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I first gave this talk at the Pitney Bowes Innovation Day 2013. The goals for the presentation were to 1) use theories of context and embodied interaction to examine the ways our conceptions of space and place have evolved, 2) illustrate new complexities of location-aware mobile design, and 3) suggest some new theoretical frameworks for thinking about designing location-aware systems.
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Finding the There ThereTheory and Praxis of Location-Aware Systems Design
Thomas WendtSurrounding Signifiers@[email protected]
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Thomas Wendt
UX Strategist and Researcher
Founder of Surrounding Signifiers, a strategy and design consultancy
Background in continental philosophy, psychology, and literary theory
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Seining_salmon.jpg
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
http://img103.fansshare.com/pic12/w/non-celebrity/800/8520_jean_baudrillard.jpg
“We live in a world where there is more and more
information, and less and less meaning.”
Jean Baudrillard
Data is complicated.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Context is complex.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
• Question the ways we currently think about location.
• Illustrate the complexity of location context.
• Start establishing some theoretical models.
Why are we here?
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
ContextEmbodimentSpacePlacePraxis
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Context Layerssituation
environment
cognition
emotion
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Context Layerssituation
environment
cognition
emotion
But what does “context” mean?
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Context ≠ Sensors
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
1. The parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and can throw light on its meaning
2. The interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs.
Webster says
“The notion of “context” has been adapted to computing from its original use referring to
language, which is reflected in the structure of the word itself: con (with) text. In using language we
produce a text, either written or oral, intended to be interpreted by one or more other people. That text is not an encapsulated representation of an intended
meaning, but rather is a cue that allows the anticipated audience to construct an appropriate
meaning.”
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Winograd says
Terry Winograd
“Context is an operational term: Something is context because of the way it is used in
interpretation, not due to its inherent properties.”
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Winograd says
Terry Winograd
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
http://beautifultrouble.org/wp-content/http://fanart.tv/fanart/music/382f1005-e9ab-4684-afd4-0bdae4ee37f2/albumcover/all-eyez-on-
Context creates meaning
Text
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt http://www.deviantart.com/download/281824001/reading_book_by_srnnrgz-
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Context shapes experience
Context is always of something
http://www.movpins.com/big/MV5BMTg4NDY3MDc1N15BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMzIzNDMzNQ/still-of-tom-cruise-
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Context is never static
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=qpWnd3U5dLkNYM&t
Text
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Architecture for everyday life
Text
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt http://fogsmoviereviews.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/
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Context is all we know
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
ContextEmbodimentSpacePlacePraxis
The body presents a problem.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
1) We’re thrown into the world.
2) We interact with objects.
3) We cope.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Smooth Coping
User is in the midst of a seamless experience, acting-through, without distinction between self and object.
Section Title
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Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://cdn.dottech.org/media/2013/02/nexus4.png
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Theoretical knowledge, disconnected from here and now. World presents itself
as an obstacle.
Intentionality
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Smooth Coping
Intentionality
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Smooth Coping
Intentionality
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Coping
Intentionality
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Intentionality
Coping
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wxrYOHd_MKA/T9d3EJi8LXI/AAAAAAAAAB8/TzmCg7Htk9k/s1600/andyclark.jpg
“Intelligence and understanding are rooted not in the presence and manipulation of explicit,
language-like data structures, but in something more earthy: the
tuning of basic responses to a real world that enables an embodied
organism to sense, act, and survive.” Andy Clark
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wxrYOHd_MKA/T9d3EJi8LXI/AAAAAAAAAB8/TzmCg7Htk9k/s1600/andyclark.jpg
“Embodiment is the property of our engagement with the world
that allows us to make it meaningful.” Paul Dourish
Text
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt http://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/adesignaday/files/2009/06/
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Moravec’s Paradox
“High order” tasks are easy to program.
“Low order” tasks are difficult to program.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
http://www.cnmeonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IBM-Watson.jpg
Cognition
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http://asimo.honda.com/ASIMO_DCTM/News/images/highres/02_ASIMO_Climbing_Stairs_2.jpg
Cognition in context
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http://cdn.dottech.org/media/2013/02/nexus4.png
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
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Proprioception
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Disembodied navigation
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Embodied navigation
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
ProprioceptionOur phones sense our bodily orientation and
act accordingly.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
HyperceptionAmbient perception.
Our new subconscious relation to the world.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
ContextEmbodimentSpacePlacePraxis
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Henri Lefevre
“The living organism has neither meaning nor existence when
considered in isolation from its extensions, from the space that it
reaches and produces.” Henri Lefevre
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://www.museumsyndicate.com/images/4/39690.jpg
Modernist Tension
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
http://img103.fansshare.com/pic12/w/non-celebrity/800/8520_jean_baudrillard.jpg
"What we have forgotten in modernity [...] is that force comes
from subtraction, power from absence. [W]e are immersed in the opposite illusion, the disenchanted
illusion of the proliferation of screens and images. Now, the
image can no longer imagine the real, because it is the real."
Jean Baudrillard
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://thisisthestoryof.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/nyc-central-park-aerial-photo.jpg
“Space is not a thing, but rather a set of relations
between things.” Henri Lefebvre
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://www.extravaganzi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Andy-Warhol-Diamond-Dust-Shoes-1980.jpg
Postmodern textualization
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Text
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
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"Today abstraction is no longer that of the map, the double, the mirror, or the concept. Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being, or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal […] The desert of the real itself."
Jean Baudrillard
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lqauptxLYL1qfrkx1o1_1280.jpg
Disappear here
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
http://www.newsdesk.umd.edu/experts/portraits/111602247.jpg
“The mobile interface offers us a distinctly fluid
relationship between space and
representations of space [...] The interaction
between these spaces continues to become
mutually constructive.”Jason Farman
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://cdn.dottech.org/media/2013/02/nexus4.png
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://cdn.dottech.org/media/2013/02/nexus4.png
Ears
Eyes
Skin
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://cdn.dottech.org/media/2013/02/nexus4.png
Ears
Eyes
Skin
Orientation
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
ContextEmbodimentSpacePlacePraxis
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
http://www.newsdesk.umd.edu/experts/portraits/111602247.jpg
"We have thus moved beyond the theorization of our mobile devices
as a type of prosthetic to our bodies—an extension of ourselves
out into the material world—but instead have to conceive of our devices as absolutely integral to
the very foundations of embodied space in the digital age."
Jason Farman
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Static map interactions
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Idea Representation Action Physical Space
Static map interactions
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
“The map is not the territory”Alfred Korzybski
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Idea ActionPotentiality
Representation Representation
Physical Space
Mobile map interactions
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
ContextEmbodimentSpacePlacePraxis
Data is complicated.
Context is complex.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Text
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
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"A schizophrenic out for a walk is a better model than a neurotic lying on the analyst's couch."
Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Intentionality
Coping
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Static map interactions
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Idea ActionPotentiality
Representation Representation
Physical Space
Mobile map interactions
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
WORLDUnfocused Existence
Decision-orientedInfluenced by Microworlds
MICROWORLDFocused Existence
Task-orientedInfluenced by World
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Smooth Coping
Intentionality
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Intentionality
Smooth Coping
World
Microworld
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
FragmentsSense of self is focused on many
concerns at once.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
ConnectionsContext is found in the
interconnections between self, world, and microworlds.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
DifferencesMeaning emerges out of the
differences between self, world, and microworld.
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Intentionality
Coping
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Context Layerssituation
environment
cognition
emotion
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
LayersMany experiences are layered upon
each other.
emotion
cognition situation
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Idea ActionPotentiality
Representation Representation
Physical Space
Mobile map interactions
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Idea ActionPotentiality
Representation Representation
Physical Space
Mobile map interactions
intentionality
coping
intentionality smooth coping
coping
smooth coping
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Idea ActionPotentiality
Representation Representation
Physical Space
Mobile map interactions
virtual
virtual
virtual physical
virtual
physical
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]://purple.fr/filestorage/magazines/21/galleries/234/A_MCQUEEN_2_0965.jpg
We need more models
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ggm6VG5Pzow/Tgbfk7qUGMI/AAAAAAAATWw/K_dyeWw2C6I/s1600/scaffolding.jpg
We’re starting to rebuild
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://img103.fansshare.com/pic12/w/non-celebrity/800/8520_jean_baudrillard.jpg
We’re like babies...
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT1w4o80VnUC5wngejOh43euMjQIknvXe-e2kbIBcmljUXbmSeGCQ
Surrounding Signifiers srsg.co | @thomas_wendt | [email protected]
http://asimo.honda.com/ASIMO_DCTM/News/images/highres/02_ASIMO_Climbing_Stairs_2.jpg
Learning to walk
Thomas Wendt Surrounding Signifiers @thomas_wendt
Thanks!
Thomas WendtSurrounding Signifiers@[email protected]