Ch. 25 to 27 vertebratesrevised

VertebratesFish, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles,

Mammals

Biology B

Section 30-1

Nonvertebratechordates

fishAmphibians

ReptilesBirds

Mammals

Invertebrate ancestor

Chordate Cladogram

Nonvertebrate Chorodate

• Choradate– Dorsal hollow nerve cord– Notochord– Pharyngeal pouches– Tail that extend beyond anus

• Nonvertebrate Chorodates– Tunicates and Lancelets

Section 30-1

Muscle segments

TailAnus

Pharyngeal pouches

Mouth

Hollownerve cord

Notochord

The Generalized Structure of a Chordate

b

http://www.pelicandivecharters.com/picpages/200401_jan/pages/class1.htm

http://www.abovebelowphotos.com/gallery/album09/Tunicates?full=1

3 Characteristics of all Vertebrates

1. Endoskeleton. Supports larger animal size. Grows with animal (No molting!)

2. Backbone and cephalization. Well-developed brain with sensory organs. Earliest vertebrates were called ostracoderms.

3. Closed circulatory system with multi-chambered heart. 3- or 4-chambered heart allows blood to be separated

into oxygenated or deoxygenated. More efficient delivery of oxygen to the body.

Endotherms and Ectotherms

• Ectotherm: Temperature is regulated by external environment.– Fish, amphibians, reptiles

• Endotherm: Body temperature is regulated by internal processes.– Mammals, birds

Section 33-2

Environmental Temperature (°C)

Bo

dy

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Temperature Control in Chordates

Section 33-1Diversity of Chordates

Characteristics of fish• Live in water.• Overlapping scales that cover skin.• Mucus coat (reduces friction when swimming).• Swim bladder (buoyancy, sharks don’t have one).

– Why do many sharks never stop swimming?• Lateral line system (detects vibrations in water).• Gills (blood and water flow in opposite directions;

more efficient oxygen absorbtion and CO2 release. OPERCULA: opening and closing flaps; sharks)

Section 30-2

Muscle

Kidney

Vertebra

Stomach

Pyloriccecum

Swimbladder

Esophagus

Spinalcord

GillsBrain

Urinarybladder

Anus

Reproductiveorgan

Intestine

Pancreas

Liver

Gallbladder

HeartOperculum

Mouth

The Anatomy of a Fish

Section 30-2

Bulbus ArteriosusVentricle

AtriumSinus Venosus

Bodymusclecirculation

Digestivesystemcirculation

Gills

Heart

Brain andhead

circulation

Oxygen-rich blood

Oxygen-poor blood

Circulation in a Fish

Oxygen-poor bloodfrom the veins collects in the sinusvenosus.

Blood enters theatrium and flowsto the ventricle.

The ventricle pumps blood into the bulbus arteriosus.

The bulbus arteriosus moves blood into the ventral aorta and toward the gills.

Fish: Life Cycle• Varied strategies.

– Sharks: internal fertilization. Salmon: external.

• Generally, lay many more eggs than they need.– Many are never fertilized.– Many more are fertilized than the

environment can support. (Why? Isn’t this wasted effort on the part of the fish?)

Cut Throat

Rainbow

Characteristics of Amphibians

• Live both in water and on land.

• Four strong limbs.• Nictating membrane: see through

second eyelid. Why is this helpful on both land and in the water?

• Tympanic membrane: hearing. Land? Water?

Amphibians: Energy and Wastes

• A frog’s skin “breathes” – it must be kept moist.

• 3-Chambered Heart, Double-looped circulatory system. – What is that? Why is that a good thing?

• Metamorphisis: teeth/jaws, gills turn into lungs, circulatory system changes

• Kidneys regulate the amount of water in the frog.– In water excrete, on land retain.

Section 30-3

Adult FrogAdult Frog

Young FrogYoung Frog

Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs

TadpolesTadpoles

Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.

Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

The Life Cycle of a Frog

Characteristics of Reptiles

• Dry, scaly skin (prevents evaporation).

– Keratin: A hard, water-resistant protein (human hair and fingernails, bird feathers).

• Usually carnivores.• Separated 3-chambered heart (crocodiles

have 4 chambers).

• Ectotherms.– How does a reptile regulate its body temperature?

Rafekie

The Amniotic Egg (Figure 26.4)

• Embryo: connected to Yolk by a stalk.

• Yolk: food source.

• Amnion: fluid that protects the embryo.

• Chorion: regulates gas exchange.

• Shell: Waterproofs, protects. The shell is porous (gas can exchange through it).

• Allantois: stores wastes.

Section 31-1

AllantoisEmbryo

Shell

Amnion

Chorion

Yolk sac

The Amniotic Egg

The chorion regulatesthe transport ofoxygen from thesurface of the eggto the embryo andthe transport ofcarbon dioxide,one product ofrespiration, in theopposite direction.

This baglike structurecontains a yolk thatserves as a nutrient-richfood supply for the embryo.

The amnion is a fluid-filled sacthat surrounds and cushionsthe developing embryo. Itproduces a protected, wateryenvironment.

The allantois stores thewaste produced by theembryo. It also servesas a respiratory organ.

Characteristics of Birds• Adaptations center around flight…

– Light-weight bones: hollow, but have cross braces.

– Shape of a bird’s wings gives lift.

– Fused bones (ligaments are heavy).

– Massive flight muscles (Pectoralis: 25% of weight).

• Shape of the wings gives lift.• The one reptilian characteristic of birds is their

scale-covered legs.

Section 31-2

Esophagus

Crop

Liver

Firstchamberof stomach

Gizzard Smallintestine Cloaca

Pancreas

Air sac

KidneyHeart

Lung

Brain

When a bird eats,food moves downthe esophagus andis stored in the crop.

1

As digestion continues,the food moves throughthe intestines.

4

Undigested food isexcreted through thecloaca.

5

Large intestine

The muscular wallsof the gizzard squeezethe contents, while small stones grind the food.

3

Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard.

The Digestive System of a Pigeon

2

You Eat Like A Bird…

• Endotherms – requires a lot of energy to maintain their high metabolism.

• Feathers – trap body heat.

• Unique respiratory system – air flows one-way.

• Crop Gizzard Intestines.– Figure 26.18.

Blue Jay- Mr. Phillips Favorite Bird

• Toronto Blue Jays World Series 1992-1993 Champions

Characteristics of Mammals

• Endotherms – hair.

• Mammary glands – produce milk.

• Large, well-developed brains.

• 4-chambered heart, double-looped circulatory system.

Variety of Mammals• Size

– Smallest: shrew (weighs less than a dime)

– Largest: whale (100,000 kg; 32 elephants)

• Speed– Slowest: Two-toed sloth (1

meter/15 seconds)– Fastest: Cheetah (400

meters/15 seconds)– Humans (150 meters/15

seconds)

• Environments

Mammals: Movement and Energy

• High-speed running: long bones and flexible hip and shoulder joints.

• Eat a variety of foods: different teeth structures.

• Diaphram: More gas exchange.

• Air sacs: increased surface area for gas exchange.

Section 32-1

CARNIVORE HERBIVORE

Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolarsallows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad,flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.

Chisel-like incisors are used forcutting, gnawing, and grooming.

Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivoresuse them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.

Jaw jointJawjoint

WolfHorse

The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals

Mammals: Types of Life Cycles

• Monotremes: Reproduce by laying eggs (duck-billed playtpus).-

• Marsupials: Give birth to small, immature young that then further develop inside the mother’s external pouch (kangaroo).

• Placental mammals: Babies develop inside the mother’s body (95% of all mammals).

The PlacentaSection 39-4

The Success of Mammals

• Well-developed cerebrum: The largest part of the brain; makes processing information and learning possible.

• Care of the Young: Development inside the mother; care of the young for the first year(s) of their life.

Comparing Functions of ChordatesComparing Functions of Chordates

Respiration

Circulation

Excretion

Response

Respiration

Circulation

Excretion

Response

Section 33-3

Gills and diffusion

No true chambers

Gills andgill slits

Simple; mass of nerve cells

Gills and diffusion

No true chambers

Gills andgill slits


Non- vertebrate Chordates

Gills and diffusion

No true chambers

Gills andgill slits


Non- vertebrate Chordates

Gills and diffusion

No true chambers

Gills andgill slits


Gills/air sacs

Single loop; 2 chambers

Kidney andgills

Cephalization; small cerebrum

Gills/air sacs

Single loop; 2 chambers

Kidney andgills


Simple lungs and skin

Double loop; 3 chambers

Kidney andgills


Simple lungs and skin


Kidney andgills


Lungs


Kidney


Lungs


Kidney


Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow)


Kidney

Cephalization; large cerebrum

Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow)


Kidney


Lungs (alveoli)


Kidney


Lungs (alveoli)


Kidney


Compare/Contrast Table

Function fish Amphibians (adult)

Reptiles Birds Mammals

Section 33-3

Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-LoopCirculatory System

fish MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,AND MAMMALS

The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates

Comparing Functions of ChordatesComparing Functions of Chordates

Movement

Reproduction

TemperatureControl

Movement

Reproduction

TemperatureControl

Section 33-3

Muscles,no bones

External fertilization

Ectothermic

Muscles,no bones


Ectothermic

Muscles on either side of backbone


Ectothermic

Muscles on either side of backbone


Ectothermic

Amphibians (adult)

Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments


Ectothermic

Amphibians (adult)

Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments


Ectothermic

Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization; shelled egg

Ectothermic

Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments


Ectothermic

Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments


Endothermic

Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments


Endothermic

2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization and development

Endothermic

2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization and development

Endothermic

Compare/Contrast Table continued

Function Non- vertebrate Chordates

fish Amphibians (adult)

Reptiles Birds Mammals

Section 33-3

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Cloaca

Crop

Gizzard

Cecum

Rectum

Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow

The Digestive Systemsof Vertebrates

Technology

Ch. 25 to 27 vertebratesrevised