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1
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter
13
Computer Hardware
2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems.
Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage.
3
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Learning Objectives (continued)
Identify the components and functions of a computer system.
Identify the computer system and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice.
4
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Section I
Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing
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Types of Computer Systems
All computers are systems of input, processing, output, storage, and control components.
Three basic categoriesMainframeMidrange computersMicrocomputers
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Types of Computer Systems (continued)
MainframeEnterprise systemsSuperserversTransaction processorsSupercomputers
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Types of Computer Systems (continued)
MidrangeNetwork serversMinicomputersWeb serversMulti-user systems
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Types of Computer Systems (continued)
MicrocomputersPersonal computersNetwork computersTechnical workstationsPDAsInformation appliances
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Microcomputer Systems
The most important category of computersDesktopLaptop
Workstation computers
Network servers
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Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Selection criteriaSolid performance at a reasonable price
Operating system ready
Connectivity
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Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Network computersDesigned primarily for use with the Internet
and corporate intranets For specialized or limited computing
applicationsLower cost of purchase, upgrades,
maintenance, and support
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Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Network computers (continued)Other benefits
Ease of software distribution and licensingComputing platform standardizationReduced end user requirementsImproved manageability
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Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Information appliancesPDAs
Set-top boxes and video-game consoles
Wireless PDAs
Cellular and PCS phones
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Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Computer terminalsDumb terminals
Intelligent terminals
Network terminals
Transaction terminals
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Midrange Computer Systems
Multi-user systems that can manage networks of PCs and terminals
Less costly to buy, operate, and maintain than mainframes
Popular as network servers
Minicomputers
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Mainframe Computer Systems
Large, fast, powerful
Handle high transaction processing volumes or complex computational problems
Superservers for large client/server networks and high-volume Internet websites
Popular for data mining and warehousing
17
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Mainframe Computer Systems (continued)
SupercomputersExtremely powerful systems specifically
designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications requiring extremely high speeds for massive numeric computations
Use parallel processing architecturesProcess at speeds measured in gigaflops and
teraflops
18
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The Computer System Concept
Computers are organized according to the following system functions:Input
KeyboardsTouch screensPensElectronic miceOptical scannersConvert data into electronic form
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The Computer System Concept (continued)
ProcessingCentral Processing Unit (CPU)
Two subunitsArithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)Control Unit
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The Computer System Concept (continued)
OutputVideo display unitsPrintersAudio response units
Convert electronic information into human-intelligible form
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The Computer System Concept (continued)
StorageStore data and software instructionsMay also include cache memoryPrimary storage unit (hard drive)Secondary storage
Magnetic disksOptical disk drives
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The Computer System Concept (continued)
ControlThe registers and other circuits of the
control unit interpret software instructions and transmit directions to the other components of the computer system
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The Computer System Concept (continued)
Computer processing speedsMilliseconds (thousandths of a second)Microseconds (millionths of a second)Nanoseconds (billionths of a second)Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)
24
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The Computer System Concept (continued)
Clock speedsMegahertz (MHz)
Millions of cycles per secondGigahertz (GHz)
Billions of cycles per second
25
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Section II
Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and Storage Technologies
26
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Peripherals
Generic name given to all input, output, and secondary storage devices
Depend on direct connections or telecommunications links to the CPU
All peripherals are online devices
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Input Technologies
Natural user interfaceEnter data and commands directly into a
computerElectronic mice and touch padsOptical scanning, handwriting recognition,
voice recognition
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Pointing Devices
Used for entering data and textWork with your operating system’s graphical
user interface (GUI)
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Pointing Devices (continued)
Electronic mouseTrackballPointing stickTouch padTouch screen
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Pen-Based Computing
Used in many hand-held computers and PDAsDigitizer penGraphics tablet
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Speech Recognition Systems
Digitize, analyze, and classify your speech and its sound patterns
Allow operators to perform data entry without using their hands to key in data or instructions
Speaker-independentVoice-messaging computers
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Optical Scanning
Read text or graphics and convert them into digital input
Employ photoelectric devices to scan the characters being read
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Optical Scanning (continued)
Optical character recognition (OCR)Reads OCR characters & codes
Merchandise tagsProduct labelsSort mail, score tests
Hand-held optical scanning wandsReads bar codingUniversal Product Code (UPC)
34
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Other Input Technologies
Magnetic stripe technologyCredit cards
Smart cardsEmbedded microprocessor chip
Debit, credit, and other cards
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Other Input Technologies (continued)
Digital camerasStill camerasDigital camcorders
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Other Input Technologies (continued)
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) technologyUsed by banks to sort and post checks and
deposit slips14 characters of a standardized designReader-sorters
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Output Technologies
VideoPrintStorage
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Video Output
Video monitors Cathode ray tube (CRT)Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
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Printed Output
InkjetSpray ink onto the page one line at a time
Laser Use an electrostatic process similar to a
copier
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Storage Trade-Offs
41
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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentalsInformation is stored through the presence
or absence of electronic or magnetic signalsBinary representation
1 = ON0 = OFF
42
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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentals (continued)Bit
The smallest element of dataMay have a value of either one or zero
ByteBasic grouping of bitsTypically, a byte consists of 8 bits and
represents one character of data
43
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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentals (continued)Storage capacities
Kilobytes (KB)1,000 bytes
Megabytes (MB)1 million bytes
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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentals (continued)Gigabytes (GB)
1 billion bytesTerabytes (TB)
1 trillion bytesPetabyte (PB)
1 quadrillion bytes
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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Direct and sequential accessTerms direct access and random access describe
the same conceptAn element of data or instructions can be directly
stored and retrieved by selecting and using any of the locations on the storage mediaEach storage position
Has a unique addressCan be individually accessed in approximately
the same time
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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Direct and sequential access (continued)Sequential access
Does not have unique storage addressesSerial processData are recorded one after another in a
predetermined sequence.Locating an individual item requires
searching all of the data until the desired item is located
47
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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
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Semiconductor Memory
Primary storage of your computerAdvantages
Small sizeGreat speedShock and temperature resistant
DisadvantageVolatility
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Semiconductor Memory (continued)
Two basic types of semiconductor memory
RAM – random access memoryVolatile memoryRead/write memory“working” memory
50
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Semiconductor Memory (continued)
ROM – read only memoryNonvolatileUsed for permanent storageCan be read but not erased or overwritten
51
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Semiconductor Memory (continued)
Variations of ROMPROM
Programmable read only memoryEPROM
Erasable programmable read only memory
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Magnetic Disk Storage
Most common form of secondary storageData is recorded on tracks in the form of tiny
magnetized spotsThousands of bytes recorded on each track
53
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Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)
Types of Magnetic DisksFloppy disks
Zip disks
Hard disk drives
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Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)
Redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID)Provides large capacities with high access speedsData are accessed in parallel over multiple paths
from many disksFault tolerantStorage area networks (SANs)
Fiber channel LANs that connect many RAID units
55
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Magnetic Tape Storage
Used as secondary storageAlso used in robotic automated drive
assembliesLower-cost storageArchival storage
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Optical Disk Storage
CD-ROMCD-RCD-RW
DVDDVD-ROMDVD-RAM
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Optical Disk Storage (continued)
Business applicationsImage processingProvide access to reference materials in a
convenient, compact formvideos
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Discussion Questions
Do you agree with the statement: “The network is the computer”?
What trends are occurring in the development and use of the major types of computer systems?
59
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Discussion Questions (continued)
Do you think that network computers (NCs) will replace personal computers (PCs) in business applications?
Are networks of PCs and servers making mainframe computers obsolete?
60
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Discussion Questions (continued)
What trends are occurring in the development and use of peripheral devices? Why are those trends occurring?
When would you recommend the use of each of the following:Network computersNetPCsNetwork terminalsInformation appliances in business applications
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Discussion Questions (continued)
What processor, memory, magnetic disk storage, and video display capabilities would you require for a personal computer that you would use for business purposes?
What other peripheral devices and capabilities would you want to have for your business PC?
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Real World Case 1 – City of Richmond & Tim Beaty Builders
The Business Value of PDAs
What are the business benefits of PDAs for business applications?
What are the limitations of PDAs for business use?
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Real World Case 1 (continued)
The City of Richmond now wants to use tablet PCs for some applications. What are the advantages of tablet PCs over PDAs and laptop PCs for business applications?
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Real World Case 1 (continued)
Will the convergence of PDAs, sub-notebook PCs, and cell phones produce an information appliance that will make all of those categories obsolete?
65
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Real World Case 2 – United Technologies & Eastman Kodak
The Business Case for Consolidating Computer Operations and Systems
What are some of the business benefits that United Technologies will gain from the consolidation of its computer systems, data centers, software, and help centers?
What limitations might there be?
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Real World Case 2 (continued)
What are the business benefits of standardizing on selected models from one manufacturer of desktop and laptop PCs as UTC did with Dell and Kodak did with IBM?
What limitations might there be?
67
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Real World Case 2 (continued)
What are the business benefits of UTC’s policy of “locking down” its new Dell PCs so employees can’t download other software from the Internet?
Do you agree with this policy?
68
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Real World Case 2 (continued)
Should a conglomerate like UTC with many diverse companies standardize its PC hardware and software and lock out downloads of other software?
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Real World Case 3 – Boscov’s, Winnebago, & WPS Health
Moving to Linux on the Mainframe
How can a mainframe run the equivalent of hundreds of Linux server applications at the same time?
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Real World Case 3 (continued)
Why can the total cost of ownership of running Linux applications on the mainframe be less than on Intel-based servers?
What other IT and business benefits may be achieved?
71
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Real World Case 3 (continued)
What challenges or limitations can arise in moving business applications from servers to Linux on a mainframe?
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Real World Case 4 – La-Z-Boy & Corporate Express
The Business Benefits of Server Consolidation
What are the business and technical benefits of using multiple servers to run business applications for a company?
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Real World Case 4 (continued)
What are the business and technical challenges facing companies who depend on many distributed server systems?
74
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Real World Case 4 (continued)
What are the business and technical benefits of server consolidation initiatives?
What are the limitations of such a strategy?
75
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Real World Case 5 – Los Alamos National Laboratory
The ROI of Blade Servers
What are the business and technical benefits of using blade servers versus rack-mounted or traditional servers?
76
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Real World Case 5 (continued)
What limitations or challenges might there be in the use of blade servers?
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Real World Case 5 (continued)
When should a company consider using blade servers?