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SOLAR IN WEST AFRICA – PROJECTS AND GOALS OF ENERGY FOR OPPORTUNITY
Robert Munro,
(former) CIO, Energy for Opportunity,
CEO, Idibon
E-Discuss, San Francisco
November 2013
Sierra Leone
6.5 Million people Electricity coverage:
urban ~10% rural ~1%
GDP per capita: US$679 (1.5% US)
Adult Literacy: 38.1% Life Expectancy: 47.3 years 3 Physicians per 100,000 people 53% of population has access to
safe drinking water
STEADY IMPROVEMENT & STABILITY
v
Top 5 countries in Africa by Global Peace Index
SIERRA LEONE
Development is not for lack of resources
ENERGY FOR OPPORTUNITY
Background (2007): Environmental Foundation
for Africa, Sierra Leone United Nations High
Commission for Refugees
WHO WE ARE
Simon Willans – Exec Director
Chernor Jalloh – Engineering Manager
Mohamed Turay – Engineering Manager
Idrissa Tarawally – Engineering Manager
~100 people employed by EFO or at charging stations that we created
STATUS OF COMPANY
Self-sustaining as of 2013: We can cover cost of operations with for-profit
installations Admin is <10% of budget >95% of people employed were born in Sierra
Leone 170 KW has been produced by EFO
10 KW in the country before EFO Direct/Indirect population 100,610 / 928,130
Full electrical systems and education Eg: 7W LED vs 60W incandescent
IN THE LAST YEAR:
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 3 Districts Kamakwie District Hospitals
Madina CHC 15 CHCs/CHPs --- Bonthe, Kenema and Tonkolili
Community Charging Stations GIZ --- Koindugu, Kambia, Kono and Kailahun Christian Aid --- Bonthe WHH --- Bo and Kenema
BBC Media Action Eastern Radio Freetown Office
IN THIS TALK
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – 3 Districts Kamakwie District Hospitals
Madina CHC 15 CHCs/CHPs --- Bonthe, Kenema and Tonkolili
Community Charging Stations GIZ --- Koindugu, Kambia, Kono and Kailahun Christian Aid --- Bonthe WHH --- Bo and Kenema
BBC Media Action Eastern Radio Freetown Office
COMMUNITY CHARGING STATIONS (CCS)
Thirty five CCSs in operation We had two in 2010
Creates income for the communities Eg: Light and power rentals, charging cellphones
Converting to a self-sustaining business unit within the company Partnerships with entrepreneurs within the
country who can deploy and manage multiple systems to villages from district HQs
KAMABAI COMMUNITY CHARGING STATION
One of our first: allows longitudinal (ish) study.
Lighting is expensive 10-15% of rural
household incomes 500x more spent on
lighting than people from industrialized countries
90% cellphone ownership
Kamabai in 2010 (Mohamed)
ExternalTarget Community
Kerosene Retailer /
Torch Batteries
Funds to re-supply
Mobile rechargin
g business
Generator Fuel
Community Members
Payments
Payments
• Low-lumen light• Fire and burn hazard• Indoor pollution• Loss of community revenue
Profits
ProfitsProfits
Profits
Usual Energy Use in a Sierra Leone Village
(10-15% of expenses)
ExternalTarget Community
Community Charging
Station
Maintenance and repair(most still within the country)
Community Members
Payments
• High Lumen Light• Improved education outcomes• Reduced hazards• Creation of community
revenue
Community Fund
Wages
Community Charging Station (CCS) approach for Rural Lighting and Mobile
Phone charging
PROFITS
KAMABAI PROFITS
Greater acceptance of solar as an electricity source that won’t fry a phone.
CCS Funds
Town Water Supply
Health Clinic
Secondary School
KAMABAI
KAMABAI SECONDARY SCHOOL
Average passes and credits (n=40)
v
“Immensly improved the status of the school. We have bad results in the school; With the solar system, children will come in to study, teachers, using whatever equipment we have, especially computers, will help the children to have more materials to study”
(Jnr School Principal Kamabai)
“We don’t have money to buy kerosene. The income that we usually put into light I spend on food and textbooks”
Daniel K Amen (Senior student Kamakwie)
NEXT STEPS: PRIVATIZATION WITHIN SIERRA LEONE
SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION
v
SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION
Community based and managed Revenue generated for maintenance and
upgrade Builds off CCS model
Localized treatment Reduce transportation and other transaction
costs Focused treatment
Contrast to large scale, general treatment facilities
SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION
SolaWata can be purchased from the CCS in one or five gallon containers (containers by deposit)
Le 3,000 for the five gallon container and Le 1,000 for the one gallon container ($0.70 / $0.23)
Le 1,000 = cost to pay someone to fetch a container of water from well/stream
Positive image, but still with limited uptake
CONTAINER SYSTEM
Addresses donor concerns over environmental impacts of plastic packets
Minimises risk of after sales contamination of water
Challenge is to create package options that meet the demand from customers at an affordable price point
BRAND/MARKETING
Logo development Highlights the sun and water
aspects and the relationship between them
Radio programming Discussion and jingle
Direct marketing ‘Noisy’ campaigns, t-shirts, and
flyers Community visibility
Kiosk and container stickers
UPTAKE
More time by installers on site.
Lowered cost
Allowed community containers
REASONS WHERE THERE IS A LACK OF UPTAKE BY COMMUNITIES
v
Water bags are *much* more expensive, but have familiarity
CONCLUSIONS / CURRENT & FUTURE WORK
Community charging station expansion Establishment of PCSs to complete the distribution
chain US Embassy Housing
12KW hybrid system including NPA (grid) connection UNOPS Hospitals River 2 Micro Hydro:
Our first ‘micro-grid’, combining solar and hydro Further reading:
Simon Willans, Amé Christiansen and Paul Munro (2011). "Emerging Forms of Entrepreneurship: For-Profit and Non-Profit Partnerships for the Dissemination of Solar Power into Rural Sub-Saharan Africa". The 56th Annual ICSB World Conference: Sweden.