CCTV Training Bulletins

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Video Installation Tips Issue #1

Resolving Video Loss with Distribution Amplifiers

Video loss (known as signal attenuation) is the number one cause of poor image quality and data loss.

Video loss increases in relation to the distance from cameras to monitors and recording devices. Signal loss also occurs at all connection points.

Video distribution amplifiers boost signal strength and allow video to be fed to multiple peripheral devices.

Diagram 1: Example of Video Amplifier Installed to Boost Signal to Remote Monitor

Video Amplifier (1 input / 1 output)

Understanding Video Loss

Coaxial cables are designed to transmit video signals from a 75 ohm source (the standard for CCTV cameras) with minimum signal loss. However signal loss (also known as attenuation) is inevitableand increases in proportion to the length and size of the cable used. In other words, the smaller the diameter of the cable, the greater the loss will be. Video loss is also increased at each connection point along the system. A video signal transmitted from a camera to a monitor 1,000 feet away will lose roughly 35 to 40 percent of the information sent. As a result the degraded image quality on the monitor will not reflect the true capability of the camera or the monitor.

For most applications RG59 coaxial cable will provide an adequate video signal up to 750 feet. Asshown above, the solution is to install a video amplifier to increase the signal strength on the 1,000 foot cable run. Video loss occurs over every foot of coaxial cable so using a larger diameter cable such as RG6 will further reduce that loss. If there are one or more connection points between the camera and monitor, the maximum cable run (without amplification) will be reduced since additional video loss occurs at each connector. (See Issue #2 of Video Installation Tips: Video Cables andConnectors for more details.)

It follows that installing a larger diameter cable such as RG6 will improve the video quality at monitors and the recording end of the system. The cost of upgrading to RG6 or better grade cable is minimal when compared to the entire system investment. Most industrial grade video equipment available today is capable of capturing, recording and displaying images at high resolution. Poor image quality is most often the result of signal loss due to cabling and connection issues within the system.

October 15, 2012Published Monthly



Video Distribution Amplifiers

A simple video amplifier as shown in previous example has one input and one output and its only function is to boost the signal strength. A video distribution amplifier (VDA) allows for one or more video inputs and multiple outputs. A typical application is shown below where the camera signal is passed through the VDA and distributed to a digital video recorder and three monitors.

VDA’s with multiple inputs and outputs provide great flexibility in resolving video loss in virtually any closed circuit TV (CCTV) system, regardless of size or complexity. The example below illustrates a more complex application with 4 cameras attached to an 8 output VDA. Each camera signal is distributed to the recording unit as well as one or more video monitors.

Look for the next issue of Video Installation Tips: Understanding Video Cables & Connectors

VDA (1 input / 4 outputs)

Diagram 2: Example of 4 Output Video Distribution Amplifier

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Diagram 3: Example of 4 Input / 8 Output Video Distribution Amplifier Set-Up

VDA (4 input / 8 outputs)

1 1

1

22

2

3

3

3

4

4

4

October 15, 2012Published Monthly



Understanding Coaxial Cables & Connectors for CCTV

Installing coaxial cable designed for CCTV is essential to minimize video loss and maximize video quality.

Terminate coaxial cables with properly installed BNC type connectors to reduce signal lossand ensure connection points are durable.

Be aware of existing AC power cables and install coaxial cabling far enough away to avoid signal interference (see details next page).

Standard Coaxial Cable for CCTV

Selecting Coaxial Cable for CCTV

Choosing the right coaxial cable for any CCTV application is critical to ensuring overall system performance. Most Industrial grade CCTV hardware available today is capable of producing and transmitting high resolution images. However cabling requirements are often overlooked during system planning which can result in degraded video quality due to signal loss.

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Coaxial Cable Transmission Distance in Feet* Type Typical Maximum RG59 750 1,000 RG6 1,000 1,500 RG11 2,000 2,500

*Based on point-to-point connection with no amplification

CCTV equipment is designed to operate at an impedance of 75 ohms. Therefore the coaxial cable installed must also match this impedance. RG59 is the most common coaxial cable used in CCTV since the lower frequency analog signals can travel further on smaller cable than is the case with CATV signals. The smaller diameter RG59 cable is also easier to handle and reduces installation time. Larger diameter coaxial cables such as RG6 or RG11 shouldbe installed for very long runs between cameras and processing equipment. Alternatively video amplification devices can be used to increase signal strength if installing cable runs that exceed transmission capability. For example, an amplifer could be installed on an RG59 cable run of 1,000 feet to provide adequate signal strength.

Most cable manufacturers supply coaxial cable specificallydesigned for CCTV applications. The recommended constructionincludes a solid bare copper (SBC) conductor and a bare copper (BC) braid shield with coverage of 90–95% to minimize signal loss.

Plenum CableIn many industrial and commercial facilities CCTV systems are installed or upgraded long after initial construction. Where conduit is not available plenum coaxial cables can be installed. Plenum cable is approved by Underwriters Laboratories for installation without conduit. Although technically required only for "plenum" air spaces such as suspended ceilings and return air passages, it is often simpler to install plenum type cable throughout the system rather than use it only in certain areas.



Selecting and Installing Connectors

Since the overall performance of any CCTV system is dependent on the weakest link in the system, selecting and correctly installing cable connectors is essential to achieve the highest video quality.

The BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector is the standard for CCTV. BNC connectors lock together to prevent unintentional disconnection. Only compression or crimp-on style connectors should be used to terminate cables. Twist-on type BNC connectors, although easy to install, should never be used as they can easily work loose due to cable tension with resulting video loss.

Cable Installation Tips

Cables should always be cut to measure for each camera run to minimize signal loss. Excess cable that is spooled or wrapped up and tucked away can degrade picture quality due to magnetic induction.

Keep CCTV cabling away from strong sources of radio frequency or electromagnetic radiation by following TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) and EIA (Electronic Industries Association) structured cabling guidelines as outlined in the TIA/EIA 568 standard. CCTV cables should be installed at least:a) 5" away from power lines of 2 kVA or less.b) 12" away from fluorescent lighting & power lines between 2 & 5 kVA.c) 36" away from power lines greater than 5 kVA.d) 40" away from transformers & motors.

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Crimp Barrel

Braided Copper Shield

Center Pin

Center Conductor

BNC Connector

Cable Termination with BNC Crimp-On Connector

Look for the next issue of Video Installation Tips: Lens Selection for Industrial Applications

1/4 “ 1/4 “BNC Compression Connector Installation Steps:1. Prepare the coaxial cable by removing 1/2” of the outer insulation and braided shield; then expose 1/4” of the center conductor as shown. 2. Make sure the center conductor is not bent and slide into the center pin. (Note: One-piece compression connectors are also available which eliminate this step.) 3. Slide the center pin fully into the BNC connector and twist the connector on firmly in a clockwise direction.4. Use a compression tool to complete the installation being sure to follow the tool manufacturer’s instructions.

Cable Termination with BNC Compression Connector

BNC Crimp-On Connector Installation Steps:1. Slide crimp barrel onto cable.2. Trim cable sheathing back as shown taking care not to cut or nick the braided shield.3. Pull braided shield back and inset center pin onto conductor. Crimp using the center pin hole on a coax crimping tool.4. Slide the center pin fully into the BNC connector and twist the connector on in a clockwise direction.5. Pull the braided shield forward to cover the BNC sleeve and slide the crimp barrel forward to cover it. Crimp into place with the crimping tool.

Center Pin

Coaxial Cable ready for compression connector



Understanding and Selecting Lenses

Lens Basics

The camera lens is the front line of the CCTV system. The type of lens used determines what image the camera will capture and transmit to the system monitors and recording equipment. Lenses can be either fixed or varifocal (ie: adjustable) and can have either manual or automatic irises, which in turn control the amount of light passed through to the image sensor of the camera.

The aperture of an auto-iris lens is controlled by signals sent from the camera circuitry which continually samples the light level and adjusts the iris to optimize the picture quality. All CCTV cameras have an automatic electronic shutter (AES) feature whereby the image sensor digitally corrects for changing light levels. Because of this feature, some fixed lens cameras with manual iris are capable of providing good image quality in low light conditions.

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Field of View

The area that a CCTV camera sees is known as its Field of View (FOV). The FOV is inversely proportional to the size of lens used. A lens with a focal length of 2.9mm provides a very wide angle viewing area and this angle decreases as the focal length is increased.

As the Lens Chart diagram to the right illustrates, a 2.9mm lens covers an area nearly 62 feet wide at a distance of 25 feet from the camera. A 12mm lens can capture less than 10 feet at the same distance. However the 12mm lens is capturing an image that is six times larger at 25 feet so it provides much greater detail at this distance.

For CCTV applications it is essential to match the focal length of the lens to the desired target.

Selecting the Correct Focal Length:1. Measure the distance from camera to the desired target area. 2. Determine the maximum width of the target.3. Find the lens size on the chart that most closely matches the distance/width measurements.4. Make a quick calculation if the distance is not on the chart. Ex. Target is 50 feet; a 4.3mm lens will have a horizontal FOV of 61 feet at this range (6.1 ft width at 5 ft. distance multiplied by 10 times the distance).

Diagram 1: Lens Selection Chart

5 10 25 100

2.9mm 12.3 24.6 61.5 2464.3mm 6.1 12.2 30.5 1226.0mm 3.8 7.6 19.0 768.0mm 2.9 4.8 14.5 58

12.0mm 1.9 3.8 9.5 3816.0mm 1.4 2.8 7.0 28

Target Distance from Camera (in Feet)

To determine the approximate vertical distance multiply the width by 0.75

Horizontal Width of Target (in feet)



Board Camera Lenses

Board camera lenses have a fixed focal length. The iris is also fixed but the camera’s AES function does provide some compensation for light changes. Being both small and economicalthese lenses have popularized many compact dome and bullet style CCTV cameras.

Fixed Lenses

Fixed lenses have a set focal length with a manually adjustable iris. Since the introduction of the varifocal lens, fixed lenses have all but disappeared from the CCTV industry.

Varifocal Lenses

Varifocal lenses are typically adjusted using set screws so that the installer can focus the camera to capture specific targets within the focal range of the lens. They typically feature an auto-iris that is controlled by a cable connected to the camera. These lenses simplify camera selection and allow for readjustment of the viewing area should the needs of the end user change.


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Look for the next issue of Video Installation Tips: Camera Selection

Types of CCTV Lenses

It should be noted that in high vibration environments the adjustment screws on a varifocal lens will loosen causing the camera to lose focus. Fixed lens cameras are recommended for this type of installation.

Motorized Zoom Lenses

Motorized varifocal lenses are most commonly integrated into pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras and can be remotely controlled to scan large areas and zoom in on specific targets. Motorized zoom lenses provide the greatest range of focal length with some PTZ models providing up to 40X optical zoom. This is usually augmented by digital zoom functions within the operating software for further image magnification.

IR (Infrared) Corrected Lenses

IR light adversely affects the accuracy of color reproduction. IR cut filters are used in all color cameras to correct this problem. But Day/Night cameras (combination color and monochrome) and cameras using IR illumination should be equipped with IR corrected lenses to ensure the scene is accurately focused for the image sensor. This is necessary because the wavelengths of visible light and IR light are different. Using a regular lens on Day/Night or monochrome cameras will result in image distortion.

Varifocal Lens

Fixed Lens

Board CameraLens



Camera Selection Overview

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Basic Camera Types

PTZPan/tilt/zoom cameras are very versatile, providing coverage of large areas with the ability to zoom in on specific targets when needed. PTZ cameras can be programmed to "tour" an area meaning the camera continually pans and rotates to a series of selected points. An operator can manually take control of the camera at any time with either a joystick control or using software. Indoor and outdoor options are available.

BoxBox cameras consist of the camera body and a separate lens selected for the specific target to be viewed. A separate mounting bracket is needed for installation. For outdoor installation an environmental housing is required which may include a heater/blower unit for low temperature applications.

DomeDome cameras are compact and include either a varifocal or fixed lens within the housing. Economical mini-dome models are discreet and popular for indoor surveillance. Vandal resistant domes feature rugged housings and impact resistant polycarbonate covers.

BulletBullet cameras feature a cylindrical type housing with a mounting bracket attached. Indoor and outdoor models are available and many have built-in infrared LED's for low light applications.

Identify the objective for the CCTV system. Are the cameras for security surveillance, monitoring a manufacturing process or for general area observation?

Determine the environmental factors for each camera - indoor or outdoor? Will the camera be exposed to extreme conditions such as dust, vibration, temperature, moisture etc.

Assess the lighting available for each camera. Standard color cameras work well in areas with consistent lighting whereas a Day/Night camera may be more suitable for locations with variable light conditions.



Specific Camera Selection Criteria

Determine the image target that each camera should capture for your application:

1. Is the objective simply to detect movement within a given area? If so then a single camera with a wide field of view (FOV) may be adequate. (See Bulletin 3 for information on FOV) These are often applications where a PTZ camera can be successful in providing wide area coverage with the ability to zoom in when movement is detected.

2. Does the camera need to capture an event with enough detail to identify exactly what is occurring? Typically this means there is a very specific target area such as a doorway or vehicle entry point. Cameras for this purpose will need a narrower FOV to capture more detail.

3. Do you need to be able to positively identify individuals, objects or specific problems? Such situations require high resolution images of just a small portion of the overall scene. A camera behind a teller's wicket at a bank will have a narrow FOV to captures the face of the customer. In a manufacturing setting the camera may be positioned to record a specific gauge or other critical machinery operations. More advanced applications such as license plate recognition which require highly specialized equipment also fall into this category.

Low Light Solutions

Lighting conditions play a critical role in determining image quality. Day/Night cameras are widely available for applications where light levels drop significantly at night. Like all color cameras, a true Day/Night camera has an infrared (IR) cut filter for daytime operation. When light levels drop, a clear glass filter mechanically replaces the IR filter and the camera switches to black & white to maximize image quality. Additional IR light can be provided by cameras with built-in IR LED’s.

Special Considerations for Heavy Industry

Cameras in the heavy industrial setting may be subject to much more extreme conditions than would normally be found in a typical surveillance application. The ability to withstand high vibration, dust and high temperature are the main factors to consider when selecting cameras for production monitoring.

The primary objective of correct camera selection in these applications is to minimize the potential for camera failure. This directly reduces maintenance and equipment expenses and increaseproductivity.

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IP Video Versus Analog CCTV

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Selected Feature Comparison

In a traditional CCTV system, analog cameras are connected to the DVR by independent runs using either coaxial or CAT5 cabling. In an network video recording (NVR) system the cameras have built-in servers that allow each camera to be assigned a unique internet protocol (IP) address. The cameras are connected to a network via CAT5/6 or fibre optic cable and transmit video back to a central server with avideo management software (VMS) platform.Analog cameras can also be connected to an NVR system by using compatible video encoder devices. Systems using both analog and IP cameras are often referred to as hybrid systems. Both NVR and DVR systems provide remote access through the internet or via local area networks.

ResolutionPerhaps the most important difference between IP and analog cameras begins at the image sensor. IP cameras feature megapixel sensors capable of capturing images at very high resolution in terms of pixel count. A standard analog camera can provide a maximum of 704 x 480 pixels (roughly 400,000 pixels). By comparison a 1.0 megapixel image sensor captures one million pixels. However more pixels do not automatically translate into better image quality in real world applications. IP megapixel cameras use CMOS image sensors whereas CCD sensors are the standard for analog cameras. CCD sensors have better imaging capabilities in conditions such as high glare and low light. In these situations it is common for an analog camera to provide better image quality than amegapixel camera. Megapixel cameras have direct digital output meaning that there is no conversion of the video signal to analog. Whenever a video signal is converted there is a minimal data loss so it follows that a direct digital signal is superior in this regard.Storage - Scalability & Redundancy In DVR systems the storage capacity is determined by the hard disk space available within the unit. For most applications this storage capacity is adequate. In VMS systems the storage capacity can be scaled to meet the requirements of the system by increasing the number of network servers or by mirroring the data to other servers on the network. Likewise DVR storage can be expanded with theaddition of external hardware. However the cost of additional storage is typically less for IP video systems due to the availability of “off the shelf” hardware.

Diagram 2: NVR system with IP and Analog cameras

Output to network stations

IP Megapixel Cameras VMS

Server

Analog Camera IP Ready with Video Encoder

Diagram 1: Standard DVR system with analog cameras

Output to local monitor(s)

Remote access with viewer software


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System ExpandabilityDVR's typically provide 4, 8 or 16 channels of video. Larger DVR systems are available but ultimately the maximum number of cameras is determined by the DVR selected. Similarly the VMS platform selected will determine the maximum number of cameras that can be installed with an NVR system. Entry level VMS systems have specified limits to the number of video channels while advanced platforms (often referred to as "Enterprise" systems) can handle an unlimited number of cameras.

Resources: IPVM (IP Video Market Info) provides unbiased information on IP video and CCTV in general. It is an excellent information resource. Visit them online at www.ipvm.com.

The Misconception I can use my existing network for my IP Video system. Megapixel IP cameras provide better image quality than analog cameras. I can't use analog cameras with my IP Video system. I can replace many analog cameras with a single megapixel camera.

I'll be able to integrate all my other systems (alarm, access control etc.) with my IP video system.

The RealityMaybe - but probably not. According to a 2012 IPVM survey (IP Video Market Info) 76% of system integrators install a dedicated network for IP video. Megapixel IP cameras provide higher resolution which can and often do provide higher image quality. However light problems such glare, shadows and low light can quickly reduce image quality to that of analog cameras.Video encoders can make any analog camera accessible through a VMS platform. However the encoder must be compatible with the VMS software.Variations in light conditions and target location usually require individual cameras to be selected specifically for each location. It is true that in some cases (usually indoors) a megapixel camera may replace several analog cameras. This can be done but each other system must be made compatible using an API (Application Programming Interface). Getting the VMS system to work with other systems usually requires collaboration with the other system manufacturers. Compatibility issues must be thoroughly examined before the VMS system is selected.

Common Misconceptions about IP Video Systems

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System Camera Types

Storage Remote Access

Installation & Maintenance System CostDVR Analog

CamerasInternal Storage on DVR; Expandable via external RAID arrays

Full Remote Access to DVR via Internet, LAN or WAN

Dedicated cabling (coax or CAT5) for each camera. Simple installation & training of personnel in system use & maintenance.

DVR & Analog Hardware costs less than Ip Video hardware. Installation typically simpler & lower in cost especially if existing cabling in place.

HD DVR Analog & HD Cameras

Internal Storage on DVR; Expandable via external RAID arrays

Full Remote Access to DVR via Internet, LAN or WAN

Dedicated cabling (coax or CAT5) for each camera. Simple installation & training of personnel in system use & maintenance.

Hardware costs comparable to IP Video hardware. Installation typically simpler & lower in cost especially if existing cabling in place.

NVR (IP Video)

Megapixel & Analog Cameras (using video encoders)

Network Server; Expandable by addition of servers.

Full Remote Access to each camera via Internet, LAN or WAN

Normally requires installation of a dedicated network. Requires trained IT personnel for system maintenance.

Higher camera costs. Fast PC's capable of running NVR software often cost more than DVR's. Longer install time for programming of each camera & setup of dedicated network. Installation costs typically higher.

Quick Comparison of DVR & NVR CCTV Systems


Solutions for High Vibration ApplicationsVibration fatigue is a primary cause of CCTV equipment failure in industrial applications

Front line equipment including cameras & LCD monitors are at the highest risk for vibration damage

Vibration damping technology and advanced camera design significantly extend camera & monitor life

Wood Processing & Aggregate/Mining are just a two of the many industries where high vibration is a fact of life.

The Problem - Vibration Fatigue The heart of all electronic equipment is the printed circuit board (PCB) which is usually a rectangular, epoxy-coated unit onto which all of the sub-components and wiring are attached. Vibration occurs in all environments but is often extreme in heavy industrial settings. Vibration can be random (ie: due to shock or the movement of heavy vehicles or equipment) or repetitive (ie: due to continuous exposure to the operation of industrial machinery). In either case the correct design, selection and installation of the CCTV equipment is critical to maximizing life expectancy and reducing maintenance.In heavy industrial applications, CCTV cameras must be mounted onto part of the adjacent structure or directly to the machinery itself to provide plant operators adequate views of the processes or gauges. These cameras must be able to withstand high vibration at various frequencies to prevent deflection of the PCB. Deflection (the bending of the PCB) can damage board components, image sensor, leads and wiring. LCD monitors exposed to high vibration environments are at even greater risk of failure.

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The Solution - Vibration Damping Camera Design & MountsProcess machinery such as conveyors, feeders and crushers constantly transmit vibration to building structures. Cameras and LCD monitors in these environments require vibration damping technology that is either built in to their design or provided by special anti-vibration mounts. Mounting hardwarethat integrates spacers and gaskets made of special vibration dampening material such as visco-elastic polymer can significantly extend camera and monitor life expectancy.

Evaluate Vibration Exposure for Each Camera LocationMost CCTV cameras are not specifically designed to withstand the extreme vibration found in heavy industrial plants. However there are usually numerous locations that are isolated or external to the manufacturing/processing environment for which standard box or dome type cameras are suitable.

Process machinery such as conveyors and feeders constantly transmit vibration to building structures. Cameras mounted on structural posts, pillars and beams need to incorporate vibration damping technology. Whenever possible avoid mounting cameras directly onto machinery. Installing anti-vibration mounts for all cameras within active plant areas can further extend life expectancy.

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Opticom Vibration Solutions

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Opticom has been committed to Industrial Video Excellence for the past 40 years. Our products have been designed and field tested to meet the rugged environmental demands of even the toughest industrial applications.

For heavy industry, the vibration resistance of the CC02 camera is unsurpassed. Independent laboratory testing has confirmed the camera's exceptional resistance to shock and continuous vibration. The virtually indestructible titanium alloy housing ensures long camera life by shielding the imaging components from dust, moisture, vibration and temperature extremes. The CC02 is a proven performer in both high & low temperature applications without the need for auxiliary heating or additional housing. With over 10,000 units sold in the past 10 years, the CC02 continues to grow in popularity as industrial users discover its versatility for a wide variety of operations.

CC-02 shown with Optional VM-1 Anti-Vibration Mount

Exceptional Vibration ResistanceExtreme Temperature RatingIP-68 Waterproof / DustproofHigh Res Color - 560 TV LinesOptional Vibration Damping Mount

VM-1 Vibration Mount

Anti-Vibration Mounting Hardware

MVM-LCD-101 Vibration Mount for LCD Monitors

Debarker DrumsChippers & GrizzliesRock CrushersGrinding MillsVibrating Conveyors

Increased camera protection for extreme vibration applications including:

MVM-LCD-101Anti-Vibration Mount

Even though usually located further from the source of vibration than cameras, LCD monitors are very susceptible to vibration damage. The MVM-LCD-101mount significantly reduces vibration to the LCD panel, is easy to install and extends monitor life.

Heavy gauge aluminum plate constructionAdvanced vibration damping bushingsEasy to adjust tilt & swivel - no tools requiredScratch resistant black powder coat finishAccommodates up to 32” LCD panels

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VM-1 Vibration Mount for CC02

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Understanding Wireless Video for CCTV

Wood Processing MillsMining/Aggregate FacilitiesPorts/Ship Loading & TransportationManufacturing & Heavy Industry

Other wireless frequencies used for surveillance applications include 1.2 GHzand UHF but these are not common in industrial applications.

Introduction Wireless video systems have become increasingly popular as a solution for many challenging CCTV applications. Dependable, high quality wireless equipment is available for indoor, outdoor and even mobile installations with transmission capabilities ranging from a few hundred feet to fifty miles or more. Some of the many applications include:

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What to Know Before and When Installing a Wireless System1. Line of Sight (LOS)2. Transmission Range3. Identify Potential Interference4. Installing the Equipment Line of SightA direct line of sight between the transmitter and receiver units is essential to obtaining the strongest, clearest signal and consequently the best video quality. In somesituations this may be difficult to achieve due to the layout of the facility. Some peripheral obstruction may be acceptable as most wireless equipment allows for roughly 20% signal loss without affecting image quality. In cases where a clear line of sight is impossible, transmitters and receivers can set up as repeaters to relay the signal from unit to unit.

Signal Penetration of ObstaclesIn some cases the signal will have to be transmitted near or through certain structures, In general wood, drywall, cinder block and poured concrete walls will allow signal penetration with some loss of resolution. Metal and steel reinforced concrete walls will entirely block the signal.

5.8 GHz and 2.4 GHZ systems are the most common for CCTV applications. The 5.8 GHz systems are the most popular for industrial use as they are less susceptible to signal interference. A maximum of 8 channels (cameras) is supported using the 5.8GHz frequency.

Wireless Frequency Comparison Chart Feature 5.8 GHz 2.4 GHz 900 MHz

Maximum Channels 8 4 2

Interference Risk Very Low High Very High

Band Type FM FM FM

Resolution Excellent Excellent Excellent

Best Range Performance Long Medium Short

Outdoor Performance Excellent Excellent Excellent

Security/Privacy Excellent Good Poor

License Free Operation Yes Yes Yes

Signal Penetration:

Wood/Drywall/Cinder Block Average Good Excellent

Poured Concrete Poor Average Good

Trees Poor Average Good

Tinted/UV Coated Windows Poor Poor Poor

Metal None None None

Actual wireless camera locations as shown by the red dots in this installation demonstrate the clear line of sight to the receivers where the picture was taken.


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Transmission RangeAll wireless equipment has a maximum specified transmission range. Therefore it's critical to have an accurate measurement of the distance between transmitter and receiver before the product can be selected for installation. Always be sure to choose an equipment package that easily exceeds the actual transmission distance to ensure trouble-free operation.

InterferenceSignal interference can easily degrade image quality and may be caused by a number of factors which should be considered before settling on the final installation points. Since metal can block a signal entirely, the transmitter/receiver link should not be installed where heavy equipment or other vehicles can pass through the signal beam. In most cases this can be avoided by mounting the equipment high enough to pass well above traffic areas. High voltage transmission towers also cause interference and should be taken into consideration before installation. The presence of existing wireless installations at adjacent buildings or facilities should also be investigated to determine what frequencies are being used. It's worth the effort to identify all possibilities before making the final system selection. Physical InstallationWhen installing transmitter and receiver units it is important to mount the equipment as securely as possible to minimize any movement caused by wind or vibration from passing vehicles or equipment. Wireless transmitters equipped with directional antenna need to be as stationary as possible to prevent the signal from wandering off the target receiver. This is especially important for long range applications where a separate antenna is installed with the transmitter.Prior to final installation it is recommended that the equipment be bench tested to make sure the frequencies have been correctly set and the system is fully operational.

Ground Plane Ground plane refers to proximity of transmitter to the ground or other surface. If the transmitter is installed too low the signal may bounce off the ground or surface and cause multipath interference. In general the transmitter should be mounted at least 20 feet above any surface area to avoid ground plane issues.PowerAlthough the video feed is wireless the system still requires a power source so this must be taken into consideration at the planning stage. If providing power at the transmitter site isn't feasible due to cost or location, rechargeable battery packs are available. The battery pack can be installed in an easily accessible lock-box at the transmitter site. Solar power supplies are another alternative in cases where cable installation is not viable.

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Receivers mounted at the control station are well above the ground plane to ensure there is no multipath interference.




Power for CCTV SystemsLow voltage systems such as CCTV must be installed and powered correctly to ensure the optimal operation of the system components. CCTV cameras and peripheral hardware are very sensitive electronic devices that require regulated power and protection from surges and fluctuations. In this bulletin we cover two of the most important issues that installers should consider before wiring the system: voltage drop and distributed power supplies.

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How To Calculate Voltage DropThe chart to the right provides the voltage drop factors per 100 feet of wire. The exact voltage drop for any length of wire can be calculated as follows:

Example: 300 feet using 18 gauge cable with a 1 Amp load current

Step 1. 300/100 feet = 3.0 Step 2. 3.0 x 1.27 (voltage drop factor from chart)

Answer: 3.81 volts

3.81 volts exceeds the acceptable voltage loss for both 12 VDC & 24 VAC equipment. Based onthe example above we can use the chart to find that the minimum wire gauge for 24 VAC over 300 feet at 1 Amp load is 16 AWG (3.0 x 0.8 = 2.4 volts dropped). Likewise the minimum gauge for 12 VDC is 13 AWG (3.0 x 0.4 = 1.2 volts dropped).It’s worth noting that most power adaptors supplied with CCTV cameras provide slightly higher voltage than specified. For example a 12 VDC adaptor usually supplies 13 to 13.5 volts to accomodate some voltage drop.

Note on Siamese Cable: If using siamese cable (coaxial cable with UTP) be aware that most have 18 AWG or smaller gauge twisted pair. This will be inadequate for longer runs so having heavier gauge LVT available will be necessary.

Voltage Drop Chart

Wire Gauge (AWG)

.5 amp Load

Current

1 amp Load

Current

2 amp Load

Current

4 amp Load

Current

10 amp Load

Current

10 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 2

11 0.13 0.25 0.5 1.01 2.52

12 0.16 0.32 0.64 1.27 3.18

13 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 4

14 0.25 0.5 1.01 2.02 5.04

15 0.32 0.64 1.27 2.54 6.35

16 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 8

17 0.5 1.01 2.02 4.03 10.08

18 0.64 1.27 2.54 5.08 12.71

19 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.4 16.01

20 1.01 2.02 4.03 8.07 20.17

21 1.27 2.54 5.08 10.17 25.42

22 1.6 3.2 6.4 12.81 32.02

Voltage Drop Per 100 Feet

Voltage Drop

A major concern for CCTV system power is selecting the correct wire gauge for long runs to cameras or other equipment. Low voltage electronics require adequate and consistent power with minimal current fluctuation. Voltage drop at load end due to incorrect wire selection may result in poor video quality or total loss of video.

For CCTV equipment, the industry standard for maximum acceptable voltage drop is 10%. That translates into 1.2 volts for 12 VDC hardware or 2.4 volts for 24 VAC equipment.


Distributed Power SuppliesWithin a CCTV system, the cameras are usually the devices most susceptible to power issues such as surge, fluctuation and voltage drop. Distributed power supplies are designed to provide consistent, regulated power and feature fused outputs to protect cameras from sudden surges that can easily destroy electronic components. The cost and time to replace a blown fuse is insignificant compared to the cost of replacing cameras.

The tripping mechanisms used in distributed power supplies are either PTC’s (Positive Temperature Coefficient resistors) or glass fuses. For CCTV purposes glass fuses are superior since they are more accurate and react faster to sudden increases in load current. A 1 AMP fuse will normally blow at roughly 1.25 AMPs whereas a PTC rated at 1 AMP typically won’t trip below 2 AMPs. Fuses offer much better protection for cameras.

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Distributed CCTV power supplies are typically available in 4, 8 & 16 channel configurations.


ApplicationsThe diagram to the right shows a typical process monitoring application.Installing the distributed power supply in the control booth eliminates the need for power bars or multiple outlets and will ensure maximum protection for the cameras. Having the power cables securely connected to the power supply also eliminates the possibility of plug-in type power adaptors working loose from outlets.

Distributed power supplies providea more organized installation and make trouble shooting system issuesmuch easier. But most importantlythey reduce maintenance costs byprotecting and extending the life of the camera.

Example of Typical Application for Distributed Power Supply in a Sawmill

Operator Control Booth/Station

Quad Splitter

PowerVideo

Distributed Power Supply



CCTV Trouble-Shooting BasicsThe performance of any CCTV system can easily be evaluated by the video quality at the monitor and recording end. Although there are many potential problems that can affect the smooth operation of any CCTV system, the vast majority of common issues relate to either transmission media or power.

According to industry data collected by leading manufacturers:1. 65% of service calls are due to problems with video transmission including cables, connectors and their installation;2. 27% of service calls are related to power (such as inadequate or excessive voltage, grounding problems) and environmental issues (such as temperature or vibration).3. 7% of system problems are due to installation errors including improper termination, incorrect equipment set-up and mistakes made by installation personnel.

Therefore only about 1% of CCTV system problems are caused by actual equipment failure due to defects in material or workmanship. In this bulletin we look at some of the more common problems associated with cable, power and camera signals.

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Problem Possible Cause(s) Troubleshooting / SolutionsPoor image quality on monitor/recording equipment

Low video signal strength due to inadequate power.

Ensure camera has adequate power using a regulated power supply. If using long runs of LVT, make sure the wire gauge is large enough to account for voltage drop.

Low video signal strength due to video loss.

Make sure video cable length does not exceed maximum allowble distance (See chart below). Video loss increases at each connection point which reduces transmission distance. Install video amplifiers or replace cable with heavier gauge.

Low video signal strength due to video loss.

Examine the cable installation. Older cable may have have corrosion/moisture damage and may need replacing. Is the cable installed too close to other electrical wiring? RF or EM interference with the video signal can occur if the video cable is installed close to other wiring. See chart below for recommended minimum distances.

Fluctuating video quality Power fluctuation to camera due irregular voltage current.

Install a distributed power supply with fused outputs to ensure consistent voltage.

Image out of focus Varifocal lens screw locks have come loose - usually due to vibration or sudden shock at the camera.

Refocus lens. If a persistent proble consider replacing the camera with a fixed lens model.

Total image loss No power. Check if power adaptor has failed by testing camera with another supply. If using a distributed power supply check for blown fuses.

Camera failure. Test camera with a verified power source and replace if needed.

Rolling bars on monitor Video ground loop due to more than one ground between camera and monitor/head-end.

See section on video ground loop next page.

CCTV Trouble-Shooting Quick Guide


Video Ground Loop - Trouble-Shooting

Ground Loop is a common problem in CCTV installations, especially in large industrial applications. The problem is easily identified on monitors by the 60 cycle bars which slowly move up the video screen. If the problem is minor these rolling bars may be no more than a nuisance but in severe cases can cause the picture to break up entirely on the monitor.

The problem is caused by having more than one ground point in the CCTV system. A CCTV system is normally grounded at the monitor end which is connected directly to the 60 cycle main. A Ground Loop is created when the coaxial cable at the camera end becomes locally grounded for any reason. In 60 cycle power systems local grounds return any unbalanced current flow to ground. However each ground point usually has a different voltage potential depending on how uneven the current flow of the power load is in the building or facility. The voltage differential can be measured by disconnecting the video cables at the monitor end and using a voltmeter to measure between any two shields of the incoming video cables. If you have significant 60 cycle bar problems at the monitor you will find there is a large voltage differential between the video cables.

Resolving Ground Loop Problems

Ground Loop problems can be resolved by making sure that only one end of any video cable is connected to a local ground. Make sure the video cable shields do not come into direct contact with each other to prevent unintentional local grounding. This can easily occur with cable installed in conduit or cable trays. Tape all connectors in such situations to minimize this risk. Keep camera runs as short as possible with all video cables cut to fit. Excess cable left along any run can increase the risk of interference. Wherever cables share common connection points such as between buildings or in conduit junction boxes take extra care to tape the connectors and cable. At the monitor end make sure all the CCTV equipment is connected to same power point to provide a common local ground.

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Type Typical Maximum Max. with DVR

RG59 750 1,000 500RG6 1,000 1,500 1,000RG11 2,000 2,500 1,500

Coaxial Cable Transmission Distance in Feet*

*Based on point-to-point connection with no amplification

Wire Gauge (AWG)

.5 amp - Load

Current

1 amp - Load

Current

2 amp - Load

Current

4 amp - Load

Current

10 amp - Load Current

10 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 211 0.13 0.25 0.5 1.01 2.5212 0.16 0.32 0.64 1.27 3.1813 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 414 0.25 0.5 1.01 2.02 5.0415 0.32 0.64 1.27 2.54 6.3516 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 817 0.5 1.01 2.02 4.03 10.0818 0.64 1.27 2.54 5.08 12.7119 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.4 16.0120 1.01 2.02 4.03 8.07 20.1721 1.27 2.54 5.08 10.17 25.4222 1.6 3.2 6.4 12.81 32.02

Voltage Drop ChartQuick Reference Power & Video Tables

Digital video equipment such as DVR’s require higher strength video signals than analog equivalents. Therefore transmission distances must be reduced.



Introduction to HD CCTV (HD-SDI) The closed circuit TV (CCTV) industry has undergone dramatic changes over the past few years thanks to the introduction of megapixel digital cameras capable of delivering extremely high resolution via network. The rise of the IP based video system has created a new demand and expectation among end users for a much higher quality product in terms of both video display and recording. But shifting to a network based solution has also meant that end users have had to invest heavily in both training and rewiring in order to take advantage of the new technology. Many people have been led to believe that it's simply a matter of connecting IP cameras to the existing network and installing video management software. In practice this has been far from the truth. According to a 2012 IPVM survey (IP Video Market Info) 76% of system integrators install a dedicated network for IP video. For many end users the wholesale shift to an IP based system is both daunting and cost prohibitive. But now there is a the third option for closed circuit video: True HD CCTV using HD-SDI transmission technology.

What is HD-SDI?

HD-SDI is a technology that transmits HD images digitally through a coaxial cable without compression. In technical terms, HD-SDI (High-Definition Serial Digital Interface) is a collection of specifications developed by Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) for application in high definition broadcast television studios. Although HD-SDI has been in use and proven in TV studios worldwide since the late 1990's, it was not available to the CCTV industry until 2009 when SMPTE licensed the technology for Digital HD surveillance as the HDcctv Standard. Although manufacturers have been developing and testing HD-SDI equipment since that time, it is only recently that these products have reached the mainstream CCTV market.

What are the advantages of HD-SDI?

1. HD-SDI cameras deliver the highest quality HD live views. Since no compression is required for transmission and there is no IP LAN in between the camera and a monitor on the local site, HD-SDI cameras provide true HD live views.2. HD-SDI cameras and DVR's are as easy as regular analog CCTV cameras and DVRs to install and set up.3. HD-SDI cameras and DVRs can normally be installed using existing cabling.

Transmission Distance

An uncompressed HD signal is more than six times larger than its analog equivalent. As such transmission distances were limited with the first generation of HD-SDI and this restricted the application of the technology for the CCTV market. However the second generation equipment now available has overcome those shortcomings. In analog CCTV systems transmission over RG59 coaxial cable is a maximum of 1,000 feet. With HD-SDI, transmission over RG59 averages about 500 feet. But HD repeaters can easily be installed to increase the HD transmission range to that of analog CCTV.

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Conclusion

The ability to achieve true HD quality video without a network carries huge implications for end users. Companies that have invested heavily in wiring their facilities for analog CCTV can usually move up to HD without rewiring. Some upgrading may be needed but this will be far less expensive than installing a totally new network infrastructure. Perhaps more important is the fact that the transition is virtually seamless since an HD-SDI CCTV system operates in exactly the same way as the analog system it replaces. The need to invest in VMS (video management software) and the learning curve that goes with it is eliminated.

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HD CCTV (HD-SDI) Analog CCTV IP CameraNetwork Access DVR or Server DVR or Server NVR or Router

Network Dependent No No Yes

Install System with Existing Coax

Yes Yes No

Latency (Transmission time delay - video or data)

Near Zero Near ZeroYes - Due to network

packet type transmission

Digital imaging Uncompressed No Compressed

Provides 720P or 1080P Video

Uncompressed No Compressed

Provides Real Time (30FPS) HDTV

Uncompressed No No

Maximum Transmission Range (Single Cable)

500 Ft/150m (RG59 Coax)

1000 Ft/300m (RG59 Coax)

330 Ft/100m(CAT5) Max transmission distance between switches/hubs)

Transmission Type

System Comparison

Opticom HD CCTV Products

See our HD-SDI cameras and DVR’s online atwww.opticomtech.com

Technology

CCTV Training Bulletins