpower oscillation damping no no no possible limited yespower reversal fast fast fast fast slow fastInstallation cost low low high medium medium high

This is what is in the corporate advertisements




Looking at the PIP obstacles

Note: Aggregated list of obstacles as given by table 1

Conclusion: OHL is the preferred option in many cases, but given thedifficulties of obtaining permits, other options must be considered

Power flow controllers have several advantages in this respect



Conclusions

The power system is changing

Liberalization influences the technical operation of the power system

A strong increase in electric power from renewable energy sources

Both add to the variability of power flows

Uncertainty margin is high

Problems often perceived at international borders

The internal European market for electricity is not working as it should

Investing in new lines would be a solution, but they are lacking

TSO focus is mostly on OHL, but other solutions are possible as well



Questions

?

1
