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This webinar aired originally on Tuesday, February 14, 2012. It is part of Data Blueprint’s ongoing webinar series on data management. For more information and to sign up for future session, please visit www.datablueprint.com/webinar-schedule Abstract: All organizations have data architectures. The question is: How effectively do they use them? This presentation provides a clear and concise understanding of what is meant by the term data architecture and the requirement that data and information architectures must be simultaneously managed. More importantly, organizations must understand what it means to use data architecture to support the implementation of organizational strategy. Participants will understand the requirements for an iterative, incremental approach to data architecture reengineering, the complimentary role of the Zachman Framework, and the ability to articulate the business value of data architecture projects and components. View the video recording here: http://www.slideshare.net/aberkowitz/dataed-online-building-a-solid-foundationdatainformation-architecture
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Welcome!
Date: February 14, 2012Time: 2:00 PM ETPresenter: Dr. Peter Aiken
1
Building a Solid Foundation: Data/Information Architecture
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Meet Your Presenter: Dr. Peter Aiken
2
• Internationally recognized thought-leader in the data management field with more than 30 years of experience
• Recipient of the 2010 International Stevens Award
• Founding Director of Data Blueprint (http://datablueprint.com)
• Associate Professor of Information Systems at Virginia Commonwealth University (http://vcu.edu)
• President of DAMA International (http://dama.org)
• DoD Computer Scientist, Reverse Engineering Program Manager/Office of the Chief Information Officer
• Visiting Scientist, Software Engineering Institute/Carnegie Mellon University
• 7 books and dozens of articles• Experienced w/ 500+ data management practices in 20 countries
2/14/2012DATA BLUEPRINT 10124-C W. BROAD ST, GLEN ALLEN, VA 23060 EDUCATION
Building a Solid Foundation:
Data/Information Architecture
Dr. Peter Aiken: Building a Solid Foundation – Data/Information
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Building a Solid Foundation: Data/Information Architecture
All organizations have data architectures. The question is: How effectively do they use them? This presentation provides a clear and concise understanding of what is meant by the term data architecture and the requirement that data and information architectures must be simultaneously managed. More importantly, organizations must understand what it means to use data architecture to support the implementation of organizational strategy. Participants will understand the requirements for an iterative, incremental approach to data architecture reengineering, the complimentary role of the Zachman Framework, and the ability to articulate the business value of data architecture projects and components.
4
TITLE
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Outline1. Data Management Overview2. What is Data/Information Architecture?3. Why is Data/Information Architecture
Important?4. Data/Information Architecture
Frameworks5. Data/Information Architecture Building
Blocks6. Guiding Principles & Best Practices7. Considerations for Improving Data
Architecture Utility within your Organization
8. Take Aways, References & Q&A
5
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The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge
6
Data Management Functions
Published by DAMA International• The professional
association for Data Managers (40 chapters worldwide)
DMBoK organized around • Primary data
management functions focused around data delivery to the organization
• Organized around several environmental elements
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The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge
7
Environmental Elements
Amazon:http://www.amazon.com/DAMA-Guide-Management-Knowledge-DAMA-DMBOK/dp/0977140083Or enter the terms "dama dm bok" at the Amazon search engine
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What is the CDMP?• Certified Data Management
Professional• DAMA International and ICCP• Membership in a distinct group made
up of your fellow professionals• Recognition for your specialized
knowledge in a choice of 17 specialty areas
• Series of 3 exams• For more information, please visit:
– http://www.dama.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3399
– http://iccp.org/certification/designations/cdmp
8
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Data Management
9
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Data Management
10
Manage data coherently.
Share data across boundaries.
Assign responsibilities for data.Engineer data delivery systems.
Maintain data availability.
Data Program Coordination
Organizational Data Integration
Data Stewardship Data Development
Data Support Operations
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Outline1. Data Management Overview2. What is Data/Information Architecture?3. Why is Data/Information Architecture
Important?4. Data/Information Architecture
Frameworks5. Data/Information Architecture Building
Blocks6. Guiding Principles & Best Practices7. Considerations for Improving Data
Architecture Utility within your Organization
8. Take Aways, References & Q&A
11
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Data Architecture Management
12
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
13
He who doesn’t lay his foundations before hand, may by great abilities do so afterward, although with great trouble to the architect and danger to the building.
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Polling Question #1 Most organizations do not formally manage any type of
architectures. I have surveyed 500 different organizations around the world and found that not all of them have architectures in place. What do you think is the percentage of organizations worldwide with data architectures?
a) 80%b) 60%c) 40%d) Less than 10%
14
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Typically Managed Architectures
15
• Process Architecture– Arrangement of inputs -> transformations = value -> outputs– Typical elements: Functions, activities, workflow, events, cycles, products,
procedures• Systems Architecture
– Applications, software components, interfaces, projects• Business Architecture
– Goals, strategies, roles, organizational structure, location(s)• Security Architecture
– Arrangement of security controls relation to IT Architecture• Technical Architecture/Tarchitecture
– Relation of software capabilities/technology stack– Structure of the technology infrastructure of an enterprise, solution or system– Typical elements: Networks, hardware, software platforms, standards/protocols
• Data/Information Architecture– Arrangement of data assets supporting organizational strategy – Typical elements: specifications expressed as entities, relationships, attributes,
definitions, values, vocabularies
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Architecture
16
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and constructing space that reflects functional, social, and aesthetic considerations. A wider definition may comprise all design activity from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). In fact, architecture today may refer to the activity of designing any kind of system and is often used in the IT world.
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Information Architectures
17
•… are plans, guiding the transformation of strategic organizational information needs into specific information systems development projects
– Source: Internet
• "Information architecture is a foundation discipline describing the theory, principles, guidelines, standards, conventions, and factors for managing information as a resource. It produces drawings, charts, plans, documents, designs, blueprints, and templates, helping everyone make efficient, effective, productive and innovative use of all types of information."
– Source: Information First by Roger & Elaine Evernden, 2003 ISBN 0 7506 5858 4 p.1.
• Defining the data needs of the enterprise and designing the master blueprints to meet those needs
• Source: DM BoK
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Data Architecture – Better Definition
18
*Source: Aiken 2010
• Common vocabulary expressing integrated requirements ensuring that data assets are stored, arranged, managed, and used in systems in support of organizational strategy* • All organizations have
information architectures• Some are better understood and
documented (and therefore more useful) than others
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Vocabulary is Important-Tank, Tanks, Tankers, Tanked
19
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Outline1. Data Management Overview2. What is Data/Information Architecture?3. Why is Data/Information Architecture
Important?4. Data/Information Architecture
Frameworks5. Data/Information Architecture Building
Blocks6. Guiding Principles & Best Practices7. Considerations for Improving Data
Architecture Utility within your Organization
8. Take Aways, References & Q&A
20
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Architecture Examples: Good
21
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Architecture Examples: Bad
22
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Why is Data Architecture Important?
23
• Poorly understood– Data architecture asset value is
not well understood• Inarticulately explained
– Little opportunity to obtain learning and experience
• Indirectly experienced– Cost organizations millions each year in
productivity/redundant and siloed efforts– Example: Poorly thought out software
purchases
Computers
Human resources
Communication facilities
Software
Managementresponsibilities
Policies,directives,and rules
Data
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What Questions Can Architectures Address?
24
• How and why do the components interact?
• Where do they go?• When are they needed?• Why and how will the
changes be implemented?
• What should be managed organization-wide and what should be managed locally?
• What standards should be adopted?
• What vendors should be chosen?
• What rules should govern the decisions?
• What policies should guide the process?
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Polling Question #2 The average organization contains information about
customers in more than one place. What do you think is the average number of places internally in which organizations keep customer information?
a) 2b) 9c) 17d) 20
25
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Who is Joan Smith?
26
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Data/Information Architectures Must be Managed Together
27[Built on defini1on by Dan Appleton 1983]
1. Each FACT combines with one or more MEANINGS. – Each specific FACT and MEANING combination is referred to as a DATUM.
2. An INFORMATION is one or more DATA that are returned in response to a specific REQUEST
3. INTELLIGENCE is INFORMATION associated with its USES.– INFORMATION REUSE is enabled when one FACT is combined with more than one MEANING.
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*+,-+./)
!"#$%%&'$"($)
*+$)
,&+-./0102".3%$-'$045$00.6$"07+$-0+8"."8/.7+%8)
TITLE
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Outline1. Data Management Overview2. What is Data/Information Architecture?3. Why is Data/Information Architecture
Important?4. Data/Information Architecture
Frameworks5. Data/Information Architecture Building
Blocks6. Guiding Principles & Best Practices7. Considerations for Improving Data
Architecture Utility within your Organization
8. Take Aways, References & Q&A
28
TITLE
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Data Architecture Frameworks
29
• TOGAF– The open group architectural framework
• ANSI/IEEE 1471-2000 Standard– Defines specific design artifacts
• FEA– Federal Enterprise Architecture/OMB
• MODAF– UK Ministry of Defence
• AGATE– France DGA Architecture Framework
• Industry Models– IBM/Teradata/Financial Transactions
Inc.• DODAF
– US DoD Architecture Framework• Zachman Framework
• A system of ideas for guiding analyses
• A means of organizing project data
• Data integration priorities decision making framework
• A means of assessing progress
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30
Names
Names
*Horizontal integration lines are shown for example purposes only and are not a complete set. Composite, integrative rela-tionships connecting every cell horizontally potentially exist.Names
Names
™
C o m p o s i t e I n t e g r a t i o n s
Alignment
Transformations
C o m p o s i t e I n t e g r a t i o n s
Alignment
Transformations
C o m p o s i t e I n t e g r a t i o n s C o m p o s i t e I n t e g r a t i o n s
Alignment
Transformations
Alignment
Transformations
A l i g n m e n t
A l i g n m e n t
Where Why
Operations
Instances
TheEnterprise
TheEnterprise
Enterprise
Perspective
Executive
Perspective
Business Mgmt
Perspective
Architect
Perspective
Engineer
Perspective
Technician
Perspective
Scope
Contexts
Business
Concepts
System
Logic
Technology
Physics
Tool
Components
e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.
e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.
e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.
e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.e.g.: primitive e.g.: composite model:
model:
Forecast Sales
Plan Production
Sell Products
Take Orders
Train Employees
Assign Territories
Develop Markets
Maintain Facilities
Repair Products
Record Transctns
Material Supply Ntwk
Product Dist. Ntwk
Voice Comm. Ntwk
Data Comm. Ntwk
Manu. Process Ntwk
Parts Dist. Ntwk
Personnel Dist. Ntwk
etc., etc.
General Mgmt
Product Mgmt
Engineering Design
Manu. Engineering
Accounting
Finance
Transportation
Distribution
Marketing
Sales
Product Cycle
Market Cycle
Planning Cycle
Order Cycle
Employee Cycle
Maint. Cycle
Production Cycle
Sales Cycle
Economic Cycle
Accounting Cycle
Products
Product Types
Parts Bins
Customers
Territories
Orders
Employees
Vehicles
Accounts
New Markets
Revenue Growth
Expns Reduction
Cust Convenience
Customer Satis.
Regulatory Comp.
New Capital
Social Contribution
Increased Yield
Increased Qualitye.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.
Process
Instantiations
Distribution
Instantiations
Responsibility
Instantiations
Timing
Instantiations
Inventory
Instantiations
Motivation
Instantiations
List: Timing Types
Business IntervalBusiness Moment
List: Responsibility Types
Business RoleBusiness Work Product
List: Distribution Types
Business LocationBusiness Connection
List: Process Types
Business TransformBusiness Input/Output
System TransformSystem Input /Output
System LocationSystem Connection
System RoleSystem Work Product
System IntervalSystem Moment
Technology TransformTechnology Input /Output
Technology LocationTechnology Connection
Technology RoleTechnology Work Product
Technology IntervalTechnology Moment
Tool TransformTool Input /Output
Tool LocationTool Connection
Tool RoleTool Work Product
Tool IntervalTool Moment
List: Inventory Types
Business EntityBusiness Relationship
System EntitySystem Relationship
Technology EntityTechnology Relationship
Tool EntityTool Relationship
List: Motivation Types
Business EndBusiness Means
System EndSystem Means
Technology EndTechnology Means
Tool EndTool Means
!" !" !" !"
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31
Data Architectures are Developed in Response to Organizational Needs
Organizational Needs
become instantiated and integrated into an Data/Information
Architecture
!"#$%&'($")*+,-.&)/.012%.&."-,3
authorizes and articulates sa
tisfy
spe
cific
org
aniz
atio
nal n
eeds
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Outline1. Data Management Overview2. What is Data/Information Architecture?3. Why is Data/Information Architecture
Important?4. Data/Information Architecture
Frameworks5. Data/Information Architecture Building
Blocks6. Guiding Principles & Best Practices7. Considerations for Improving Data
Architecture Utility within your Organization
8. Take Aways, References & Q&A
32
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Data Architecture Management Building Blocks
33
√√ √ √√ √ √
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Data Architecture Management Overview
34
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Data Architecture Mgmt Goals and Principles
35
1) To plan with vision and foresight to provide high quality data
2) To identify and define common data requirements
3) To design and implement structures and plans to meet the current and long-term data requirements of the enterprise
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Polling Question #3
What percentage of your data handles most of your information needs?
a) 80%b) 50%c) 20%d) 5%
36
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Data Architecture Mgmt Activities1) Understand enterprise information needs
2) Develop and maintain the enterprise data model
3) Analyze and align with other business models
4) Define and maintain
– Data technology architecture
– Data integration architecture
– Data Warehouse/BI architecture
– Enterprise taxonomies and namespaces
– Metadata architecture
37
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Data Architecture Mgmt Primary Deliverables• Enterprise Data Model
• Information Value Chain Analysis
• Data Technology Architecture
• Data Integration/MDM Architecture
• DW/BI Architecture
• Metadata Architecture
• Enterprise Taxonomies and Namespace
• Document Management Architecture
• Metadata
38
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Polling Question #4
Who is responsible for the data?
a) Everyoneb) CIOc) Data Producersd) Data Stewards
39
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Data Architecture Mgmt Roles and ResponsibilitiesManagers and Executives
Consumers• Data Stewards• Data Architects• Data Analysts• Database Administrators• Software Developers• Project Managers• Data Producers• Knowledge Workers
Suppliers• Executives • Data Stewards• Data Producers• Information Consumers
Participants• Data Stewards• SMEs• Data Architects• Data Analysts & Modelers • Other Enterprise Architects• DM Executives & Managers• CIO & other Executives• Database Administrators• Data Model Administrators
40
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Data Architecture Mgmt Technology• Data Modeling/CASE Tools
• Model Management Tool
• Metadata Repository
• XML Processors/Servers
• Data Discovery/Profiling Tools
• Office Productivity/Collaboration Tools
41
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Top 3 Things a Data Architecture Tool Needs to have in 20121. True business glossary
– Capturing the language of the business independent of data structure, independent of physical form, is the ideal way to properly identify, classify, and manage disparate information sources
2. Business process and other business models– These models define the context for information that we
manage. By aligning all information concepts with all uses of that same concept across all business units and all business use cases, we can ensure a consistent definition of that information regardless of which subset of the attributes we implement in a given application or technology
3. Web-based collaboration– This one is really about sharing the metadata with folks
that are not using a modeling tool but have a say in this knowledge set.
42
Source: “Top 3 Things a Data Architecture Tool Needs to Have in 2012” by David Dichmann; http://blogs.sybase.com/dichmann/2012/01/top-3-things-a-data-architecture-tool-needs-to-have-in-2012/
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Outline1. Data Management Overview2. What is Data/Information Architecture?3. Why is Data/Information Architecture
Important?4. Data/Information Architecture
Frameworks5. Data/Information Architecture Building
Blocks6. Guiding Principles & Best Practices7. Considerations for Improving Data
Architecture Utility within your Organization
8. Take Aways, References & Q&A
43
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Guiding Principles & Best Practices1. Data architecture is an integrated set of
specification artifacts (master blueprints) used to define data requirements, guide data integration, control data assets, and align data investments with business strategy
2. Enterprise data architecture is part of the overall enterprise architecture, along with process architecture, business architecture, systems architecture, and technology architecture
3. Enterprise data architecture includes three major categories of specifications:
(1) The enterprise data model(2) Information value chain analysis(3) Data delivery architecture
44
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Guiding Principles & Best Practices, cont’d4. Enterprise data architecture is
about more than just data. It helps establish the semantics of an enterprise, using a common business vocabulary
5. An enterprise data model is an integrated subject-oriented data model defining the essential data used across an entire organization. Build an enterprise data model in layers: – Subject area overview– Conceptual views of entities and relationships for each subject area– More detailed, partially attributed views of these same subject areas
6. Information value chain analysis defines the critical relationships between data, processes, roles and organizations, and other enterprise elements
45
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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7. Data delivery architecture defines the master blueprint for how data flows across databases and applications. This ensures data quality and integrity to support both transactional business processes and business intelligence reporting and analysis
8. Architectural frameworks like TOGAF and The Zachman Framework help organize collective thinking about architecture. This allows different people with different objectives and perspectives to work together to meet common interests.
46
Guiding Principles & Best Practices, cont’d
from The DAMA Guide to the Data Management Body of Knowledge © 2009 by DAMA International
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Outline1. Data Management Overview2. What is Data/Information Architecture?3. Why is Data/Information Architecture
Important?4. Data/Information Architecture
Frameworks5. Data/Information Architecture Building
Blocks6. Guiding Principles & Best Practices7. Considerations for Improving Data
Architecture Utility within your Organization
8. Take Aways, References & Q&A
47
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Data Architecture is non-trivial
48
• The successful development of a organizational data architecture requires a degree of information system development:– More often spoken about
than sought after, and – More often sought after
than achieved. • Strategic planning
without the benefit of a data architecture is just a ritual rain dance.
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Largely Ineffective DM Investments
49
• Approximately, 10% percent of organizations achieve parity and (potential positive returns) on their DM investments.
• Only 30% of DM investments achieve tangible returns at all.
• Seventy percent of organizations have very small or no tangible return on their DM investments.
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Outline1. Data Management Overview2. What is Data/Information Architecture?3. Why is Data/Information Architecture
Important?4. Data/Information Architecture
Frameworks5. Data/Information Architecture Building
Blocks6. Guiding Principles & Best Practices7. Considerations for Improving Data
Architecture Utility within your Organization
8. Take Aways, References & Q&A
50
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Data Architecture Take Aways
51
• What is an information architecture?– A structure of data-based information assets supporting implementation of
organizational strategy (or strategies)– Most organizations have data assets that are not supportive of strategies
- i.e., information architectures that are not helpful– The really important question is: how can organizations more effectively
use their information architectures to support strategy implementation?• What is meant by use of an information architecture?
– Application of data assets towards organizational strategic objectives– Assessed by the maturity of organizational data management practices – Results in increased capabilities, dexterity, and self awareness– Accomplished through use of data-centric development practices
(including taxonomies, stewardship, and repository use)• How does an organization achieve better use of its information
architecture?– Continuous re-development; the starting point isn't the beginning– Information architecture components must typically be reengineered – Using an iterative, incremental approach, typically focusing on one
component at a time and applying formal transformations
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References
52
Websites
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References, cont’d
53
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References, cont’d
54
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Questions?
55
It’s your turn! Use the chat feature to submit your questions to Peter now.
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Upcoming Events
56
March Webinar:Practical Data ModelingMarch 13, 2012 @ 2:00 PM ET/11:00 AM PT
April Webinar:Data Operations Management: Turning your Challenges Into SuccessApril 10, 2012 @ 2:00 PM ET/11:00 AM PT
Sign up here:• www.datablueprint.com/webinar-schedule • www.Dataversity.net
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Comparative Assessment Results
57
Data Program Coordination
Organizational Data Integration
Data Stewardship
Data Development
Data Support Operations
0 1 2 3 4 5
Nokia Industry Competition All Respondents
Challenge
Challenge
Challenge
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Data-Centric Development Flow• In support of strategy, the
organization develops specific goals/objectives
• The goals/objectives drive the development of specific data/information assets with an eye to organization-wide usage
• Network/infrastructure components are developed to support organization-wide use of data
• Development of systems/applications is derived from the data/network architecture
• Advantages of this approach:– Data/information assets are developed
from an organization-wide perspective
– Systems support organizational data/information needs and compliment organizational process flows
– Data/information reuse is maximized
58
Strategy
Goals/Objectives
Data/Information
Network/Infrastructure
Systems/Applications
Original articulation from Doug Bagley @ Walmart