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At the end of these materials you should know something about the following topics. · Output hypothesis · Cognition as information-processing · Formulaic language
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Cognitive Perspective
Output hypothesisInformation-processingFormulaic language
Initial task:What role do you think conscious attention to lexis and grammar plays in your teaching and learning context?
Issues with Krashen’s ‘thinking’
Conscious Processes
Output Hypothesis (today)
Noticing and Information Processing (today)
Social Processes
Negotiation of Meaning (last time)
Collaborative Dialogue (next time)
Lexical Processing
Formulaic language (today)
Redundancy in Language Input (last time)
FORWARD
Output Hypothesis
Swain’s Output hypothesis
The noticing/triggering function (consciousness-raising role);
The hypothesis-testing function;
The metalinguistic function (reflective role).
Information-processingbrain works like a sponge
the brain works like a muscle the brain works like a hologram
brain works like a digital computerthe brain works like a Swiss Army knifethe brain works like a nontrivial machine
your brain works like a telephone switchboardthe brain works like a social network or the internet
the brain works like a club bouncer to control what information gets inmy own brain works - like a stream-of-consciousness that I can’t turn off
Human Cognition is Information Processingor
The Brain is a Computer
The Brain is a Computer
The Brain as a ComputerJournal of Evolution and Technology. 1998. Vol. 1
When will computer hardware match the human brain?
By: Hans Moravec
ABSTRACT
This paper describes how the performance of AI machines tends to improve at the same pace that AI researchers get access to faster hardware. The processing power and memory capacity necessary to match general intellectual performance of the human brain are estimated. Based on extrapolation of past trends and on examination of technologies under development, it is predicted that the required hardware will be available in cheap machines in the 2020s.
General information-processing model
STM = short term memory (working memory)
LTM = long term memory
The magical number 7
Limited or unlimited?
Formulaic language 1I dreamt that my boy/girlfriend asked me for a flower. So... when I woke up ...
I got out
I put
I brushed
I ate
I got my
I ran to the
I got
I rode the bus
I got off the bus.
I ran into
I picked the flower for my girl/boy friend.
I was
of bed
on my clothes
my teeth
breakfast
bag
bus stop
on the bus
a field
happy
Formulaic language 2
as sharp as a ___________
as a matter of ___________
keep in ___________
let’s call it a ___________
aren’t you a ___________
at a time like ___________
a long and winding ___________
Formulaic language 3
hello...dyouwantsomejuicethen
1. Looking for starting points of chunkse.g. hellodyou dyouwan
2. Looking for end-points of chunkse.g. somejuicethen juicethen
3. Using stress and intonation patterns:e.g. hello juice (may be stressed by the parent)
4. Identifying similar sounding chunks, or parts of chunks, in different contexts
e.g. hello dyouwant then
Analysing chunks
dyouwantsomejuicethen
do you want some juice then
Low analysed High analysed
High control
Low control
For Next Week
Nassaji, H. and Swain, M. (2000). A Vygotskian perspective on corrective feedback in L2: the effect of random versus negotiated help on the learning of English articles. Language Awareness, 9/1: 34-51.