E indices jan22-2013

Global e-Indices' Rankings and Bangladesh:

A Citizen’s Perspective

Access to Information (A2I)

Zero Draft

28 January 2013

Introduction: Objectives, Methodology and

Limitation

Global E-indices: Looking @ Asia

Rethinking ICT Indicators: Lessons Learned

Looking Ahead

References

Structure of the presentation

36 million birth registration from UISC

33 million services provided to citizens from UISC

30 million results of public exams over internet

19 million over SMS

20 million utility bill payments

2 million purchase orders under e-purjee

1.1 million land records delivered

E-tender, railway tickets, online tax calculations

1. Let’s Look at the Facts …

1. Introduction

Encouraging facts positive rankings?

Rhetoric-reality gap

Objectives: Branding Bangladesh / Tracking the Digital

Transformation of Bangladesh

◦ Boost Bangladesh’s ranking (not avoiding public service delivery)

Rethink and revisit the different indicators of e-indices

Identify changes of the latest rankings of the e-indices

◦ Feed what to who, and how

Methodology

◦ Blends in a mix of primary and secondary sources of info

◦ A tracer study: Tack the fastest movers (relative ranking) in Asia

◦ Top 3, bottom 5, and 15 countries of Asia

Limitations

◦ Time and space (audience)

◦ Avoids investigating methodological issues

◦ Falls short of drawing lessons from other countries

1. Introduction

2. Most Commonly Referred Global e-Indices

World Economic Forum’s Network Readiness Index (NRI)

International Telecommunication Union’s ICT Development Index (IDI)

UN’s E-Government Development Index (EGDI)

Environment

Readiness

Usage

Access

Usage

Skills

Online service

Technological Infrastructure

Human Capital

Table 1: Rankings in the Network Readiness Index (NRI)Countries NRI Sub-indices Environment Readiness Usage 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011

Top 3Sweden 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 3Singapore 2 2 1 4 8 1 5 4Finland 3 3 2 3 2 2 4 6

AsiaBangladesh 113 115 123 115 103 104 108 122Cambodia 108 111 89 109 106 111 111 110China 51 36 64 57 66 16 51 36India 69 48 78 58 64 33 78 67Malaysia 29 28 23 36 55 10 29 25Nepal 128 131 125 134 111 118 135 133Pakistan 102 88 112 96 97 60 107 96Philippines 86 86 111 94 77 99 86 71Sri Lanka 71 66 71 75 67 42 71 82Thailand 77 59 59 64 75 53 83 61Vietnam 83 55 96 78 86 35 69 73

Bottom 5Chad 138 138 139 138 130 137 140 137Mauritania 139 130 135 124 137 133 138 128Angola 140 133 141 135 139 127 130 130Yemen 141 n/a 134 n/a 136 n/a 141 n/aHaiti 142 n/a 142 n/a 142 n/a 139 n/a

Figure 1: Changes in the NRI Ranking

Sweden

Sin-gapo

re

Fin-land

Bangladesh

Cambo-dia

China

India Malaysia

Nepal

Pak-istan

Philippines

Sri Lank

a

Thai-land

Viet-nam

Chad Mau-rita-nia

An-gola

NRI

0 0 0 2 3 -15 -21 -1 3 -14 0 -5 -18 -28 0 -9 -7

Envi-ronment

-2 3 1 -8 20 -7 -20 13 9 -16 -17 4 5 -18 -1 -11 -6

Readiness

0 -7 0 1 5 -50 -31 -45 7 -37 22 -25 -22 -51 7 -4 -12

Usage

2 -1 2 14 -1 -15 -11 -4 -2 -11 -15 11 -22 4 -3 -10 0

-55

-45

-35

-25

-15

-5

5

15

25

Exte

nt

of

change

Table 2: Rankings in the IDI and ICT Price Basket (IPB)Countries1 IDI IDI Sub-index IPB*

Access Usage Skills 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011

Top 3South Korea 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 32

Sweden 2 2 6 6 2 2 16 16 9Denmark 3 3 9 8 3 4 12 12 7

AsiaBangladesh n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 110Bhutan 118 117 121 120 108 111 125 125 84Cambodia 121 119 113 111 135 143 120 120 130China 78 79 82 83 66 69 89 89 67India 119 116 116 115 120 124 115 115 85Malaysia 58 57 54 51 56 48 90 90 51Maldives 72 72 63 62 73 81 102 102 44Myanmar 131 129 149 148 155 155 111 111 n/aNepal 137 134 138 136 129 127 130 129 132Pakistan 127 125 119 113 127 128 142 142 112Philippines 94 94 105 105 98 94 77 78 113Sri Lanka 105 105 103 102 112 112 98 98 50Thailand 92 89 91 89 100 95 62 64 78Vietnam 81 86 85 84 76 79 101 101 106

Bottom 5Burkina Faso 151 151 141 138 144 142 154 154 156

Eritrea 152 151 155 155 134 132 139 139 155Central African Rep.

153 153 154 152 147 147 152 151 n/a

Chad 154 155 153 152 147 147 152 151 n/aNiger 155 154 150 150 152 153 155 155 160

South Ko-rea

Sweden

Denmar

k

Bhutan

Cambodia

China

In-dia

Malaysi

a

Maldive

s

Myanmar

Nepal

Pak-is-tan

Philippines

Sri Lanka

Thailand

Vietnam

Burkina Faso

Er-itrea

Central African Rep

.

Chad

Niger

IDI

0 0 0 -1 -2 1 -3 -1 0 -2 -3 -2 0 0 -3 5 0 -1 0 1 -1

Access

0 0 -1 -1 -2 1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -2 -6 0 -1 -2 -1 -3 0 -2 -1 0

Usage

0 0 1 3 8 3 4 -8 8 0 -2 1 -4 0 -5 3 -2 -2 0 0 1

Skills

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 -1 -1 0

-9-7-5-3-113579

Exte

nt

of

change

Figure 2: Changes in the IDI Ranking

Table 3: Rankings in the E-Government Development Index (EGDI)Countries EGDI Sub-indices

Online service index Technological Infrastructure

Human Capital Index

2012 2010 2005* 2012 2010 2005* 2012 2010 2005* 2012 2010 2005*Top 3

Republic of Korea 1 1 5 1 1 4 7 13 10 6 7 23

Netherlands 2 5 12 5 12 20 8 2 9 10 9 15UK 3 4 4 4 4 3 10 4 14 34 32 6

AsiaAfghanistan 184 168 168 148 106 124 168 163 189 184 179 174Bangladesh 150 134 162 88 60 158 164 161 179 173 167 159Bhutan 152 152 130 110 114 72 139 139 153 170 164 156Cambodia 155 140 128 161 135 110 154 166 173 144 135 138China 78 72 57 62 55 42 87 89 77 106 98 99India 125 119 87 58 55 38 145 147 141 158 147 150Malaysia 40 32 43 20 16 40 57 52 42 109 96 93Maldives 95 92 77 120 127 82 74 60 102 84 90 55Myanmar 160 141 129 181 154 139 190 190 182 127 127 124Nepal 164 153 126 141 125 69 167 171 172 163 152 153Pakistan 156 146 136 106 100 65 135 131 146 175 168 171Philippines 88 78 41 71 49 19 110 118 97 67 78 59Sri Lanka 115 111 94 101 97 80 116 120 134 120 107 103Thailand 92 76 46 67 67 26 103 94 76 104 66 78Vietnam 83 90 105 95 79 115 69 79 120 116 114 100

Bottom 5Sierra Leone 186 177 167 170 189 152 177 179 178 183 169 174

Haiti 187 169 n/a 185 181 181 160 135 155 181 161 157Niger 188 183 174 160 172 189 180 184 170 189 183 181Chad 189 182 169 182 181 186 181 177 187 186 180 170Somalia 190 184 n/a 167 n/a 190 189 183 168 190 n/a 190

Figure 3.1: Changes in the EGDI Ranking (2005-10)

Re-pub-lic of Ko-rea

Nether-

lands

UK Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Cambo-dia

China

India Malaysia

Mal-dive

s

Myanma

r

Nepal

Pak-istan

Philippines

Sri Lank

a

Thai-land

Vietnam

Sierra

Leone

Haiti Niger

Chad

EGDI

4 7 0 0 28 -22 -12 -15 -32 11 -15 -12 -27 -10 -37 -17 -30 15 -10 0 -9 -13

On-line service

3 8 -1 18 98 -42 -25 -13 -17 24 -45 -15 -56 -35 -30 -17 -41 36 -37 0 17 5

Technolog-ical

-3 7 10 26 18 14 7 -12 -6 -10 42 -8 1 15 -21 14 -18 41 -1 20 -14 10

Human Capital

16 6 -26 -5 -8 -8 3 1 3 -3 -35 -3 1 3 -19 -4 12 -14 5 -4 -2 -10

-70

-50

-30

-10

10

30

50

70

90

110

Exte

nt

of

change

Figure 3.2: Changes in the EGDI Ranking (2010-12)

Re-pub-lic of Ko-rea

Nether-

lands

UK Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Cambo-dia

China

India Malaysia

Mal-dive

s

Myanma

r

Nepal

Pak-istan

Philippines

Sri Lank

a

Thai-land

Vietnam

Sierra

Leone

Haiti Niger

Chad

EGDI

0 3 1 -16 -16 0 -15 -6 -6 -8 -3 -19 -11 -10 -10 -4 -16 7 -9 -18 -5 -7

On-line service

0 7 0 -42 -28 4 -26 -7 -3 -4 7 -27 -16 -6 -22 -4 0 -16 19 -4 12 -1

Technolog-ical

6 -6 -6 -5 -3 0 12 2 2 -5 -14 0 4 -4 8 4 -9 10 2 -25 4 -4

Human Capital

1 -1 -2 -5 -6 -6 -9 -8 -11 -13 6 0 -11 -7 11 -13 -38 -2 -14 -20 -6 -6

-45

-35

-25

-15

-5

5

15

25

Exte

nt

of

change

Countries in Asia

EGDI Individual indices IDI Individual indices NRI Individual indicesOnline Telecomm Human

CapitalUsage Access Skills Environm

entReadiness Usage

2010-12 2005-10 2010-12 2005-10 2010-12 2005-10 2010-12 2005-10

2010-11

2010-11

2010-11

2010-11 2011-12 2011-12 2011-12 2011-12

Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Cambodia

China

India

Malaysia

Maldives

Myanmar

Nepal

Pakistan

Philippines

Sri Lanka

Thailand

Vietnam

Table 4: A Snapshot of E-Indices Movement in Asia

Heterogeneity of indicators: limitations in conception and design

Secondary evidences on the weaknesses of global e-indices

calls for a rethink (box 1)

Minges (2005)

◦ The results of perception-based surveys are often strikingly

different when compared to the actual situation of the

infrastructure.

Three recommendations in making e-indices’ rankings credible.

◦ Non-objective; consistency; and, income adjusted rankings

Jensen and Amy (2009): Extrapolating a clear picture of how

women’s access to ICTs is urgent

Having to contend with a low income economy does not necessarily

imply that progress cannot be made, as the case of Bangladesh

suggests.

3. Rethinking ICT Indicators: Lessons Learned

Box 1: Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics

Why the discrepancy between the statistics and the rankings? For one thing, there is often a bias of quantity over quality. The rankings are typically designed to favour a common denominator of widely available indicators, rate high per capita values without adjusting for methodological discrepancies, and do not include adjustments for qualitative differences. Scorecards are not very useful in accurately measuring ICT achievements in some countries. Global rankings also appear to be biased in favour of theoretical perceptions of competitiveness rather than actual achievement.

Source: ITU (2005b)


Core ICT Indicators developed by the Partnership on

Measuring Information and Communication Technology for

Development (box 2)

Little evidence that larger number of indicators are better

Two suggested principles guiding selection of indicators:

◦ Coherent

◦ Inclusive

Beyond the three e-indices: LIRNEasia model? Others?


Box 2: Latest indicators for measuring Information Society A1 Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants A2 Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants A3 Fixed Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants A4 Fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants A5 Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants A6 International Internet bandwidth per inhabitant (bits/second/inhabitant) A7 Percentage of the population covered by a mobile cellular telephone network A8 Fixed broadband Internet access tariffs per month in United States dollars and as a percentage of monthly per capita

income A9 Mobile cellular telephone prepaid tariffs per month in United States dollars and as a percentage of monthly per

capita income A10 Percentage of localities with public Internet access centres (PIACs) HH1 Proportion of households with a radio HH2 Proportion of households with a television HH3 Proportion of households with telephone HH4 Proportion of households with a computer HH5 Proportion of individuals who used a computer in the past 12 months HH6 Proportion of households with Internet access HH7 Proportion of individuals who used the Internet in the past 12 months HH8 Location of individual use of the Internet in the past 12 months HH9 Internet activities undertaken by individuals in the past 12 months HH10 Proportion of individuals who used a mobile cellular telephone in the past 12 months HH11 Proportion of households with access to the Internet by type of access HH12 Frequency of individual use of the Internet in the past 12 months B1 Proportion of businesses using computers B2 Proportion of persons employed routinely using computers B3 Proportion of businesses using the Internet B4 Proportion of persons employed routinely using the Internet

Identify the international Index/Indices to track

Identify which data to feed to who and how

Devise strategies to move up in rankings ◦ study our competition◦ take aggressive measures in addressing our weaknesses

Align our National ICT Policy and e-Service projects in different ministries ◦ Do not compromise our own national vision for e-development

Recognize the International e-Ranking Strategy for Bangladesh as a core focus area for Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)

4. Looking Ahead: Further Areas of Work

Dutta, S. and Bilabao-Osario, B. (eds). (2012). The Global Information Technology Report 2012. Living in a Hyperconnected World. Geneva: World Economic Forum (WEF) and INSEAD.

Dutta, S. and Mia, I. (eds). (2011). The Global Information Technology Report 2010-11. Transformations 2.0. Geneva: World Economic Forum (WEF) and INSEAD.

ITU (2012). Measuring Information Society. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

ITU (2005a). Measuring ICT: The global status of ICT indicators. Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development. Geneva: International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Paper available online at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/material/05-42742%20GLOBAL%20ICT.pdf (Accessed on 29/12/2012).

ITU (2005b). “A New, Inclusive ICT Index.” Available online at http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/digitalbridges/docs/DAI-Ch5.pdf (Accessed on 01/01/2013).

Jensen, M. and M. Amy. (2009). “Measuring Progress: Towards better measures of global ICT adoption and use.” Paper available online at http://www.giswatch.org/sites/default/files/measuring_progress_0.pdf (Accessed on 29/12/2012).

Minges, M. (2005).“Evaluation of e-Readiness Indices in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Santiago: United Nations. Available online at - http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/0/24160/w73.pdf

5. Reference

http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/0/24160/w73.pdf

OECD.(2012). Innovation and Inclusive Development. Conference Discussion Report. Geneva: Organisation for Economics Cooperation and Development (OECD). Available online http://www.oecd.org/sti/innovationinsciencetechnologyandindustry/oecd-inclusive-innovation.pdf (Accessed on 29/12/2012).

Rue, L.F. (2011). “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of theright to freedom of opinion and expression.”Available online at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/17session/a.hrc.17.27_en.pdf (Accessed on 03/01/2013).

Samarajiva, R. (2012). “How the poor use ICTs: Findings from multi-country studies of Teleuse at the Bottom of the Pyramid.” Paper presented at the FAO Regional Workshop on Mobile Technologies for Food Security, Agriculture and Rural Development, 3-4, April 2012.

UN (2012). E-Government Survey. E-Government for the People. New York: United Nations (UN).

UN (2010). E-Government Survey: Leveraging e-government at a time of financial and economic crisis. New York: United Nations (UN).

UN (2005). Global E-Government Readiness Report 2005.From E-Government to E-Inclusion. New York: United Nations.

WEF. (2011). The Future of Government: Lessons from Around the World. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Available online - http://www3.weforum.org/docs/EU11/WEF_EU11_FutureofGovernment_Report.pdf (Accessed on 03/01/2013).

5. Reference

Thank you

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