crop harvester in agricultural approach

CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL APPROACH 2012-13

ABSTRACT

Crop cutting machine is mechanical device. It can be use for cutting the dry cut stalks

of grain break or covering of trunk of tree. In the crop cutting machine required less

human effort and it is very reasonable for middle class farmer it is not complicated

structure and it is easily operated by unskilled person.

In this cutting machine have the two blades one is right hand side and another

is left hand side. This can be applicable for the cutting of crop such as Javari, Tuar,

maize etc. It can reduce labor cost due to the only one person can handle. Crop cutter

machine does not required high maintenance.

Key words

Crop, Grain, Farmer, Stalks, Javari, Tuar, Maize. Cost

Page 1


INDEX

Sr.No Contents Page No

1 Abstract

2 Introduction 4

3 Necessity of crop harvester m/c 5

4 Conceptual background 6

5 Design methodology 7-18

6 Material procurement 19

7 Experimental fabrication 20-26

8 Experimental set-up 27-36

9 Working 37-38

1

0

Advantages 39

1

1

Limitation 40

1

2

Application 41

1

3

Future scope 42

1

4

Conclusion 43

1

5

Reference 44

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FIGURE INDEX

Fig. No Name of Figure Page. No

3.1 Leonardo Da-Vinci concept 64.1 Cutter 74.2 Side view of cutter 74.3 Intermediate shaft 84.4 Cutter shaft 94.5 Transmission system 104.6 Open belt 114.7 Cross belt 126.1 Frame 216.2 Wheel 216.3 Assembly of wheel 226.4 Cutter assembly 236.5 Cutter 236.6 Handle 246.7 Supporting plate of cutter assembly 256.8 Cover 267.1 Body 277.2 Engine 287.3 V-belt 297.4 Cross section of v-belt 307.5 Intermediate shaft 317.6 Cutter shaft 317.7 Pedestal bearing 337.8 Lever sleeves 337.9 Pulley 347.10 Wheel 347.11 Cutter 358.1 Working of crop harvester ( Side view ) 378.2 Working of crop harvester ( Front view ) 38

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1. INTRODUCTION:-

Agriculture forms the backbone of our country economy; about 55% of citizen is

depending on agriculture. Thus developing our country means providing our farmers

with more “Sophisticated” and “Advanced Tool” which would decreases overall time

required for the task and the task will become more easy and convenient.

Crop harvesting is last stage in farming which takes maximum time of farmer

among all farming process. In India harvesting is generally done manually. Thus our

intention is to provide farmer a “CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL

APPROACH”. This machine consists of simple mechanism make to run by an engine

which will be economical to farmer and will take less time for harvesting operation.

Crop harvesting is a process of cutting the crops closed to the ground or pulling

the plants when they are ripped out. It include cutting the stems of coral crops like tuar,

Jawar, Bajra, Maize etc. closed to the ground. in our country it is generally done by

sharp sickle.

On the basis of this large number of crop harvester are in use at today’s date,

which are available at different shape and size and on different power supply. Some of

them are pneumatic crop harvester, hydraulic crops harvester and crop harvester

running on tractor engine. Since they are costlier keeping in to consideration the

economic ability of our farmer it is required that is should be simple and should fulfill

the same intention which are achieved by “CROP HARVESTER IN

AGRICULTURAL APPROACH”. This machine is made to run by a single cylinder

four stroke petrol engine of 197cc and having a speed of nearly 3600 rpm.

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2. NECCESITY OF CROP HARVESTER MACHINE

COMPARISON BETWEEN CROP HARVESTER AND LABOUR

CROP HARVESTER LABOUR

1) When machine working in the farm

it takes less time as compared to

labour.

1) When the labour is working in the

farm it takes more time as compared

to machine.

2) Less stresses on machine.2) More stresses on the labour in the

farm.

3) There is no requirement of skilled

labour for handling the machine in the

farm.

3) It required a skilled labour in the

farm for cutting the crops.

4) Machine cuts the crops in two rows

at a time in the farm.

4) Labour cuts the crop in one row at

time in the farm.

5) This machine saves some labour

cost because it handled by only one

person.

5) In today era the labour cost is more

as compared to this machine.

6) This machine cuts the crop in 1 acre

area in 2 hour.

6) Two labour are cut the crops in 1

acre area in 1 day.

7) This machine cut the crops in 1 acre

area in the cost of 200Rs.

7) Labour are cut the crops in 1 acre

area in the cost of 400Rs.

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3. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND:-

In 14th century the ‘Leonardo Da-vinci’ is a one man who is an architect, engineer,

geologist, and painter, he is shown various inventions and thought through his drawing

and we take our project concept from this picture.

Fig. no 3.1 Leonardo da-vinci concept

This picture show the war when the horse is running, wheel is rotate in circular

motion and this motion give the cutter through the propeller shaft by using the bevel

gear which is connected to the wheel of chariot. This cutter act’s like a weapon and it

used in war. So this concept we use for a agricultural approach and we decided to create

a new invention in agricultural and we make a demo model.

In this invention we used the engine which generated the power and this power we can

used for rotating the cutter with the help of pulleys and belt to cut the crop in the farm.

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4. DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

4.1 Cutting blades:

The cutting blades materials are high speed steel. We used this material for making

the cutter because following properties of this material.

4.1.1Properties of high speed steel

Resists corrosion

Retains strength even at high temperatures

High resistance to shock at low and high temperatures

Yields durable long-life products

Fig no 4.1.Cutter

The total length of cutter is 290 mm. Cutting edges having the length of 115mm. on

both side of both end. In the middle portion of the plate the hole is created of 13mm.

and key way slot is provided of 5 x 5mm. The thickness of cutting portion is 4mm, and

width of cutting portion is 43mm. At the cutting edge outer and inner corner the 8mm

radius round shape is provided. The main thing is that the slightly in cutting edge is

created the angle of 20 degree and 10degree with faces on both side of cutting edge

opposite to each other as shown in fig. So the dynamic shape has got to the cutter which

is main purpose of it can cut the crop very easily.

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Fig no.4.2. Side view of cutter

4.2 shafts:

The shaft is made up of M.S.bar.In our Project we required a two shaft are as

follows

1) Intermediate shaft

2) Cutter shaft

4.2.1 Intermediate shaft:

The total length of intermediate shaft is 550mm and 22mm diameter. And both the end

having a step of 50mm in length and 20mm in diameter. Three pulleys are mounted on

it. And this intermediate shaft is fixed inside the pedestal bearing.

Fig no 4.3. Intermediate shaft

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4.2.2 Cutter shaft:

The cutter shaft is made up of M.S. bar. In the crop harvesting machine is having two

cutters and this two cutter is mounted on two shaft having a length of 250mm and the

diameter of this shaft is 22mm.Both end of these shaft having a step turning at upper

end 70mm in length and 20mm in diameter and at lower end 20mm in diameter and

50mm in length after that we made up 5mm key and then the threading is done up to

20mm in length and 13mm in diameter.

Fig no 4.4.Cutter shaft

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4.3 Calculations:-

Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belt and pulley. This arrangement

as shown in fig. the power is transmitted engine shaft to cutter shaft which is decrease

the speed and increase the torque. The speed transfer ratio is 2:1.

Fig no 4.5 .Transmission system

Where:-

P=power of engine

D1=diameter of small pulley

D2=diameter of big pulley

N1=speed of engine shaft

N2=speed of intermediate shaft

N3=speed of cutter shaft

T1=torque of engine shaft

T2=torque of intermediate shaft

T3=torque of cutter shaft

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t1 = t3 = Tension in tight side of belt

t2=t4= Tension in slack side of belt

Torque of driving pulley on engine shaft (T)

T= (t1-t2) r1

Let us,

To find the angle of contact of the open belt on the driving pulley (A)

Fig no.4.6 Open belt

Let

Ɵ= angle of contact of the belt on the driving pulley (A)

We have,

Sin α =r1−r2

x

= 63.5−31.75

267

Sin α= 0.11879

α=6.83

Ɵ=180°-2α

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=180°-2×6.83=166.34

Ɵ=166.34×π

180

=2.94rad

We know that

2.3 log t1

t2 =µƟcosecβ

2.3 log t1

t2 =0.12×2.94×

1sin 22.7

2.3 log t1

t2 =0.91

t1

t2

=2.5

Maximum tension in belt

t= σ.b.t

=2.3×106×17×10-3×11×10-3

t=430.1N

We have,

Centrifugal tension

tC = t3

=430.1

3

= 143.36N

t1=t-tC

=430.1-143.36

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=286.74N

t1

t2

=2.5

286.74t2

=2.5

t 2=286.74

2.5

t 2=114.7N

T1= (t1-t2) r1

= (286.74-114.7)×31.75×10-3

T1=5.5Nm

Power transmitted by driving pulley on engine shaft (A)

P1=2× π × N 1×T 1

60

=2× π × 3600× 5.5

60

P1=2.07Kw

Torque on driven pulley (B) on intermediate shaft (T2)

R2= 63.5mm

T2= (t1-t2)r2

= (286.74-114.7)×63.5×10-3

T2=11Nm

To find the speed of intermediate shaft (N2)

We have,

Velocity ratio,

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N 1

N 2

=D2

D1

3600N2

=12763.5

N2=1800rpm

Power transmitted by driven pulley (B) on intermediate shaft (P2)

P2=2 π N2T 2

60

=2× π × 1800× 11

60

P2=2.07Kw

Then Torque on driving pulley (C ) on intermediate shaft (T3)

T3=(t3-t4)r1

Let us,

To find the angle of contact of the cross belt on the driving pulley of intermediate shaft.

Fig no 4.7 Cross belt

We have,

Sin α =r4+r3

x

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= 63.5+31.75

455

Sin α= 0.2093

α=12.080

Ɵ=180°+2α

=180°+2×12.08 =204.160

Ɵ=204.16×π

180

Ɵ =3.56rad

We know that

2.3 log t 3

t 4 =µƟcosecβ

2.3 log t 3

t 4 =0.12×3.56×

1sin 15

t1

t2

=5.21

We know that,

Maximum tension in belt

t= σ.b.t

=2.3×106×14×10-3×10×10-3

t=322N

We have,

Centrifugal tension

tC = t3

Page 15


=322

3

tC =107.33N

T3=t-tC

=322-107.33

T3=214.67N

t 3

t 4

=5.21

214.67t 4

=2.5

t 4=41.20N

T3= (t3-t4) r3

= (214.67-41.20)×31.75×10-3

T3=5.5Nm

Power transmitted by driving pulley (C ) on intermediate shaft(P3)

P3=2 π N2T 2

60

=2× π × 1800× 5.5

60

P3=1.03 Kw

Torque of the driven pulley (D) on the cutter shaft (T4)

T4= (t3-t4)×r4

= (214.67-41.20)×63.5×10-3

T4 =11N-m

To find the speed of cutter shaft we have (N3)

Page 16


Velocity ratio

N2

N 3

=D4

D3

3600N3

=12763.5

N3=900rpm

Power is transmitted by driven pulley on cutter shaft (P4)

P4=2 π N3T 4

60

=2× π × 900 ×11

60

P4=1.03 Kw

Force exerted on cutter blade (F1)at a distance 145 mm

T=Fr

F1=T 4

R1 =

11

145× 10−3 = F1=75.86N

Force exerted on cutter blade (F2) at a distance 116.25 mm

F2=T 4

R2

=11

116.25×10−3

F2=94.62N


Page 17


F3=T 4

R3

=11

87.5 ×10−3

F3=125.71N


F4=T 4

R4

=11

58.75× 10−3

F4=187.23N

Average force exerted on blade F

F=F1+F2+F3+F4

4

F=75.86+94.62+125.71+187.23

4 =120.85 N

Then,

n = No of rotation of cutter per sec

We have,

n = N 3× 60

3600

n = 900 ×60

3600

n = 15 rotation/sec

The cutter rotation is done 15 rotations per sec.

The cutter shaft speed is 900 rpm &

Page 18


The torque of cutter shaft is 11 N.m

The force exerted on blade is 120.85N

5. MATERIAL PROCURMENT

Sr.No Material Price Quantity Cost

1 Engine Rs.7000 1 Rs.7000

2 HSS Metal strip Rs.50 Kg 2 Kg Rs.100

3 MS Angle plate Rs.40 Kg 16 Kg Rs.640

4 MS Plate Rs.40 Kg 6 Kg Rs.240

5 MS Rod (Bar) Rs.40 Kg 3 Kg Rs.120

6 GI pipe Rs.40 Kg 3 Kg Rs.120

7 Sheet Metal Rs.60 Kg 3 Kg Rs.180

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8 Pedestal Bearing Rs.150 6 Rs.900

9 CI. Pulley Rs.100 1 Rs.100

10 Aluminum Pulley Rs.200 5 Rs.1000

11 V-Belt Rs.250 3 Rs.250

12 Wood Wheel Rs.62.50 4 Rs.250

13 Rubber grip of

wheel

Rs.75 4 Rs.300

14 Nut & Bolt Rs.40 Kg 8 kg Rs.320

15 Spring Washer Rs.2 30 Rs.60

16 Hand Grip Rs.9 2 Rs.18

17 Cable Wire Rs.3 feet 8 feet Rs.24

18 Colour Rs.300 1 Rs.300

Total Material cost Rs.11922

6. EXPERIMENTAL FABRICATION:

Firstly we have design the project from the concept “Leonardo Da-vinci” .We

fabricate the overall project in collage workshop.

We purchase a raw material

1) M.S. Plate ,

2) Wood Wheel,

3) M.S. Rod,

4) Engine ,

Page 20


5) Pulley,

6) Bearing,

7) HSS Plate,

8) Rubber Grip,

.

First of all we design the body of model for these purposes we cut the MS

angle plate in required dimension of

Length =30 inch

Width =21 inch

6.1 Frame:

The frame is consisting of MS angle. The length of frame is 76 cm and width is

53 cm. the angle is heavy for the more load absorption. The two 12 mm drill is on rear

end both corner on the angle.

Page 21


Fig no 6.1.frame

6.2Wheel:

A wheel is made up of wood with the height of 254 mm and width 63.5 mm. In

this wheel 5mm thick rubber grip is attached with the help of nails. In a wheel 20mm

bore is in center of the wheel for connecting a shaft to given a forward and back

direction in the working position.

Fig no 6.2.Wheel

And then welded as per requirement. After that for wheel arrangement we cut the wood

in 10 inch in diameter & 2.5 inch in width and the outer periphery of wheel is covered

by rubber grip with the help of nails and after that at wheel center we make a bore of 25

Page 22


mm and we fixed 3 inch MS pipe then we cut MS rod of 3 inch in length & 1 inch in

dia. In 4 pieces then it put in wheel bore and welded to the body at a suitable distance.

Similarly remaining 3 wheels are welded to the body and total body structure is

completed.

Fig no 6.3.Assembly of wheel

At right corner of rear end we make 4 drills of 5 mm on body with help of drilling

machine. After that we place a engine on that particular arrangement and it fastened by

nut and bolt. At engine shaft we insert a driving pulley & fastened it.

We take 4 angle plate of 90 mm in length and drill it at 12 mm in dia. at

center of plate. And this angle plate welded to the front end of the body. After we cut

the M.S. plate in 2 pieces of 170 mm in height and 120 mm in length with the help of

hand cutter machine. And each corner of plate we make 4 drills in 12 mm in dia. And

one of M.S. plate we fixed to pedestal bearing with the help of nut & bolt, similarly we

place 2 pedestals bearing on 2nd M.S. plate. Then we insert 2 pulleys at upper end & 2

cutters at lower end of 2 cutter shafts and these cutter shafts insert in pedestal bearing

and fixed it with the help of nut & bolt.

We make 2 slots on 2 support plate for fixing these support plate to the

front end of the body.

Page 23


Fig no 6.4. Cutter assembly

First of all we take 600x38x5 mm H.S.S. plate & are cut in to 290 mm

length in 2 pieces. And then we sharp these 2 edges of plate in length of 115 mm from

outer end on both side of each cutter. And then the 100 , 70 angles is provided to the

cutting edge in opposite direction. These overall processes are carried out in tin smithy

section. For increasing the hardness & life of cutter following 3 heat treatment

processes is carried out on cutter,

1) Tempering

2) Forging

3) Quenching

Then we make a hole of 13 mm in dia. at middle of plate with the help of

drilling machine. And make a keyway slot of 5x5 mm inside these holes on slotting

machine. Then we balance these cutters on balancing machine.

Fig no 6.5.cutter

We take 10 feet G.I. pipe then cut these pipe in 3 pieces .First 2 pieces is

3 feet and remaining 1 piece is 17 inch. Then we cut 17 inch square rod with the help of

hand cutter machine. After that at upper end of these two 3 feet G.I. pipe bend at an

angle of 1300 and 6 inch in length. And at lower end of these two 3 feet G.I. pipe bend

Page 24


at an angle of 1300 & 3 inch in length. After we pressed these two 3 feet G.I. pipe &

then drill by 12 mm with the help of hammer, drilling machine & anvil. Then we cut 3

inch M.S. plate in two pieces & at center of both plate make a hole of 12mm in

diameter. Then welded these 2 plates to the lower end of 3 feet G.I pipe. Then 2 pieces

of 17 inch square rod is welded to the upper & lower portion of the handle assembly.

After that we make to drill at both corner of rear end of body and join these handle

assembly to that rear end of body with the help of nut & bolt. Then we provided a stop

switch on the handle at the right hand side.

6.3 Handle:

Handle is made up of GI pipe of 7mm diameter. This handle is join in small MS

plate to the lower end of the handle and is attach to the rear end of the body. The handle

is straight up to 76mm and lower side of the handle is bending 130° and then length of

the handle is 910 mm and then upper side handle is bending 130° and remaining length

of handle is 155 mm. The 20 mm diameter GI pipe is attached at the bend of between

two handle the distance is 460 mm. the pipe is attached upper side and lower side

square bar is attached side of the bar is 10 mm and length is 460mm.

Fig no 6.6.Handle

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6.4 Supporting plate:

The supporting plate is consisting of MS plate. The length of plate is 170 mm and width

is 120 mm. thickness of the plate 6mm. Making the four drills is 12 mm at corner of

the plate. The successive distance between the two drills is 90 mm and the remaining

corner distance is 15 mm from both sides away from the drill. At the middle of the plate

making two slots length is 38 mm and width is 12mm. the two successive distances

between two slots is 90 mm and remaining corner distance is 15 mm.

Fig no 6.7.Supporting plate of cutter assembly

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6.5 Cover

We cut sheet metal in required size. Then we cut M.S. plate in 8 inch of 4 pieces &

drill each corner of an all end of the body. And cut M.S. plate in 6 inch of 2 pieces. 1st

4 pieces is welded vertically at outer periphery of body & remaining 2 pieces is welded

vertically to front end of body & covered total assembly by sheet metal plate and fixed

by nut & bolt. And we should open this bonnet with the help of hinges.

Fig no 6.8. Cover

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7. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UPS:

It consists of the following component.

Component:

7.1 Body:

The frame of a consist of following components suitably mounted:

1) Engine.

2) Transmission system.

3) Road wheel.

4) Handling system.

5) Cutter assembly.

All the components listed above are mounted in either of two ways, viz., the conventional

construction, in which a separate frame is used and the frameless or unitary construction

in which no separate frame is employed. Out of these, the conventional type of

construction is being used presently only for heavy vehicle whereas for car the same has

been replaced by the frameless type or the monologue chassis is manufactures, which still

find it economical to use frame.

Fig no 7.1.Body

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7.2 Engine:

It is the model of MK20HSPP of the mode hand pump. It is the type of 4 stroke air

cooled engine net power is 3600 rpm (3HP).

Fig no 7.2.Engine

Actually this engine used in agricultural purpose for taking the water from the bore but

we does not required water pump so that this water pump remove from engine.

The engine is the petrol +kerosene. When it has start it required petrol means beginning

of the engine. Stop the petrol chock because we have required whole the work with the

help of kerosene through the work running on kerosene so that when engine start Engine

we can start with the help of starter the arrangement of starter by the rope the rope is a

rounded on the starter pulley which is mount engine shaft. When rope is pulled outward

than engine will start at high speed up to the 3600 rpm but we required only 900 rpm for

drive the cutter

Multiple applications of this engine because it has ability to carried high speed so we can

used cultivator, absorber by using its speed.

Page 29


7.3 V-Belt:

V-belt is mostly used in factories and workshops where a great amount of power

is to be transmitted from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are very each near to

other. It made of fabric and cords moulded in rubber and covered with fabric and rubber.

V-belt are trapezoidal in shape are made endless. These belt are particularly suitable for

short drive i.e. shaft are small distance apart from each other. The included angle for v

belt is 30 degree to 40 degree. In the v belt drives the rim of the pulley is grooved in

which the v belt run. the effect of the groove is to increase the frictional grip of v belt on

the pulley and thus to reduce the tendency of slipping .in order to have a good grip on

pulley the v belts is in contact with side faces of the grooves and not on bottom the power

is transmitted by the wedging action between the belts and v grooves in the pulley.

Fig no 7.3.v-belt

A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating

shafts. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently, or to track

relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys. Belts are the cheapest utility for power

transmission between shafts that may not be axially aligned. Power transmission is

achieved by specially designed belts and pulleys. The demands on a belt drive

transmission system are large and this has led to many variations on the theme. They run

smoothly and with little noise v- belts have mainly replaced flat-belts for short-distance

power transmission; and longer-distance power transmission is typically no longer done

with belts at all. For example, factory machines now tend to have individual electric

motors.

Page 30


V- Belts (also known as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and alignment

problem. It is now the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best

combination of traction,

speed of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are generally

endless, and their general cross-section shape is trapezoidal (hence the name "V"). The

"V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the result

that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to wedge into the groove as the load

increases—the greater the load, the greater the wedging action—improving torque

transmission and making the V-belt an effective solution, needing less width and tension

than flat belts. V-belts trump flat belts with their small center distances and high

reduction ration. The preferred center distance is larger than the largest pulley diameter,

but less than three times the sum of both pulleys. Optimal speed range is 1000–7000

ft/min. V-belts need larger pulleys for their larger thickness than flat belts.

For high-power requirements, two or more v- belts can be joined side-by-side in an

arrangement called a multi-V, running on matching multi-groove sheaves. This is known

as a multiple-V-belt drive (or sometimes a "classical V-belt drive").

Advantages of v belt:-

The v-belt gives more compactness due to the small distance between the centre

Drive is positive as there is negligible slip between pulley groove and belt

The belt have the ability to cushion the shocks when machine are started

The high velocity ratio may be obtained

Central line may be vertical, horizontal and inclined.

Page 31


Ration of driving tension for v belt:-

Let

R1 = normal reaction between belt and side of the grooves

R= Total reaction in the plane of grooves

2β= angle of grooves

µ= coefficient of friction between belts and side of the grooves

Fig no 7.4.Cross section of v-belt

In this project is required three v-belt .one is B-section (B 31/830) and other two is A-

section (A 1204 LP/A46).

Power transmitted between a belt and a pulley is expressed as the product of difference of

tension and belt velocity:[1]

where, T1 and T2 are tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively. They

are related as:

Where, μ is the coefficient of friction, and α is the angle subtended by contact surface at

the centre of the pulley.

Page 32


7.4 Shaft:

A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to

another. The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant

torque (or twisting moment) set up within the shaft permits the power to be transferred to

various machines linked up to the shaft to another, the various members such as pulleys,

gears etc., are mounted on it. These members along with the forces exerted upon them

causes the shaft to bending. In other words, we may say that a shaft is used for the

transmission of torque and bending moment. The various members are mounted on the

shaft by means of keys or splines.

Two shafts is required of this project,

1) Intermediate shaft

Fig no 7.5.Intermediate shaft

2) Cutter shaft

Fig no 7.6.Cutter shaft

Page 33


7.5 Plumber block or pedestal bearing:

It is used for proper fixing of shaft and shaft is easily assemble or dissemble from the

plumber block. six plumber block is used in this machine. It is a split type of bearing.

This type of bearing is used for higher speeds, heavy loads and large sizes. The

component of the bearing Cast iron pedestal or block with a sole

Brass or gun-metal or phosphorus-bronze “Brasses”, bushes or steps made in two halves.

Cast iron cap.

This bearing facilitates the placements and removal of the of the shaft from the bearing.

Unlike the solid bearing which are to be inserted end-wise and hence are kept near the

ends of the shaft, these can be placed anywhere. This bearing ensures a perfect

adjustment for wear in the brasses by screwing the cap.

Fig no 7.7.Pedesteal bearing

7.6 Lever sleeves:

It is simple and easy to fit, perfect for providing improved grip. Their open-ended design

simply pulls over levers, increasing finger grip and giving you greater control. Available

in many different colors there is sure to be one suitable for you.

Fig no 7.8.Lever sleeves

Page 34


7.7 Pulleys:

A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement of a cable or belt

along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces,

and to transmit power.

A pulley is also called a sheave or drum and may have a groove between

two flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be

a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove.

Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical

advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain

drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.

Fig no 7.9.Pulley

Page 35

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tackle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumference

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(machining)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_(mechanical)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel


7.8 Wheel:

Frame is mounted on the four wheels and these wheels are made up of wood. For smooth

running we have designed a rubber grip and it is attached or fixed on the periphery of the

wheel.

Fig no 7.10.Wheel

7.9 Cutter:

Cutter is made up of high speed steel it has high hardness and stiffness it have great

ability to cut the crop. The cutting edge is providing as angle for giving to dynamics

shape for easily cutting the crop.

Fig no 7.11 .Cutter

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It consists of body structure which is made up of M.S.angle bar which is in 30 inch

length and 21 inch width and in 2.5 inch height.

It consists of four wheels which is made up of wood and cover by rubber grip.

It consists of MK20 3Hp single cylinder four stroke petrol engine.

Mechanism inside body structure is simple and consists of engine shaft, intermediate

shaft and cutter shaft.

Engine shaft which will get the power from engine with the help of pulley and v belt

drive. Over this engine shaft one small driving pulley 63.5 mm in diameter (single

groove B section) will be mounted. This pulley will transmit the power to the

intermediate shaft which is parallel to engine shaft.

Over this intermediate shaft three aluminum pulleys are mounted one of which is a

driven pulley of 127mm in diameter for engine shaft and which is fixed at near centre.

And remaining two small pulleys which is in 63.5mm in diameter (A section) is fixed

on this intermediate shaft .one at right side and other at left side from the big pulley.

We mounted the v belt over the pulley. And this intermediate shaft is supported in a

two pedestal bearing by means of which the cutter shaft will able to rotate inside the

bearing.

The again this two small driving pulley will transmit the power to cutter shaft which is

perpendicular to the intermediate shaft. At top end of two different cutter shaft we fixed

two aluminum pulleys (driven) and at lower end of this shaft we fixed two cutters. One

cutter shaft is supported in two pedestal bearing and similarly another cutter shaft is

supported in two pedestal bearing by means of which the cutter shaft will able to rotate

inside bearing. And these pedestal bearing is supported on M.S. plate. And these M.S.

plates fastened with the help of nut and bolt to the front end of body structure.

To the lower end of this shaft blade is fixed which will perform the harvesting

operation.

This blade will be light in weight and made up of high speed steel. So as to resist

abrasion due to cutting.

We provide handle for the pushing the harvester in the farm. And we also provide the

power switch for stop the engine which is at right corner of right hand side of the

handle.

It consists of guiding cover for protecting the whole mechanism.

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8. WORKING:

Firstly the MK 20 3 HP single cylinder four stroke petrol engine

having a speed of 3600 rpm is started by manually. The engine shaft which will get the

power from engine. Then fixed a small cast iron driving pulley on these engine shafts.

At this stage the speed of engine is 3600 rpm, but we required a speed of 900rpm for

the operation of harvesting . For these purpose we use pulley and v belt drive on

intermediate shaft for reducing the speed. Then we fixed 3 (A section) aluminum pulley

and v belt on intermediate shaft. From these engine shafts power will be transmitted to

the intermediate shaft with the help of pulley and v-belt drive.

The motion of power transmission from engine shaft to intermediate shaft is

horizontal. And at this stage speed of intermediate shaft become 1800 rpm. And again

for the purpose of harvesting operation we use two cutter shaft. At top end of these

cutter shafts we fixed a 127mm aluminum driven pulley and at lower end of shaft cutter

is fixed, similarly for other cutter shaft. The 2 driving pulley which is mounted on

intermediate shaft will transmit the Power to the cutter shaft and at this stage we got the

required speed of 900 rpm. By this ultimately a power will be transmitted to the both

cutter and it’s start to rotating whose half portion will be outside the length of casing.

This half portion of cutter will comes in a contact with crops and perform harvesting

operation without shattering of grain. These cutter revolve 15 times per second.

Fig no 8.1.Working of crop harvester (Side view)

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It cuts the crops simultaneously in two rows crops like Jowar, Tuar, Bajara, and Maize

etc. When the operator needs to stop the engine they can use the stop switch.

Fig no 8.2.Working of crop harvester (Front view)

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9. ADVANTAGES

1. Reduce the human effort:-crop harvester mostly designs for reduce the human

efforts in which only one operator can be operate or handle the machine. While the

machine will begin there is not required more than one or two worker.

2. Reduce the cost: - in the agriculture for cropping the soya bin, javar and tuvar. It can

cut cheapest prices because it saves the worker cost.

3. Reduce the time: - when worker is cutting the crop they have more time for cutting

but when the use of the crop cutter harvester they increase the capacity of the working

and cutting & it can possible the maximum crop cutting within minimum time.

4. Easy to handle: - crop cutter machine is easy for handling we can easily start the

machine.

5. Unskilled worker can operate: - no skill person required for operating the machine.

6. Safety to use: - during the working if any problem occurs in the machine we can

easily find it.

7. Simple in construction: - it is construct is very simple in way we can easily

dissemble and assemble.

8. Less fuel cost: - it is start on petrol but whole work on kerosene & kerosene is

available at chipset cost.

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10. LIMITATIONS

1 Light weight crops it can’t’s cut e.g. .Wheat, Rice, Soybean

2 Cost is increase when petrol is use.

3 Noise pollution.

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11. APPLICATIONS:

The harvesting of different crops is carried out at present only by manual

labors and the tools are used are only ordinary sickle, the cutting edge of which is

specially serrated for this purpose. They vary slightly in shapes different part of country,

but they are all adopted for cutting only one handful of stems or stalks of the grain crop at

each cut. This kind of harvesting needs of large labour force and as the harvesting has to

be carried out quickly and almost simultaneously in each tract, the demand for labour is

very more, the work become very expensive and labour to very difficult to get even at

high wages therefore “CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL APPROACH” has

brought into existence which carry out this process easily and fastly.

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12. FUTURE SCOPES

12.1 Cultivators

A cultivator is any of several types of farm implement used for secondary tillage.

One sense of the name refers to frames with teeth (also called shanks) that pierce the

soil as they are dragged through it linearly. Another sense refers to machines that

use rotary motion of disks or teeth to accomplish a similar result. The rotary tiller is a

principal example.

12.2 Floors cleaner

A floor cleaner machine to use cleaning of a floor in home, mall, offices, etc. so

in this machine remove the cutter & fix floor cleaning brush. This process is easy to

clean floor as compare to the human effort.

12.3 Agricultural spryer

In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece of equipment that spray nozzles to

apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers to agricultural crops. Sprayers range in size

from man-portable units (typically backpacks with spray guns) to trailed sprayers that

are connected to this machine.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_gun

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpack

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticides

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicides

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_nozzle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_motion

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linear#Adjective

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery


13. CONCLUSIONS

In this way we made a demo model “CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL

APPROACH” for the use of crop cutting in the farm. In this project the following

conclusions were drawn from the study & observation:

1) For Machine:

Machine is working in 1 acre area the fuel consumption is = 1.5 liter /-

Fuel cost is Rs.115 + labour cost is Rs.35 + M/C cost is Rs.50 = Rs.200 /-

2) For Labour

Labour working in 1 acre area the associated cost is = Rs.400 /-

Cutting time for 2 labour in 1 acre area of farm = 6 hr

Hence in above comparison it is clear that the cost of working by machine in the farm

for said application is less as compared to labour cost.

Future scope

Total cost of the project is Rs.14000, in futures launch of this project in the market the

cost of this project will be near about Rs 8000 to 10000.Hence its can easily affordable

by farmer.

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14. REFRENCE

en.wikipedia.org/.../Science_and_inventions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci

Yuming Guo, Hongmei Yuan, Yan Yin, Li Liang. Biomechanical evaluation and grey

relational analysis of lodging resistance of stalk crops. Transactions of the CSAE, 2007,

2007, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 14-18.

Kronbergs et al. Cutting Properties of Arranged Stalk Biomass

http://www.faracresfarm.com

http://www.AllCropHarvester.com

http://www.indiamart.com/krishna-agricultural.

A text book of .Theory of machine by Khurmi & Gupta (Chap no.11,page no 329-338)

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http://www.indiamart.com/krishna-agricultural

http://www.allcropharvester.com/

http://www.faracresfarm.com/jbvb/faf/ac_66.html

Technology

crop harvester in agricultural approach