Enhancing farmer’s resilience toward droughts: perspective from northwestern region of Bangladesh

Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies

Enhancing Farmer’s Resilience toward Droughts: Perspective from Northwestern Region of Bangladesh

Umma Habiba, Rajib Shaw and Yukiko Takeuchi

Kyoto University International Environment and Disaster ManagementGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies2

BackgroundObjective of the study❑Methodology ❑Results ❑Conclusion

Overview of the Presentation 2


Impacts of Drought in Bangladesho Annually affected area: 12.49 million hectares of cultivable T-aman crop in kharif season 9.32 million hectares of rabi crops in rabi season

o Yield reduction: 45 to 60 % in T-aman and 50 to 70 % in rabi crops

3


Drought in Bangladesh

Pre-Kharif, Kharif and Rabi drought-prone areas of Bangladesh(Source: Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), 2010)

4

oMajor droughts occurred in Bangladesh are 1973, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2009

oDrought mostly appear in pre-monsoon (March-May) and post-monsoon season (October-November)

Pre-kharif season:16 March-30 June

Kharif season:1 July-15 October

Rabi season:16 Oct-15 March


Annual average total rainfall (mm) from 1991-2008

Monthly mean rainfall (mm) distribution in drought-prone area

Causes of Drought in Bangladesh (1) 5

Avg. 2,300mm

Avg. 1,329mm

Around1,000mm

(Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department, 2011)


Causes of Drought in Bangladesh (2)

Rainfall and evapotranspiration in the study area

6

Dry season: November- May (of 7 months)

Monsoon season:June - October(of 5 months)

(Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department, 2011)

% of irrigation coverage

Depth o f groundw

at er table (m)

Depletion of groundwater depth

2008


At institutional Level

At infrastructure (Physical) level

At community and household (Social) level

Drought risk management practices

NGO activities

Establishment of irrigation channel through deep tube well (DTW)

Crop diversification, Change cropping pattern, other income generating activities

Governmental activities- EWS, relief , demonstration program

Drought Risk Management Actions in Bangladesh 7


To develop a tool that is able to measure the socio-economic, institutional and physical resilience of a drought affected area

•To find out drought impacts on farmers livelihood and existing adaptive practices to cope with it

•To document adaptive practices, and suggest policy and actions links

Research Objectives 8


SIP Approach

Development of SIP Approach (1)

•How to measure resilience on the basis of socio-economic, institutional and physical aspect of a drought affected area?

SIP approach: 3 dimensions, 11 primary indicators and 55 secondary indicators

Analysis: Weighted Mean Index ands Average Weighted Mean Index

9


S

I

P

Development of SIP Approach (2)

Literacy rate

Knowledge about drought

Having predictability

Taking preventive measures

Awareness about drought

➪ SIP approach consist of - 3 dimensions - 11 primary indicators - 55 secondary indicators

Collaboration

Co-ordination

School/college

Highlighting drama

Community leader/imam

Electricity supply

Fuel supply

Dam

Water reservoir

Drought warning system

10


Upazila Level Resilience Assessment (Study details)o Conducted at: upazila level (sub-district) in Rajshahi and Chapai Nawabganj

o Key aim of the study: To measure the socio-economic, institutional and physical resilience of a drought affected area

o Methodology: Develop SIP approach

o Sample no: 14 (14 upazilas of two district) - 9 from Rajshahi district - 5 from Chapai Nawabganj district)oTarget group: Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO) o Data collection period: 6 Jan- 19 Feb, 2010

Tanore

Mohanpur

Charghat

Bagha

Shibganj

Paba

Baghmara

Nachole

Gamastapur

Bholahat

Durgapur

Puthia

NawabganjGodagari

Chapai Nawabganj

Rajshahi

N

Study area

Legend

District boundary

Upazila boundary

11


Resilience levels of Rajshahi and Chapai Nawabganj districts

Puthia

Tanore

Mohanpur

Charghat

Bagha

Shibganj

Paba

Baghmara

Nachole

Gamastapur

Bholahat

Durgapur

Nawabganj

Godagari

A- Overall

Very High

High

Medium

Low

Very Low

Puthia

Tanore

Mohanpur

Charghat

Bagha

Shibganj

Paba

Baghmara

Nachole

Gamastapur

Bholahat

Durgapur

NawabganjGodagari

B- Socio-economic

Very high

High

Medium

Low

Very low

Puthia

Tanore

Mohanpur

Charghat

Bagha

Shibganj

Paba

Baghmara

Nachole

Gamastapur

Bholahat

Durgapur

Nawabganj

Godagari

C- Institutional

Very High

High

Medium

Low

Very Low

Puthia

Tanore

Mohanpur

Charghat

Bagha

Shibganj

Paba

Baghmara

Nachole

Gamastapur

Bholahat

Durgapur

Nawabganj

Godagari

D- Physical

Very High

High

Medium

Low

Very Low

Upazila Level Resilience Assessment (Key results) 12


Conducted at: Village level

Aims: To enhance drought resilience at farmer’s level through adaptive practices

Target Group: Farmer

No of Questionnaire : 718 farmers from those two district 358 farmer from irrigated village 360 farmer from non-irrigated village

Data Collection Period: 2 October- 26 November, 2010

Farmers’ Adaptive Practices towards Drought 13


Key points:Agriculture as well as daily life and health were badly affected by drought

Impacts of Drought on farmer’s Livelihood

Impacts of

Drought

14

Sample no: Irrigated village: 358Non-irrigated village: 360


Sample no: Irrigated village: 358Non-irrigated village: 360

Legend:

1. Agronomic practices

2. Water Harvesting

3. Water resources exploitation

4. Crop intensification

5. Alternate crops cultivation

6. Other income generating activities

7. Others

Farmer’s Adaptive Practices towards Drought

Adaptive Practices

15


Dimensions Primary indicators

Secondary Indicators Selection of Drought Adaptive options from Secondary Indicators

Socio-

economic

Education and awareness

￭ Literacy rate ￭ Knowledge about drought ￭ Having predictability ￭ Taking preventive measure ￭ Awarded about drought

￭ Having predictability ￭ Taking preventive measure

Health ￭ Access to safe water ￭ Time period having access of safe water ￭ Extent of diseases ￭ Primary health care facility ￭ Recovery

￭ Primary health care facility

Usage ￭ Food consumption ￭ Reserved food grain ￭Migration ￭ Changing occupation ￭ Non agricultural farming

Social capital ￭ Social cohesion ￭ Participation ￭Water related conflict ￭ Build consensus ￭ Acceptance of leader

Economicaspect

￭ Income source ￭ Other income generating activities ￭ Use of savings ￭ Sell off assets, land or livestocks ￭ Credit, subsidy

￭ Other income generating activities ￭ Use of savings ￭ Sell off assets, land or livestocks

Institutional Policy ￭ Incorporation into plan ￭ Effectiveness of the plan ￭ Support by GO and NGO ￭Water management activities ￭ Public awareness program

￭ Public awareness program

Management ￭ Collaboration ￭ Co-ordination ￭ School/college ￭ Highlighting dramas ￭ Community leader/imam

￭ Community leader/imam

Co-ordination ￭ Training ￭ Demonstration ￭ Credit/loan￭ Aids ￭ Subsidy

￭ Aids

Physical Infrastructure development

￭ Electricity supply ￭ Fuel supply ￭ Dam ￭ Water reservoir ￭ Drought warning system

￭ Electricity supply (Alternative energy sources)￭ Water reservoir ￭ Drought warning system

Irrigation ￭ Irrigation system ￭ Irrigation facilities (DTW, STW, over head tank etc) ￭ Supplemental irrigation ￭ Dependency on rainfall ￭ Rain water harvest

￭ Supplemental irrigation

Land use ￭ Built up area ￭ Vegetative area ￭Water bodies ￭ Drought tolerant crop ￭ Fruit tree plantation

￭ Drought tolerant crop ￭ Fruit tree plantation

16Formulation of Drought Adaptive Practices (DAP) 16


Name of the most prioritized Drought Adaptive Practices:1.Dairy farm/ community savings and credit system2. Received information from TV, radio3. Community health care service 4. Establish dairy farm 5. save money 6. Sell agricultural goods7. Extension worker 8. Public awareness program 9. Cash/ electricity10. Establish drought information center 11. Vegetable gardening 12. Establish mango orchard 13. Use of plastic pipe 14. Dredge the river and use of river water 15. Use of diesel

17Prioritized Drought Adaptive Practices (DAP)(At Community Level)

Key points:More than 50% of the farmer’s in both

irrigated and non-irrigated areas agreed with these 13 DAP. Moreover, 80% of

the farmer’s highlighted only 3 DAP that is the topmost prior adaptive practices

17


ResilienceAssessment

Solution for enhancingDroughtResilience

Sustaining Drought Resilience through Implementation

SIP Approach3 dimensions11 primary indicators55 secondary indicators

Drought Resilience Mapping

15 drought adaptive options

30 drought adaptive practices at community level

Development of Drought Adaptive Practices (DAP)

60 prioritized drought adaptive practices

Irrigated area Non-irrigated area

I& F L C L I &F L C L

15 15 15 15

Irrigated area

Non-irrigated area

40 41

81 barriers to adopt practices at community level

Upazila Level (Sub-district level)

Key Interviews (14)

Farmer’s level(Irrigated village & Non-irrigated village)

National levelLocal level

Key Interview s (718)Irrigated village(358)Non-irrigated village (360)Focus Group Discussion (4)

Workshop(2)National level (1)Local level (1)

Drought Policy Framework

Community

Assessment LevelProcess

Framework for Drought Risk Management Policy and Actions 18


Conclusions 19

SIP approach highlights that physical measure such as irrigation alone can not solve the drought problem. It gives emphasis on the execution of institutional role towards drought such as translating drought risk reduction policy at local to national level, effective water management activities, and networking among GOs, NGOs and other institutions

The DAP, as the outcome of farmer’s adaptive practices, requires institutionalization and broader stakeholders dialogue to strengthen the linkage between community and national government

The drought risk management policy and action framework developed in this study brings together both community and national government in identifying time frame and responsibilities, thus strengthening the link between the DAP to national policy


Thank you very much for your kind attention


Dimension and Indicators used for SIP Approach


Secondary indicators

Socio-economic

Education and awareness

￭ Literacy rate ￭ Knowledge about drought, ￭ Having predictability ￭ Taking preventive measure, ￭ Awareness about drought

Health ￭ Access to safe water ￭ Time period having access of safe water ￭ Extent of diseases ￭ Primary health care facility ￭ Recovery

Usage ￭ Food consumption ￭ Reserved food grain ￭Migration￭ Changing occupation ￭ Non agricultural farming

Social capital ￭ Social cohesion ￭ Participation ￭ Water related conflict ￭ Build consensus ￭ Acceptance of leader

Economic ￭ Income source ￭ Other income generating activities￭ Use of savings ￭ Sell off assets, land or live stocks￭ Credit, subsidy


Dimension and Indicators used for SIP Approach


Secondary indicators

Institutional Policy ￭ Incorporation into plan ￭ Effectiveness of the plan￭ Support by GO and NGO ￭ Water management activities ￭ Public awareness program

Management ￭ Collaboration ￭ Co-ordination ￭ School/college￭ Highlighting dramas ￭ Community leader/imam

Co-ordination ￭ Training ￭ Demonstration ￭ Credit/loan￭ Aids ￭ Subsidy

Physical Infrastructure development

￭ Electricity supply ￭ Fuel supply ￭ Dam ￭ Water reservoir ￭ Drought warning system

Irrigation ￭ Irrigation system ￭ Irrigation facilities (DTW, STW, over head tank etc ￭ Supplemental irrigation ￭ Dependency on rainfall ￭ Rain water harvest

Land use ￭ Built up area ￭ Vegetative area ￭Water bodies ￭ Drought tolerant crop ￭ Fruit tree plantation


For example: Taking preventive measure

Selection and Prioritization of Drought Adaptive Practices

For the prioritization of each drought adaptive practice3 adaptive practices were proposed at the farmer’s level. Another prictice was kept in blank for the farmer to find out any additional option coming from them

Farmer’s prioritized and recommended Drought Adaptive Pra23

Individual and family level

A1.Changing cropping pattern

A2.Cultivate diversified crops

A3.Stored food

A4.

Community level

A1.Community savings and credit system

A2.Establish grain bank

A3.Establish dairy farm

A4.

•What kind of preventive measures are taken to face drought during the drought period? (Prioritize or rank actions, 1= most important, 2= important and 3= least important)

Formulation of Drought Adaptive Practices (DAP) (3) 23

Technology

Enhancing farmer’s resilience toward droughts: perspective from northwestern region of Bangladesh