2. It exists in several forms According to the law of
conservation of energy totalenergy of a system remains constant
although the energy can be transferred into another form. 3. Type
of Energy The names of energy are related to: a) The way the energy
is perceived e.g. mechanical,electrical, light. b) The way the
energy is transported e.g. thermal c) The origin of the energy e.g.
nuclear, solar, wind. 4. Since energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, thesum of energies which enter a process must be equal
to the sum of energies resulting from this process. 5. Names of
energy Potential energy aka Stored energy Kinetic energy aka Energy
of motion Chemical energy Mechanical energy Thermal Energy aka heat
energy Solar energy Light energy Electromagnetic Energy (EMR) 6.
Names of Energy cont Electrical Energy Nuclear energy aka Atomic
energy 7. The basic use of energy measurement is the Joule (J)
SymbolnameValue in JoulesEquivalentKJKilojoules1000 J (103
J)Maximum amt of solar radiation received by 1sq of earth in one
seemedMJmega joules1000,000 J( 106 J)Kinetic energy of one tonne
vehicle moving out at 160 Km/hGJGiga joules1000,000,000 J (109
J)6GJ is about the amount of potential chemical energy in a barrel
of oil when it is combusted. 8. The Basic use of energy measurement
is the joule (J) SymbolNameValue in JoulesEquivalentTJTera
joule1,000,000,000,000 J (1012 J)60 Tj were released by the atomic
bomb which was droppedon Hiroshima. 9. Work The deffinition of work
says nothing about the timetaken during which work was done. E.g a
person does the same amt of work when he carries something up a
flight of stairs, whether he runs or not, But, he is more tired
when ge runs. Therefore, to distinguish these cases, the concept of
power was introduced. 10. Power Is defined as the rate of doing
work . Power= work done/time taken The unit of power measurement is
Watt (W) 11. Watt (W) SymbolNameValue in
wattsEquivalentKWKilowatts1,000 W (103 W)Largest industrial light
bulb of 1.8 house powerMWMegawatt1,000.000 W (106 W)Enough to play
a night game at a stadium- 1300hpGWGigawatt1,000,000,000W
(109W)Enough to power a major city for a day. 12. Energy
Conversions Example Heating water with a burner Photosynthesis
Internal combustion Energine Power station Nuclear Power 13. Non
renewable energy Sources Fossil Fuels e.g coal, oil,natural gas.
Peat(fromwaterlogged marshland) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sulphur
Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxide (NO) 14. Non Renewable energy sources
contd Major fossil fuels Coal OIL Natural gasPeat 15. Nuclear Power
There are two types of nuclear reactions 1) nuclear fission
2)nuclear fusion Nuclear fissionNuclei of atoms are split,
releasing energy. This process occurs in a)atomic bombs nuclear
reactons.b) Nuclear reactions. 16. Nuclear Fusion Nuclei of atoms
joined or fused together Thishappends under very hot conditions .
The sun like all other stars creates heat and light , through
nuclear fusion. In the sun, hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium.
17. Nuclear Fission Uranium is the main fuel used in nuclear
fissionbecause it splits easily when bombarded by neutrons once a
uranium molecule is split, multiple neutrons are released. The free
neutrons are used to split other uranium molecules. This is called
a chain reaction. 18. Functioning of a nuclear Power plant.
Enriched uranium is formed into 2.5cm pellets 2. Pellets are
arranged into long, hollow, metal rods. 3. Rods are collected
together into bundles. 4. Rods are submerged in water inside a
pressure vessel( the water acts as a coolant) 1. 19. Outside a
Nuclear Power Plant Due to harmful radiation extra precautions
arerequired in the construction design of nuclear power plants. 1.
Hence there is an outer steeled vessel which houses the reactor
core, all the equipment used to fuel + maintain the reactor. This
steal barrier serves as a barrier to prevent leakage of any
radioactive gases or fluids from the plant. 20. Reactor Types
Boiling water reactors/BWR 2. High temperature gas cooled reactor/
HTGCR 3. Process Inherent Ultimate Safety reactor PLUS 4.
Pressurised Water reactors 1. 21. Uranium conversation+ enrichment
Uranium oxide is a raw mined product which cannotbe used as fuel
for a nuched reactor. Additional processing is required. Only ).7%
of naturally-occuring uranium is fissile (capable of undergoing
fission. This fissile isotype form is called Uranium 235 (U-235).
The rest of the deposit is made up of U-138 most reactors need the
concentration of U-235 to be above 3.5-5%. This is achieved by a
process call Enrichment which requires uranium to be gaseous. 22.
Fuel Fabrication Generally available in the form of ceramic
palletsencased in metal tubes called rods. 23. Functioning of a
nuclear power plant. Used FuelMade up of approximately: 94% U-238,
1% U-235, 1% Plutonium,4% fission particles. In a reprocessing
facility, used fuel is separated into 3 components namely: uranium
forms, plutonium, waste. 24. Important nuclear terms Critical
mass-averge one free neutron hits another U-235 nucleus, then the
masss of the uranium is said to be critical and exist at stable
temperature. Sub-critical mass Less than one of the free neutrons
hits another U-235. Eventually fission will end and source power
stops. Super-critical mass- more than one of the free neutrons hits
another U-235 nucleus. This causes the reactor to heat up. 25.
Nuclear Power Issues Transportation Reactor safety Terrorism
Worker+ publia Exposure to radiation Contamination Radioactive
waste disposal Thermal pollution Decommissioning 26. Renewable
energy Biomass Hydroelectric Wind energy Solar energy Geothermal
energy Tidal Energy 27. Biomass Biomass includes all biological
waste and there are several sources of biomass 1. Fuel wood 2.
Municipal waste and industrial waste 3. Agricultural crop residue
and animal waste. 4. energy plantations. N.B Anaerobic disasters
produces biomass which consist of methane and carbon dioxide. 28.
Environmental issues of Biomass as an energy sourceAir
pollutionHabitat and Biodiversity Loss Carbon dioxide and global
warming Effects on food ProductionCrop residues and Animal waste
29. Hydroelectric power/ Hydropower Hydropower flowing water
creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity.
Sources include a) Darms > most common method b) Streams>
Store areas of the world c) Canals N.B Development potential of
Hydropower is best in mountainous areas + large rivers valleys. Use
of hydropower is expected to increase. 30. Environmental Issues of
hydropower as an energy source. Fish migration Loss of Natural
Habitats and reduction in fish species Diversity Volume of water
Sediment Deposits 31. Solar Power The sun provides a supply of
energy which far exceeds the worlds demands There are 3 main
methods of utilising solar energy as follows: 1. Passive Heating
System> suns energy converted directly to heat. E.g drying
clothes. 2.Active solar systems > heat is transferred from the
collection site to the place of use, requirements include; solar
collector, Pump, Pipe System for transfer. 3.Solar generating
electricity.E.g domestic water heating 32. Solar Power continued
>Photo Volture Cells PV These are solid state semi conducter
devices which convert light directly into electricity.
Characteristics: Usually made of silicon with some trace elements.
Once installed, a PV system needs little to no maintenance, just
cleaning most PV systems come with storage better (Os) Produce no
pollutants 33. Environmental issues of Solar Power as an Energy
Source 1. Supply 2. Land Use 3. Manufactor, Installation and
disposal 34. Environmental issues of wind Power as an energy source
Location of wind fields Supply Land use Noise and Visual Pollution
Wildlife 35. Geothermal Energy Defined as heat contained below the
earths surface Geothermal energy can be contained in 2 ways
Geologically active areas: where hot magma reaches the earths
surfaceGeologically in active areas: in these spots, geothermal
pumps are used to extract heat from the earths and transfer it to
buildings. 36. Environmental issues of Geothermal Power as an
energy source Air Pollutions Water Pollution Chemicals Safe
Disposal of Hazadous Waste Location of plant Land Subsidence 37.
Tidal Power There are Two high and two low tides everyday. Certain
coastal areas (bays + inlets) experience higher tides than others
because of their geographical features. 38. Environmental issues of
Tidal Power as an energy source Environmental. Construction of dam
across a bay or estuary causes negative impacts on Aquatic and
shoreline Ecosystems Navigation Recreation 39. Limiting Factors
Affecting Energy Use 1. Technology 2. Geographical 3. Reliability
of Supply 4. Cost of Production 5. Energy Policy of a Country 6.
Social Factors 40. Factors affecting electrical generating capacity
and demand.Generating Rates Demand Patterns Load Patterns + supply
characteristicsIntermittent Energy Sources Although hydroelectric
power is seasonable predictable and controllable, solar and wind
power are only available when whether permits. 41. Methods of
supply meeting Demand Load levelling. This involves moving demand
from peak periods to times when the demand is low. This is done by:
1. Peak shaving 2. Smart Grid 3. Energy Storage
