1

What is NEW in Transition Cow Management and Nutrition??

Jeff Elliott, Ph.D. 易杰夫博士易杰夫博士Balchem Corporation 美国百尔康公司 美国百尔康公司 Amarillo, Texas 阿马利乐阿马利乐 ,, 美国德州美国德州jelliott@balchem.com 翻译：张国强翻译：张国强 Lawson Lawson ZhangZhang

zgqfreedom@126.comzgqfreedom@126.com

围产期奶牛营养和管理的研究进展 2014. April 上海 (SH)/ 北京 (BJ ）

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What’s new? 有什么新的进展• What we know 我们了解哪些？• What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？• Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营养• Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测• Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow• 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求• Cow management 奶牛管理

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Milk Production Per Cow Has Quadrupled Since 1944!

现在奶牛平均产奶量已是 1944 年的 4倍

Bauman, 2012 Cornell Nutr. Conf.

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The Record Cow奶牛产奶量记录

Ever-Green-View My 1326 ETWaldo, WI

3x/365 daysAve/d平均每天

Milk, kg 奶，公斤

84.3Prot, kg 蛋白，公斤

2.7

Fat, kg 乳脂，公斤

3.4

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When Cows Leave the Herd奶牛何时被淘汰(MN DHIA 10/96 – 10/01) Godden et al., 2003

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

% C

ows

Leav

ing

That

Left

in th

e 2

1 D

ay P

erio

d

624,614 Cows Leaving 5,749Herds

0-20

21-4

1

42-6

2

63-8

3

84-1

04

105-

125

126-

146

147-

167

168-

188

189-

209

210-

230

231-

251

252-

272

273-

293

294-

314

315-

335

336-

356

357-

377

378-

398

399-

419

420-

440

21 DIM Interval

25% leave in the first 60 days!!约有 25% 的奶牛在产后 60 天内被淘汰

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Glucose demand vs. supply 葡萄糖需求 / 供应

A glucose deficit post calving limits cow performance – milk and fertility (Overton, 2002)

葡萄糖供应不足限制奶牛产后的生产性能

2.5x increase

供应 需求

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Energy (NEL) Requirements 2 d Before Versus 2 d After Calving

产前二天与产后二天，对能量的需求比较 725-kg Cow 575-kg Heifer

Function Pre Post Pre Post

Maintenance 维持 11.2 10.1 9.3 8.5Pregnancy 怀孕 3.3 --- 2.8 ---Growth 生长 --- --- 1.9 1.7Milk production 泌乳 ---18.7 --- 14.9

Total (Mcal) 总的 14.5 28.8 14.0 25.1Calculated from NRC (2001). Assumes milk production of 25 kg/d for cow and 20 kg/d for heifer, each containing 4% fat.

Courtesy of J. K. Drackley

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Energy Balance for Transition Cows围产期能量平衡

9Michigan State University SAPMACampus Study

分娩时 NEFA ↑

____________________________________________脂肪在肝脏沉积 ?

血浆非酯化脂肪酸

μμMM

产后天数

Plasma NEFA in Cows奶牛血浆非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 的变化

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Blood Flow to the Liver

流经肝脏的血液Reynolds et al., 2003

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Calculated NEFA uptake by liver during the transition period. (Reynolds et al., 2003)

奶牛围产期间，肝脏每天要处理的非酯化脂肪酸的量

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酮酮

体脂 Adipose

动员脂肪 Mobilized Fat

甘油三酯甘油三酯 TAG

脂肪酸 Fatty Acid

甘油 Glycerol

NEFANEFA NEFANEFA

VLDLVLDL

COCO22甘油三酯甘油三酯

Stored TAGStored TAG

OxidOxid

AcCoAAcCoA

肝脏

The Fate of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA)

非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 的代谢

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Liver Triglyceride 甘油三酯

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Liver TG% DM basis

占干物质基数的 %

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Day relative to calving

Vazquez-Anon et al., 1994

© Balchem Corp. 2012

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Strain on the Liver

使肝脏受到巨大压力• The liver weighs 20 lb and can

accumulate over 1 lb of fat by the day after calving (Drackley, 2001).

• 肝脏重约 20 磅，产后能够累积 1 磅的脂肪。

• One point of BCS loss will deliver ~10-12 lb of fat to the liver!

• 体况每下降 1 个点，将有 10-12 磅的脂肪运输到肝脏。

Normal liver

Fatty Liver

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A healthy liver is critical to managing energy for a successful transition

拥有健康的肝脏是围产期奶牛能量管理成功的关键

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Association of fatty liver with reproductive performance in dairy cows. 奶牛脂肪肝与其繁殖表现的关系Parameter 项目 Association 影

响Reference 资料来源

First ovarian activity初次卵巢活动

↓ ↓ Rukkwarnsuk et al., 1999

First ovulation初次排卵

↓ Reid et al., 1983

First estrus 初次发情

↓ Paulova et al., 1990; Jorritsma et al., 2000

First insemination初次授精

↓ Reid et al., 1983

Days open 空怀天数

↑ ↑ Heinonen et al., 1987; Paulova et al., 1990

Pregnancy rate 妊娠率

↓ ↓ Jorritsma et al., 2000

Services/cow头均配种次数

↑ Shafer et al., 1988; Paulova et al., 1990G. Bobe, J. W. Young, and D. C. Beitz. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3105–3124

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Dry Matter Intake 干物质采食量

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Days in Milk

DM

I, p

ou

nd

s

Healthy (22)

Sick (24)

RP/MET (10)

KET/DA (13)

产奶天数

注 : Healthy 健康 ; Sick 生病 ; RP/MET 胎衣不下 / 子宫炎 ; KET/DA 酮病 / 第 4 胃异位

干物质采食量,

磅

Healthy cows had increased DMI over those cows that were sick by 1-7 kg.

健康牛只的采食量比病牛多 1-7 千克

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Milk Production 产奶量

102030405060708090

100

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Days in Milk

Milk

, po

un

ds Healthy (22)

Sick (24)

RP/MET (10)

KET/DA (13)

注 : Healthy 健康 ; Sick 生病 ; RP/MET 胎衣不下 / 子宫炎 ; KET/DA 酮病 / 第 4 胃异位

产奶天数

产奶量,

磅

Healthy cows produced 5-10 kg more milk than sick cows over the first 20 DIM

健康牛只在产后前 20 天的产奶量比病牛高出 5-10 千克

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Projected 305 ME Milk 预期 305 天成熟当量产奶量

7,900 8,150 8,400 8,625 8,850 9,100 9,300 9,525

SICK生病 (24)

RP/MET胎衣不下 / 子宫炎

(10)

DA/KET真胃异位 / 酮

病 (13)

305

Mil

k, k

g

HEALTHY 健康 (22)

Healthy cows had a 305 projected ME that was 450 kg more than that of sick cows.

健康牛只的 305 天成熟当量产奶量比病牛多出 450 千克。

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Impact of Elevated BHBA on First DHI Test Milk Yield β- 羟基丁酸 浓度提高对 DHI 初测奶量的影响

Duffield et al., 2009 BHBA 的域值（ 2周）

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Impact of Elevated BHBA on 305 d Milk Yield BHBA 提高对 305 天产奶量的影响

Duffield et al., 2009

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What’s new? 有什么新的进展• What we know 我们了解哪些？• What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？• Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营

养• Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测• Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow• 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求• Cow management 奶牛管理

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Pre-fresh NFC 产前非纤维性碳水化合物

Adapt Microflora 瘤胃微生物适应Grow Papillae ( 瘤胃壁 )乳头突起生长More Energy 更多能量Decrease Fat Mobilization 减少体脂动员

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Steam up diets are not needed.

激发日粮不是很需要• 6/8 Studies showed a significant increase in prepartum DMI.• 6/8 的研究表明，产前干物质的采食量有明显增加。

• 0/7 Studies showed any significant effect on postpartum DMI.• 0/7 研究表明：对产后干物质采食量无任何显著影响

• 0/9 Studies showed any significant effect on milk yield.• 0/9 的研究表明：对产奶量没有任何显著影响

• 1/5 Studies showed a significant reduction in liver fat.• 1/5 的研究表明：对减少脂肪肝有较显著的影响。

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Low Energy Diet 低能量日粮•High in poor quality forage, typically straw

•低质量的粗料，典型的稻草 / 麦秆。•Cows are less insulin resistant 对胰岛素更敏感（缺抵抗力）

– Lower rates of lipolysis 低的脂肪分解– Less fatty liver 低的脂肪肝– Lower BHBA 低的 BHBA

•Fewer displaced abomasums

•更少的真胃扭转。

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Response to Feeding Goldilocks Diet or High Energy Diet Restricted

对适宜日粮或限饲高能日粮的反应

肝脏中 TG变化

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Response to Feeding Goldilocks Diet or High Energy Diet Restricted

对宜佳日粮或限饲高能日粮的反应

NANA

NA P<0.05P<0.05

NSNA

NS

乳脂校正奶差距

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What’s new? 有什么新的进展• What we know 我们了解哪些？• What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？• Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营

养• Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测• Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow• 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求• Cow management 奶牛管理

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Reashure 瑞信胆碱Rumen Protected Choline

Does Reashure affect transition cows at the

瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作用？

•whole animal level?

•整体奶牛层面 ?

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Meta Analysis of 13 Transition Cow Studies Examining Supplementation

of Ruminally Protected Choline- Objective:

来自 13个围产期奶牛过瘤胃胆碱的研究报告的 M

eta 分析。

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Studies Included 研究包括Study 研究者 Choline Dose

胆碱用量Product 产品 Duration

时间阶段Exp. Unit试验分组

Parity胎次

Hartwell et al. 0,6,12 Capshure -21 to 120 24 M

Zom et al. 0,15 ReaShure -21 to 42 19 M

Lima et al. #1 0,15 ReaShure -25 to 80 4 (pen) M, P

Lima et al. #2 0,15 ReaShure -22 to 0 5 (pen) P

Oelrichs et al. 0,15 ReaShure -28 to 100 32 M, P

Zahra et al. 0,14 ReaShure -25 to28 91 M, P

Piepenbrink et al. 0,11,15, 19 ReaShure -21 to 63 12 M

Janovick et al. 0,15 ReaShure -21 to 21 21 M

Elek et al. 0,25/50 Norcol-25 -25 to 60 16 M, P

Ardalan et al. 0,14 Col 24 -28 to 70 20 M, P

Pinotte et al. 0,20 Overcholine 45% -14 to 30 13 M

Xu et al. #1 0,7.5 Not reported -7 to 21 7 M

Xu et al. #2 0,11,22,33 Not reported -15 to 15 9 M, P

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Milk Yield 产奶量 , kg/d

P < .0001, SEd = .34

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ECM Yield（能量校正奶产量） , kg/d

P = .0038, SEd = .72

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Milk Yield (kg/d) by Study各组研究的产奶量

Average Response = 2.2 kg/dP < 0.0001

平均增加 2.2 公斤奶 /天

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Effect of RPC on Health

P = .72 .33 .77 .06 .001 .05

* Includes clinical ketosis Lima et al., 2007, 2012

包被胆碱对奶牛健康的影响

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RPC Field Demo – Herd Size包被胆碱田间验证试验 --牛群大小

• 46 participating herds

• 46 个参加试验的牛群• 115,377 cows 11 万 5377 头奶牛• 2,508 average herd size • 平均牛场大小 2508 头。• 36.1 average ReaShure feeding days per cow• 平均每个试验牛，喂瑞信胆碱 36.1 天。

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RPC – Field Demo Results包被胆碱 --- 田间验证试验结果

(28)

(12)(39)

(35)(38)

(26) (32)

% o

r lb

/d

-39.7%

-66.2%

-41.2% -18.2%-45.1%

+5.6%

-23.5%

() # of herds reporting data

酮病

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Reashure 瑞信胆碱Rumen Protected Choline

Does Reashure affect transition cows at the

瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作用？

• organ level? Fatty Liver•器官层面？脂肪肝？

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酮酮

体脂Adipose

动员脂肪 Mobilized Fat

甘油三酯甘油三酯 TAG

脂肪酸 Fatty Acid

甘油 Glycerol

NEFANEFA NEFANEFA

VLDLVLDL

COCO22甘油三酯甘油三酯

Stored TAGStored TAG

OxidOxid

AcCoAAcCoA

肝脏

Strategies to Help Transition Cow Deal with Extensive Fat Mobilization

帮助处理围产期奶牛体脂动员的策略

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– Choline is required for phoshpatidylcholine synthesis which is required for fat export out of the liver as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

– 胆碱是合成磷脂酰胆碱所必须的成份，这样可以做为极低密度脂蛋白（ VLDL ）的组成成份之一，同时将 TG （脂肪）

也运出肝脏。

TG Protein

VLDL

C CEPC

Choline

　胆碱

NEFA from adipose tissue

来自体脂产生的 NEFA

Liver

肝

Mammary Tissue

乳腺组织Cole et al., 2011

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UW-Two Experiments(Cook et al., 2007)

两个试验

Feed restrict dry cow to see if choline:– slows liver TG accumulation– enhances depletion of liver TG

干奶牛限饲试验，研究：—胆碱是否会减缓肝脏 TG 的蓄积—胆碱加速肝脏 TG消耗

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Liver TG – Induction肝脏 TG— 诱导试验

P < 0.02

Cooke et al., 2007

对照组

胆碱组

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Liver TG – Depletion肝脏—消耗试验

Choline, P < 0.02

Time x treatment, P < 0.05

Covariate adjustedCooke et al., 2007

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Wageningen University and Research CenterZom et al., 2011

• Liver metabolism: 肝新陈代谢–16 cows from performance study–16 头奶牛

–Liver biopsy at wks -3, 1, 3 and 6 –在 -3,1,3 和 6周进行肝活组织检查

–TAG 甘油三酯

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Feeding 60 g/d RPC from 3 wk Precalving to 6 wk Post Reduces Liver Triglyceride

补饲 60 克每天的包被胆碱，从产前 3 周到产后 6 周，可以减少肝脏中的甘油三酯

Zom et al., 2011

* *

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Reashure 瑞信胆碱Rumen Protected Choline

Does Reashure affect transition cows at the

瑞信胆碱对围产期奶牛，有没有发挥作用？

•molecular level?•（细胞）分子层面？

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MTTP Gene Expression微粒体甘油三酸酯转移蛋白 （ MTTP ） 基因表达

Goselink et al., 2012, submitted to J. Dairy Sci.

P < 0.05 Dotted line = control 对照Solid line = choline 胆碱

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Jilin University, China Liu et al., 2014

中国吉林大学的刘姓学者（ 2014)• Effects of NEFA on the synthesis and assembly of VLDL i

n bovine hepatocytes in vitro

• 体外试验观察， NEFA（非酯化脂肪酸）对牛肝脏细胞合成及组装 VLDL 的影响。

• Cow liver 奶牛肝脏

49Liu et al., 2014

Content of VLDL in NEFA-treated hepatocytes was significantly decreased.

非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 处理过的肝细胞，其 VLDL 的含量明显降低。

非酯化脂肪酸

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TG content in NEFA-treated hepatocytes was significantly increased.

非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 处理过的肝细胞，其 TG的含量明显上升

Liu et al., 2014

非酯化脂肪酸

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NEFA and VLDL ExpressionLei et al., 2014, Jilin University, China

中国吉林大学的刘姓学者（ 2014)非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 和 VLDL 的表

达• “A high concentration of NEFA significantly inhibited the

expression of ApoB100, ApoE, MTP, and LDLR, thereby decreasing the synthesis and assembly of VLDL and inducingTG accumulation in bovine hepatocytes”

• 高浓度的非酯化脂肪酸 (NEFA) 明显抑制了ApoB100, ApoE, MTP, and LDLR的表达，因此降低了 VLDL 的合成和组装，导致 TG 在肝脏细胞中的蓄积。

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Does Reashure affect transition cows?

瑞信胆碱对围产奶牛有什么作用？ Evidence indicates that Reashure affects transition

cows at the:直接的证据表明具有以下功效（三个层面 /水平）：

whole animal level - milk, health, and reproduction整体奶牛水平 -- 产奶量，健康，繁殖organ level – reduces liver fat器官水平 -- 减少脂肪肝molecular level – VLDL gene expression

分子水平 ---VLDL 基因的表达

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What’s new? 有什么新的进展• What we know 我们了解哪些？• What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？• Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营养• Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测• Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow• 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求• Cow management 奶牛管理

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Hand-held Cow-side Meter手执式奶牛检测仪

•Designed for human diabetes management设计用于人饮食管理•Validated for use in dairy cattle•也可以用于奶牛•Requires 1.5 ul of whole blood•只需要 1.5ul 的全血•Quantitative results in 10 seconds•10秒钟就出检测结果

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Monitoring Tools: SCK对亚临床酮病的检测工具

• Precision Xtra (USA)– Measures blood BHBA检测血中 BHBA

– Hand-held meter 手执式检测仪– Meter is $100 RMB; strips $10

RMB each in the USA–仪器值 100RMB ，每条试纸约 10

RMB.

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Cornell and University of Wisconsin 康耐尔和威斯康星大学Multi-Herd Farm Study: 多个奶牛场的研究• BHBA testing: BHBA检测

– 3 days to 16 DIM 产后 3---16天– Alarm rate > 1.2 mmol/L. 警戒线 :>1.2 mmol/L

• 40.3% incidence (from 3-16 DIM) (McArt et al., 2012)

• 发生率达到 40.3% （产后 3--16 天）。

Nydam et al., WDMC, 2013

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Incidence of Subclinical Ketosis by DIM

McArt et al., JDS 95:5056, 2012

Monitoring Subclinical Ketosis监测亚临床酮病

亚临床酮病在各个泌乳天数的发生率

泌乳天数

58

Cost of Subclinical Ketosis亚临床酮病的损失

(McArt et al., 2012)• 40.3% incidence (from 3-16 DIM)• 发生率达到 40.3% 。• Milk loss- 3.4% 产奶量损失 --3.4%• 19.3x greater risk of DA 真胃变位发生率增加 19.3倍

• 3x greater chance for removal from herd by 30d• 产后 30 天内被淘汰的机率增加 3 倍。• $67/case 每个病例损失平均 67美金。

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Cornell and University of Wisconsin 康耐尔和威斯康星大学Multi-Herd Farm Study: 多个奶牛场的研究 (Nydam et al., WDMC, 2013):• Cows that tested positive for SCK were:

– 6 times more likely to develop a DA– 这些奶牛容易发生真胃扭转的可能性是普通奶牛的 6倍。

– 4.5 times more likely to be removed from the herd – 这些奶牛被淘汰的可能性是普通的 4.5 倍。 – 0.7 times as likely to conceive at first service– 这些奶牛首次配种受孕的可能性只有 0.7。

• Cows produced 2.3 kg/d less milk for the first 30 DIM• 在产后第一个 30 天内，每天要少产 2.3公斤奶。

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What’s new? 有什么新的进展• What we know 我们了解哪些？• What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？• Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营养• Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测• Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow

• 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求• Cow management 奶牛管理

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Postfresh Transition Cow Protein新生奶牛对蛋白需求

• VERY LITTLE RESEARCH 非常有限的研究• Similar to energy 与能量相似

– Need for AA/MP/CP is high due to lactation– 由于泌乳，对氨基酸 /可代谢蛋白 /粗蛋白需求很高– DMI intake is low 采食量 很低

• Different than energy 不同与能量之处– Limits to amount of corn and fat that can be fed–受限于可摄入的玉米和脂肪– No real limits to “protein or AA density” of diets–不真正受限于日粮中蛋白或氨基酸的 密度。

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Predicted MP-Milk Production (AMTS)预测可代谢蛋白与产奶量（ AMTS 软件）

0.05.0

10.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.050.0

Day 7 Day 21 Day 7 Day 21

Pred

icte

d M

P-M

ilk, k

g/da

y

32 kg cow 45.5 kg cow3.8% Fat, 3.2% True Protein

17% CP Diet 15.5% CP Diet

63

Larson and Kristensen, 2012• Their research indicates a cow mobilize 5 kg EAA

in first month of lactation!– 他们的研究说明，在头一个月泌乳期间，奶牛动用了 5公斤

的必需氨基酸。• Experiment 试验

– D1 PP, 360 g abomasal infusion of casein– 第一天，真胃灌注酪蛋白 360克– D2 PP, 720 g abomasal infustion of casein– 第二天，真胃灌注酪蛋白 720克。– D2 to D29 PP, amount gradually reduced to 194 g/d– 从第 2天到第 29天，量逐渐降低至 194克 / 天。

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36.6 vs 43.8 kg mil/day 每天产奶量 36.6与 43.8 公斤1212 vs 1664 g milk protein/d 每天乳蛋白 1212 与 1664

克

Feed intake was not different饲料采食量没有不同，

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Can You Get a Response from Amino Acids??

添加氨基酸有效果吗？

Day relative to calving

Methionine added toachieve Lys:Met 2.8:1(as a percentage of MP)

Osorio et al., 2013

对照组MS 蛋氨酸SM 蛋氨酸

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Can You Get a Response from Amino Acids??

添加氨基酸有效果吗？Control对照组

Met+Smart蛋氨酸组

P Value

Milk, lb/d 产奶量 78.6 86.0 0.08

Milk Protein, %

奶蛋白 %3.04 3.22 0.05

Milk Protein yield, g/d奶蛋白产量 （ 克 /天）

1110 1235 0.03

ECM, lb/d能量校正奶 （磅 /天）

90.3 98.9 0.03

Osorio et al., 2013

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Potential Deficiency in MP-Met? (AMTS)可代谢 -- 蛋氨酸的潜在缺口

-15-13-11

-9-7-5-3-113579

11

Day 7 Day 21 Day 7 Day 21

Pred

icte

d D

efici

ency

MP-M

et, g

/day

70 lb cow 100 lb cow

17% CP Dietw/o met

17% CP Diet+met

(lys:met 2.8)

3.8% Fat, 3.2% True Protein

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Postpartum Transition Cow Protein Feeding 产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案

• Need for AA/MP/CP is high due to lactation• 由于泌乳，对氨基酸 /可代谢蛋白 /粗蛋白需求很高

• Consider feeding rumen protected AA to reduce CP/RUP/MP and create space for energy.

• 可以考虑使用保护性氨基酸， 以减少粗蛋白 /瘤胃未降解蛋白 / 可代谢蛋白在日粮中的用量，这样可节省空间，用于提供更多的能量。

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What’s new? 有什么新的进展• What we know 我们了解哪些？• What we thought we knew 我们是如何想的？• Choline, a required nutrient? 胆碱 -- 需要的营养• Monitoring subclinical ketosis 亚临床酮病监测• Protein nutrition of postpartum transition cow• 产后奶牛的蛋白质营养需求

• Cow management 奶牛管理

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Postpartum Transition Cow Management产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案

Proudfoot et al., JDS. 2012– Unable to determine when the best time to move a cow b

efore calving, but it is clear that moving cows to individual pens during labor resulted in longer labor probably due to less time lying down.

由于不能准确预测何时将待产奶牛搬入产房是最佳的。但是若在产犊时，将牛搬迁到单独的产房时需要花费更长的时间，这将导致奶牛躺下休息的时间减少。

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Effect of length of maternity pen stays在产房停留时间对牛只的影响 Length of Stay 停留时间

Outcome 结果 <48 h >72 h Advantage 好处Herd 1 牛群 1

Calvings 112 182 产犊数

Sold or dead by 60 DIM 3.6% 9.3% 2.6 X 产后 60天内淘汰或死亡ME Milk 1st test 20,777 20,205 +577 lbs

DHI初次测定成熟当量奶量Herd 2 牛群 1

Calvings 34 129 产犊数

Sold or dead by 85 DIM 2.9% 9.3% 3.1 X 产后 85 天内淘汰或死亡

SCK % 6.9% 16% 2.3 X生病 %DA % 2.9% 5.4% 1.9 X真胃异位 %

Oetzel, 2003

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Postpartum Transition Cow Management产后奶牛的蛋白饲喂方案

• Weiss and St. Pierre: – Most profitable grouping: 0-21 and >21

–最有益的分群是 0-21 天和大于 21 天– 21 day postfresh pen allows brief period of high

CP/MP.

–产后 0--21 天，允许使用高含量的 粗蛋白 / 可代谢蛋白。

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Facilities 设备Space per cow• Free stalls - one per cow,

1.3 m wide

• Bedded pack– Far off - 15 m2/cow– Close up - 30 m2/cow

• Maternity pen - >43 m2

Overton, Boomer Gorden 2009

每头牛的空间每头牛的空间– 自由散栏自由散栏 --每头牛每头牛 1.31.3米宽米宽

– 垫料牛舍垫料牛舍干奶前期干奶前期 - 15- 15平方米平方米 //头头 ++饲料走道及饲槽饲料走道及饲槽

干奶后期干奶后期 ((围产前期围产前期 )- 30)- 30平平方米方米 //头头 ++饲料走道及饲槽饲料走道及饲槽

– 产房产房 - 43- 43平方米平方米

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Stocking Density 牛群密度• Lying time decreased

with increasing stocking density (Telezhenko et al. 2012).

• For each 10% increase in stocking rate >80% = .75 kg/day reduction in milk yield for 1st calf heifers (Oeztal, 2007).

牛群密度增加牛群密度增加 ,,躺躺卧时间就减少。卧时间就减少。

饲养密度饲养密度 >80%,>80%, 每每增加增加 10%10% 密度密度 = = 0.750.75千克千克 // 天奶量天奶量损失损失 (( 头胎牛头胎牛 ))

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产前栏舍空间大小与产后产奶量的 关系 产前喂养密度每增加 10% ，会导致掉奶 1.6 磅每头每天。

产前栏舍空间大小与产后产奶量的 关系 产前喂养密度每增加 10% ，会导致掉奶 1.6 磅每头每天。

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HeifersCows

Heifers eat ~ 5 lb/d less DM when housed with cows头胎待产牛，若是和经产奶牛混群饲养，

会导致采食少 5 磅 /天

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50

60

70

80

90

100

110

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Test Day Milk Lactation Curves by Month of Calving 3rd+ Lacts.

Month of Lactation

LB

S.

July Composite Reference

July

记录奶牛的泌乳曲线（按月）

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Sept

already below expected production

产奶量比预期的要低- heat stress during the dry period

干奶期处于热应激

记录奶牛的泌乳曲线（按月）

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Cow Comfort 奶牛舒适度 Cooling Dry Cows 干奶牛 也要降温• Four recent studies at the University of Florida• 佛罗里达大学最近的四个试验研究• Cows dried off at 45 d prepartum 干奶 从产前 45 天开始

• Control vs cooled 对照组与降温组– Fans and sprinklers when temperature reached 70 F–当温度达到 70 F 时，开风机和喷淋。

• After calving all cows treated the same (cooled)• 奶牛产后都要采取降温措施。

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Cooling Dry Cows 干奶牛 也要降温

+6.5 kg milk/d and 9.3 kg FCM/d

+2.3 kg milk/d and 5.1 kgFCM/d +6.25 kg milk/d

+5.0 kg milk/d

Do Amaral et al., 2009

Do Amaral et al., 2011

Tao et al., 2011

Tao et al., 2012

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Cows have 25% greater blood flow when lying relative to standing.

牛只趴卧时其血液流量比站立时高 25%

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Summary小结• 25-50% of cows leave the herd within the first 60 DIM.• 约有 25--50%的奶牛是在产后 60天内被淘汰的。• Management of fat mobilization at the liver are key to a successful

transition program.• 管控肝脏脂肪的代谢，是围产期管理成功的重要因素。• Cows are clearly deficient in choline as evidenced by the increase

in liver fat and the ability of supplemental choline to moderate the increase!

• 很明显奶牛缺乏胆碱会增加脂肪的发生，补充有效胆碱可以减轻症状。• Consider feeding RPAA to offset MP deficiency in early lacatation.• 在泌乳早期，可考虑添加过瘤胃保护氨基酸（ RPAA）弥补可代谢蛋白质

（ MP）的不足。• Don’t forget about cow comfort • 千万不要忘了奶牛舒适度。