Data Management &

IT Infrastructure

A Presentation On

GROUP MEMBERS Kavita Sharma Riddhi Shah Jayati Solanki Riddhi Peshivadia Hiral Vadhaiya Dimple Tanna

DATA MANAGEMENT

Data vs. Information

Data A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a

picture Represents something in the real world The raw materials in the production of

information

Information Data that have meaning within a context Data in relationships Data after manipulation

1. Basic Concepts.• What is Data?• What is Database?• What is Database Management

System?

2. Purpose & Advantages of DBMS.

3. Data Models.4. DBMS Architecture

• Three Level Architecture• Overall Architecture

5. Various Components of DBMS.

1.Basic Concepts :-What is Data?

“Data is a collection of facts from which conclusion may be drawn.”

In computer science, “data is anything in a form suitable for use with a computer.” Data is often distinguished from programs. A program is a set of instructions that detail a task for the computer to perform. In this sense, data is thus everything that is not program code.

Cont….

What is Database?– “A database is a collection of data that is

organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.”

– “A database is a collection of data, typically describing the activities of one or more related organizations.”

– “Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system.”

Cont…

Why do we need a database?•Keep records of our:

1. Clients

2. Staff

3. Volunteers•To keep a record of activities and interventions;•Keep sales records;•Develop reports;•Perform research•Longitudinal tracking

What is Database Management System?

A Database Management System (DBMS), or simply a Database System (DBS) consist of :

- A collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually referred to as the database (DB)).

- A set of application programs used to access, update and manage that data (which form the data management system (MS)).

The goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in :

-Retrieving information from the database. -Storing information into the database.

Cont….

What is the ultimate purpose of a database management

system?

DataData InformationInformation KnowledgeKnowledge ActionAction

Is to transform

History of DBMS

• 1960 – First DBMS designed by Charles Bachman at GE. IBMs Information Management System (IMS)

• 1970 – Coded introduced the RDBMS• 1980 – Relational model became popular and

accepted as the main database paradigm. SQL, ANSI SQL, etc.

• 1980 to 1990 – New data models, powerful query languages, etc. Popular vendors are Oracle, SQL Server, IBMs DB2, Informix, etc.

Selecting a Database Management System

Database management systems (or DBMSs) can be divided into two categories -- desktop databases and server databases.  

• Generally speaking, desktop databases are oriented toward single-user applications and reside on standard personal computers (hence the term desktop). 

• Server databases contain mechanisms to ensure the reliability and consistency of data and are geared toward multi-user applications.

DATABASE APPLICATION

• Banking: all transaction• Airlines: reservations, schedules• Universities : registration, grades• Sales: customers, products, purchases• Manufacturing: production, Inventory, Orders,

Supply chain• Human resources: employee records,

salaries, tax deductions

BENEFITS OF DATABASE APPROACH

Irregularity can be avoided Data can be shared Standards can be enforced Security limits can be applied Credit can be maintained Data independence can be provided Backup and Recovery Idleness can be reduced

Data access& processing,

Controls Presentation

Mainframe

Shared file system(applications & data)

Centralized Database

Terminal

(data)

Database

Databaseserver(s)

Shareddatabase

Distributed Database….

App. client(web browser)

Web serverDatabase client

App. client

App. clientDBMS

App. clientWeb server

App. ServerDatabase client

App. clientApp. server

Network

RDBMS Relational Databases

Tabular data model: Simple, yet powerful A Standard easy-to-use query Language:

SQL Mature Products with Reliable, Fault-Tolerant

Operations available Good Performance

-High number of transactions per second-Parallel operation for scalability (handle

growth) Distributed and Replicated Data Bases

-Interoperation, High availability

Relational Model: Tabular Data

AccountNumber

Name Address Balance

23456 H. Mehta Madhuli, Mumbai 40,000,000

23457 Bill Gates Microsoft Corp 9999,999,99923458 S.Sudarshan C-148, IIT Powai 1,000

Date Acct Num Debit Credit Balance

1/4/99 23458 2000 30001/4/99 23456 2000 30004/4/99 23456 9000 120004/5/99 23456 200000 2120004/5/99 23458 4000 7000

Account

Transactions

DATA WAREHOUSES

An integrated collection of data extracted from operational, historical, and external database, and cleaned, transformed, and cataloged for recovery and analysis, to provide business intelligence for business decision making.

Data Warehouses (continued ...)

• Data Marts– a scaled-down version of a data warehouse that

focuses on a particular subject area– usually designed to support the unique business

requirements of a specific department or business process. Example : Marketing data mart

– takes less time to build, costs less, and less complex– the indiscriminate introduction of multiple data marts

with no linkage to each other, or to an enterprise data warehouse, will cause problems

Data Warehouses (continued ...)

Data Marts a scaled-down version of a data warehouse that

focuses on a particular subject area usually designed to support the unique business

requirements of a specific department or business process. Example : Marketing data mart

takes less time to build, costs less, and less complex

the indiscriminate introduction of multiple data marts with no linkage to each other, or to an enterprise data warehouse, will cause problems

Data Warehouses (continued ...)

Data Mining provides a means of extracting previously unknown,

predictive information from the base of accessible data in data warehouses

discovers hidden patterns, correlations, and relationships among organizational data

predicts future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions

functions of data mining classification » clustering » association sequencing » forecasting

DaData Miningta MiningDATA MINING

Types of Data Models ( Based on Logical Data Structuring )

Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented

THE HIERARCHICAL MODEL:

The data is sorted hierarchically, using a downward tree. This model uses pointers to navigate between stored data. It was the first DBMS model.

THE NETWORK MODEL:

like the hierarchical model, this model uses pointers toward stored data. However, it does not necessarily use a downward tree structure.

THE RELATIONAL MODEL:-

(RDBMS, Relational database management system): The data is stored in two-dimensional tables (rows and columns). The data is manipulated based on the relational theory of mathematics.

THE OBJECT MODEL:-

(ODBMS, object-oriented database management system): the data is stored in the form of objects, which are structures called classes that display the data within. The fields are instances of these classes

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure• Infrastructure is the basic physical and

organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function.

IT INFRASTRUCTURE

INTRODUTION :

A computer network is a group of computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of communication. A computer network allows computers to communicate with many other computers and to share resources and information.

EVOLUTION OF ITINFRASTUCTURE

1950-2005• General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era:

(1959 to present)

• Personal computer era: (1981 to present)

• Client/server era: (1983 to present)

• Enterprise internet computing era: (1992 to present)

• Cloud Computing era (2000 to present)

Eras in IT Infrastructure Evolution

Figure 6-3

1) Mainframe & minicomputer Era (1959 to present):

• IBM has made first ever computer in 1959 called mainframe computers.

• After six more years IBM 360 series came into market for commercial use with a powerful operating system.

• The main frame era was a period of highly centralized computing under the control of professional programmers and systems operators.

• Main computers are introduced in 1965 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

• It has an advantage of small in size, lower prices than IBM & customized to specific needs of individual department of business.

2) Personal Computer Era: (1981 to present):

• Again, IBM has first introduced IBM PC in 1981.

• Computer is using the DOS operating system, a text-based command language and later the MS windows operating system.

• Explosion of PCs in the 1980s and early 1990s launched software tools – word processing, spreadsheets, electronic presentation and small data management programs.

3) Client/Server Era (1983 to Present):

• The client is the user point of entry, where as the server typically processes and serves up web pages, or manages network activities.

• The simplest client/ server network consists of a client computer networked to a server computer.

• Web server & application server in corporations.

In a multitier client/server network, client requests for service are handled by different levels of

servers.

A Multitiered Client/Server Network (N-Tier)

4) Enterprise computing Era (1992 to Present):

• As in early 1990s networking standards and software tools improved and internet develop into a trusted communications, Business firms began seriously using the Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networking standard to tie their disparate networks together.

• TCP establishes a connection between the computers and IP is responsible for the delivery of packets from one to another PC.

• So, It helps an enterprise-wide network to flow freely all information across the organization.

• It can link computer hardware, mobile phones, other devices like telephone systems & internet.

5) Cloud Computing Era (2000 to Present)

– Cloud computing refers to a model of computing firms and individuals obtain computing power & software applications over the Internet.

– Hardware firms IBM, HP & Dell are providing computing power, date storage and high speed internet connections as well as software firms such as Google, Microsoft, SAP, Oracle and salesforce.com provides software applications.

INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS

INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS

© Macehiter Ward-Dutton 2005 www.mwdadvisors.com 41

Information Technology Infrastructure

Computer hardware software data storage technology and networks providing a portfolio of shared IT resources for the organization.

INFORMATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Information systems architecture provides a combine framework into which various people with different perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks of information systems.

Prof. Kumargaurav

Prof. Kumargaurav

Prof. Kumargaurav

Prof. Kumargaurav

Thank You