Upload
huggermugger-eran
View
160
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Basics of Computer
Citation preview
COMPUTER BASICS
Introduction to Information Technology
What is IT?
Information Technology is the use of
technologies from computing, electronics, and
telecommunications to process and distribute
information in digital and other forms.
it includes not only the use of computers but
also communication networks and computer
literacy.
Computer Literacy
Involves knowledge of the Internet and the
World Wide Web and the ability to take
advantage of their resources and to critically
judge the information.
What is a computer?
A programmable machine
In basic term, a computer is an electronic
device that:
accepts input (raw data)
processes that input
stores data
produces output (information)
What is a program?
A step-by-step instructions that tells the
computer what to do.
Then along came…
Being “online” – using a computer to access information from another computer through the use of a network.
The Internet
World Wide Web
E-mail – a computer to computer communication
Information technology (“infotech”):
IT - Technology that helps in the production, processing, storing, communication and dissemination of information.
The E-World (E-business, E-commerce, E-government, E-learning, E-pinions, E-tailing, E-waste)
The Internet, the World Wide Web,
& the “Plumbing of Cyberspace”
Cyberspace
encompasses the whole wired and wireless world of communications.
Term created by William Gibson – author
Not a commonly used term in the field of Computer Science.
Internet
A global network of networks (tangible)
Do not confuse with WWW.
World Wide Web
Most common use of the Internet
Encompasses information that can be viewed through a web browser (web pages).
Do not confuse with the Internet.
Types of computer
1. Microcomputers
1. Desktop
2. Notebook (Laptop)
3. Tablet PC
(Hand-helds)
1. PDAs
2. MP3 players
3. Cellphones
2. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
3. SUPERCOMPUTER
Microcomputers
are used for general computing tasks. The
most common types of computer that is
designed to sit on a desk or table. These are the
systems you see all around you, in school,
homes, and office.
Hand-held Computers
literally fit in the palm of your hand and run
on batteries.
Mainframe Computers
Small mainframes (mid-size computers or minicomputers).
5,000 to 5 million dollars
Used in large organizations – banks, airlines, insurance companies, colleges.
Processes billions of instructions per second.
Often used with a terminal.
Supercomputer
are the most powerful computers made,
and physically they are some of the largest, and
can process an enormous volume of data. These
systems can process huge amounts of data, and
the fastest supercomputers can perform more
than one trillion calculations per second.
INFORMATION
PROCESSING SYSTEM
Introduction to Information Technology
DATA is a collection of independent and unorganized facts.
INFORMATION is the processed and organized data presented in a meaningful form.
DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing things in a sequence of steps.
COMPUTER is an electronic machine that follows a set of instructions in order that it may be able to accept and gather data and transform these into information.
Information Processing System
PROCESSING
SYSTEM
DATAINFORMATION
1010100110
1010101110
1110101011
0111010101
0101100100
0101101010
Binary
digits
Digitize
Functions of an Information Processing
System
1. It accepts and gather data. (INPUT)
2. It processes data to become information.
(PROCESSING)
3. It stores data and information. (STORE)
4. It presents information. (OUTPUT)
Three Major Components of an
Information Processing System
HARDWARE is the physical components
of a computer.
SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that
tells the computer how to do its job.
PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use
and operate the computer system, write
computer programs, and analyze and
design the information system.
HARDWARE
Introduction to Information Technology
Basic hardware of a PC system
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory Unit
Input Devices
Output Devices
Secondary Storage Devices
Central Processing Unit
Brain of the computer.
It directs and controls the entire computer
system and performs all arithmetic and
logical operations.
Memory Unit
Where the programs and data are stored . READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
contains the pre-programmed computer instructions such as the Basic Input Output System (BIOS).
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is used to store the programs and data that you will run. Exists only when there is power.
Input Devices
Allows data and programs to be sent to the
CPU.
Divided into two categories:
Keyboards
Direct-entry devices
Pointing
Scanning
Smart & optical cards
Etc.
Keyboard
Traditional keyboards
Flexible keyboards
Ergonomic keyboards
Wireless keyboards
PDA keyboards
Types of Mouse
Mechanical - a type of
computer mouse that has a
rubber or metal ball on its
underside and it can roll in
every direction.
Optical: This type uses a
laser for detecting the
mouse's movement.
Types of mouse
A mouse with many buttons: The extra buttons can be programmed to do specific things, such as navigate the Web or turn pages when you’re reading a document.
Trackball mouse: Like an upside-down mouse. Rather than roll the mouse around, you use your thumb or index finger to roll a ball on top of the mouse. The whole contraption stays stationary, so it doesn’t need a lot of room, and its cord never gets tangled.
How a Mouse Hooks Up to a PC
PS/2 Mouse
Serial Mouse
USB Mouse
Wireless mouse
Other Pointing Devices
Trackball
Track point
Touch pad
Touch Screen
Joystick – input device for
computer games
Light Pens – light-sensitive
penlike device
Stylus – penlike device
commonly used with tablet
PCs and PDAs.
Scanning Devices
Optical scanners
Card readers
Bar code readers
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
Image Capturing Devices
Digital Cameras
Digital Video Cameras
Output Devices
Media used by the computer in displaying its
responses to our requests and instructions.
Types of Monitor
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
LED – Light Emitting Diode
Produces Soft
copy
Printers
IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by
physically striking the paper. Ex. Daisy wheel
printers, line printers, dot matrix printers &
band printers.
NON-IMPACT PRINTER does not apply
pressure on the paper but instead produces
character by using lasers, ink spray,
photography or heat.
Produces Hard
copy
Dot matrix
printer
Inkjet printerLaser
printer
Secondary Storage Devices
Attached to the computer system to allow
you to store programs and data
permanently for the purpose of retrieving
them for future use.
Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom
Floppy Disk
The most common secondary storage device
3.5” disk – 1.44MB
High-Capacity Floppy Disks
Floppy disk cartridges
3 ½ inches in diameter
Stores more information
Zip disks
Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk
Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks
Holds a greater amount of data
10MB in 1980s
600MB in mid 1990s
4.3GB in 1999
180GB in 2001
400GB - 2004
Optical Discs
A standard part of modern desktop machines,
especially used for multimedia purposes and
preferred in loading applications.
Kinds
Blue Ray Disk – 40G
Digital Versatile Disk
DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
Single Layer and Double Layer
Compact Disk
CD-R – write once, 650MB
CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB
Optical Drives
CD-ROM read CDs
CD-Writer read/write CDs
DVD-Combo read/write CDs, read DVD
DVD Writer read/write CDs
read/write DVDs
Other Secondary Storage
Solid-State Storage
No moving parts
Flash memory cards
USB flash drives
Storage devices are those part of the
computer that allows you to read and write
data to your storage media.
Storage Devices Storage Media
CD/DVD Drive CD or DVD
ZIP Drive Zip Disk
Floppy Drive Floppy Disks
SOFTWARE
Introduction to Information Technology
Software
Instructions that tell the computer
how to process data into the form you
want.
Software and programs are
interchangeable.
Two major types:
System and Applications
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Introduction to Information Technology
System Software
System Software enables the application software to
interact with the computer hardware.
Operating Systems are programs that coordinate
computer resources, provide an interface between
users and the computer; and run applications.
Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing
computer resources.
Device drivers are specialized programs designed
to allow particular input or output devices to
communicate with the rest of the computer system.
Functions of a System Software
Managing resources (memory, processing,
storage, and devices like printer).
Providing user interface
Running applications
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
Introduction to Information Technology
Application Software
Applications Software - provides the real
functionality of a computer. It help you use
your computer to do specific types of work.
Basic Applications, widely used in all career
areas.
Specialized Applications, more
narrowly focused on specific
disciplines and occupations.
Disk Operating System
DOS was the first widely installed
operating system for personal computers.
Command-driven
MS-DOS Commands
A COMMAND is the name of a special
program that makes your computer carry
out a task.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Thru GUI, users can interact directly with the
operating system.
Microsoft Windows
Icons, Menus, Dialog boxes
FILES
FILE is simply a collection of information
that you store on a disk or diskette.
Must have a unique name
Two parts: the filename and extension
separated by a period.
RECIPE.DOC
EXTENSIONS
Use extension to make your filenames
more descriptive.
.DOC – word documents
.XLS – excel documents
.PPT – powerpoint documents
DIRECTORIES
One way of organizing the files on your
computer Hard Disk
ROOT – one basic directory
Subdirectories
2 Major Categories of Software
System Software - is the software that
determines how your computer carries out
technology-specific and essential tasks such as
writing to a disk, starting your web browser software
so you can surf the Web, and sending a document
to your printer.
Application Software – is the software that
allows you to perform specific information-
processing tasks such as managing inventory,
paying accounts payable, handling payroll, writing a
term paper, or creating slides for a presentation.
The application software you
need
As a personal computer user ( and buyer ), you’ll
most often be interested in a subset of application
software called personal productivity software.
Personal Productivity Software - is an
application software that is designed to help you
be more productive in performing personal tasks
such as writing letters, managing your checkbook,
and creating electronic slides.
Software Version – tells you which iteration of the
software you’re using.
Example: Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7,
Microsoft Office 2007, Microsoft 2010
Software Suite – are “bundles” of related software
packages that are sold together.
Example: Microsoft Office, Word Perfect and Open
Office
8 categories of productivity
software
1. Word Processing or Desktop Publishing
Software
2. Web Authoring Software
3. Spreadsheet Software
4. Presentation Software
5. Personal Information Management Software or
Personal Finance Software
6. Graphics Software
7. Database Management Software
8. Web Browser Software or E-mail Software
1. Desktop Publishing – is an application software that
extends word processing software by including design and
formatting techniques to enhance the layout and appearance of a
document. Word Processing – is an application software
that helps you create papers, letters, memos, and other basic
document.
2. Web Authoring Software – is an application software
that helps you design and develop Web sites and pages that you
can publish on the Web.
3. Spreadsheet Software – is an application that helps you work with numbers, performing calculations and creating graphs.
4. Presentation Software – is an application software that helps you create and edit information that will appear in electronic slides. The information you include can be text, photos, art, tables, graphs, sound, animation, and even videos.
5. Personal Information Management – is an application software that helps you create and maintain to-do list, appointments and calendars, and points of contact. Is the primary software for personal digital assistants of
PDA’s. Personal Finance Software – is an application software that offers you capabilities for maintaining your checkbook, preparing budget, tracking investments, monitoring your credit balances and even
6. Graphics Software – is an application software that
helps you create and edit photos and images. Using graphics
software you can easily crop (adjust) photos to an
appropriate size, add captions, change and transpose colors,
combine photos to create a photo collage, work freehand to
create drawings, create and manipulate 3D images and add
animation features.
7. Database Management System Software – is an
application software that allows you to arrange, modify, and
extract information from a database.
8. E-Mail and Web Browser Software – it is an
application software that helps you communicate with other
people and surf to the web.
System software
It is simply all the instructions that your computer
processes regardless of what application
software you’re using.
System Software Task
System Software Task
Installing and Removing of Software
Allowing you to work with and across multiple pieces of application software at the same time.
Compressing files to shrink sizes and decompressing those same files.
Configuring your modem to dial up and connect to your Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Setting time and date
Allowing you to change your desktop configurations.
As with all software, you need system software to run your computer efficiently and effectively. In fact, you can’t even use your computer without system software.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
There are numerous types of technology platforms
– PDA’s that you carry around; desktop computers
that provide you a wide range of capabilities;
minicomputers, mainframe computers, and
supercomputers that support the information-
processing needs of many people simultaneously.
This different platforms require different operating
system software.
1. Personal Operating System – enable a
single user to use a personal technology such as
PDA’s, Smart phone, tablet PC, notebook computer,
desktop computer. Personal OS designed for one
person at a time using one computer.
2. Multi-user Operating System – enable many
people simultaneously to use the resources of a
central computer, which is unusually a minicomputer, a
mainframe computer or a supercomputer. Multi-user
OS’s must process all those information-processing
request and determine which task will receive priority
for CPU processing, and so on.
Peripheral management (os)
Determine the software you wish to use.
Find the software on your computer’s hard disk
Tell your hard disk to transfer that software to your RAM
so you can use it.
Tell RAM and CPU to start the execution of the software.
OS coordinates and manages your computer resources so
they work together effectively to allow you to accomplish
your immediate goal and be productive.
Memory management
While using your computer, your RAM temporarily
stores your operating system, the application
software you’re using and any information you’re
working with
An important feature of effective memory
management is your ability to perform
multitasking.
Multitasking allows you to work with more than
one piece of software at a time.
Device drivers
Is a software and information that enables your operating
system to establish the communications between your
existing hardware and your new device. Typically, device
drivers come on a CD or disk that accompanies your
device.
Plug and Play you can add devices to your computer
and your operating system will find and install the
appropriate device driver without you having to go through
a manual installation.
Hot swap is an operating system feature that allows
you while your computer is running to unplug a given
device and plug in a new one without shutting down your
computer.
Utility software
Provides additional functionality to your computer’s
operating system.
Example: File security software which is a utility software
that contains security features to protect your files and
folder of information as well as to enable you to send
secure e-mail messages. (ArcticSoft’s FileAssurity
Software)
Utility Software Suite is a bundle of utility software tools
sold by the same manufacturer.
3 Popular Utility Software Suite
1. McAfee Office
2. Norton System Works
3. Ontrack System Suite
Anti-virus software
Designed intentionally to cause annoyance or
damage. Some viruses are relatively benign; they
cause your screen two go blank but do not corrupt
your information or software. Other are malignant:
damage your computer.
Anti-virus Software is a utility software that
continually scans your RAM, storage devices and
incoming files for viruses and removes the virus.
File management
Your ability to create, store, and use files makes you more productive
with your computer.
File is a collection of information you need to use your computer
effectively.
Filename is a unique name that you give to a file of information. It
is usually followed by a filename extension.
Filename extension further identifies the contents of your file
usually by specifying the file type.
Example: myfirstdocument.doc, myfirstdatabase.mdb,
myfirstpresentation.ppt and myfirstexcel.xls.
Note: use descriptive filename for your file.
Organizing your files
Operating system includes utility software called file
manager . It helps you manage, organize, find, copy,
move, rename, and delete files on your computer. To use
your file manager utility software effectively, you need to
know something about device letters, directories, folders,
pathnames, and filenames.
Device letter is a unique identifier for each different
storage device on your computer.
Floppy Disk is A:
Hard Disk is C:
CD Drive is D:
Directory is a list of the files on a particular storage
device. The main directory is called the root directory.
Folder is a special portion of your root directory into
which you can place files that have similar information.
You can create a folder inside your folder and it is called
a sub folder.
Pathname is the device letter, folder, subfolder,
filename, and extension that together describe a
particular file and its location.
Example: c:\Finance\Finance4032\Finance Final
Analysis.xls
File allocation tables (fat)
Computer allocates space on a storage device using sectors and clusters.
A sector is a single area on a storage device that can hold a
certain number of bytes of a file.
A cluster is a collection of sectors on a storage device.
A cluster can hold 512 bytes to 256 kilobytes or 256,000
bytes, depending on your hard disk and your operating
system.
Ex. If you have 5 kb (5,000 character) file and your computer
uses 4,086 bytes cluster, your computer places the first 4,086
characters of your file in the first available cluster, and then
finds another available cluster to store the remaining 914
bytes.
A file allocation table is a file that stores information about the
physical location of every file on your computer’s hard disk.
Fragmentation
Occurs when your computer places parts of files over
many disk areas or clusters. Too much fragmentation
reduces your drive’s efficiency, specially for a hard disk.
Access Speed the time between when you ask for
a file and when the computer delivers it to you-slows as
your hard disk fragments.
Defragmentation Utility – reallocates file
clusters and decreases fragmentation, reorganizes your
entire disk so that individual files are stored contiguously
within clusters that are next to each other.
File compression
Shrink a file to a smaller file. This smaller file is a compressed file. In order to use the compressed file you need to decompressed or “unshrink” it back to its original size.
File compression software – software that allows you to compress and / or decompress a file or files.
Ex. Winzip utility software.
disk compression utility automatically compresses your file of information when you save them to your hard disk and automatically decompresses your file of informations when you access and use them with your application software.
Extension file .zip
NETWORK,
CONNECTIVITY AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
What is a network?
A network consists of two or more computers
that are linked in order to share resources,
exchange files, or allow electronic
communications.
The computers on a network may be linked
through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams
Types of network
LAN
WAN
MAN
Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a group of
computers and associated devices that share
a common communications line or wireless
link.
Typically, connected devices share the
resources of a single processor or server
within a small geographic area .
.A local area network may serve as few as two
or three users or as many as thousands of
users.
Wide Area Network
The WAN is a communications network that
makes use of existing technology to connect
local computer networks into a larger working
network that may cover both national and
international locations.
Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).
It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines
Network Topology
Maps of how the physical or logical paths
of network devices connect. The three
major topologies are star, ring, and bus.
Switch – In star networks, a Layer 2
central controlling device. A switch looks
at each data frame as it comes through
each port.
Hub – A device used with the Universal Serial
Bus or in a star network topology that allows
multiple device connections.
Star Topology – Most common Ethernet
network topology where each device connects
to a central hub or switch.
Ring Topology – Network that is physically
wired like a star network but, logically in a ring;
passes control from one device to the next in a
continuous fashion using a special data packet
called a token. Used in Token Ring networks.
Bus Topology – Network wherein all devices
connect to a single cable. If the cable fails, the
network is down.
Mesh Topology – Network where all devices
connect to each other by cabling to provide link
redundancy for maximum fault tolerance. Most
likely in WANs.
Bluetooth
A wireless technology standard for exchanging
data over short distances from fixed and
mobile devices, and building personal area
networks (PANs).
Wi-fi
Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that allows you
to connect, for example, a PDA (and other
devices) to a network (including the Internet) if
you are close enough to a Wi-Fi access point.
Internet
Short for interconnected network is a global
network of networks, connecting innumerable
smaller networks, computers, and users.
History of Internet
It originated in 1969 as ARPAnet, a project of
Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S.
Department of Defense - they attempted to create
both a national network of scientists and a
communications system that could withstand
nuclear attack.
The protocol that eventually governed ARPAnet
and continues to govern the Internet today is
public domain software called transmission
control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP). Any
computer or network that subscribes to this
protocol can join the Internet.
Intranets/Extranets
Private networks that use the same structure
as the Internet and TCP/IP protocols are called
intranets.
Software called a firewall is used to protect
the intranet from unauthorized users.
If the intranet in one organization is linked to
other intranets in other organizations, it
becomes an extranet.