CASE AND CLINICAL STUDIES

CASE AND CLINICAL STUDIES• Case Method• Case Study in Business and Psychology• Interpreting the Case Study• Recommendations• Case Histories• Clinical Method• A Clinical Study• Facts from the Interviews• Test Administered• Interpretation• Recommendations

• Increasingly becoming well-known methods of research in social and behavioural science.

• These methods are not used at all times.• Knowledge of these approaches will help us in

the choice of the most suitable way to get facts.

• The most effective technique in a particular situation.

CASE AND CLINICAL STUDIES

• Interchangeably used by some writers as case study and case work.

• Case study: comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular individual, group or situation over a period of time. (Mckee and Robertson, 1975)

• It is a comprehensive of an of a social institution., district or community. (Young)

• Case study provides information where we can draw conclusions about the impact of significant events in a person’s life.

WHAT IS CASE METHOD?CASE METHOD

WHAT IS A CASE STUDY?• The case study method is a popular form of qualitative

analysis.• It is a method of study in depth rather than breadth.• It places more emphasis on the full analysis of a limited

number of events or conditions and their interrelation.• It deals with the processes that take place and their

interrelationship.• Thus, case study is essentially an intensive investigation of

the particulars unit under consideration.• The objective of the case study method is to locate the

factors that account for the behavior -patterns of the given unit as an integrated totality.

CASE METHOD

WHAT IS A CASE WORK?• It refers to developmental adjustment, remedial

or corrective procedures that appropriately follow the diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment of unfavourable development.

• It consists of the processes and procedures necessary in rendering service, personal assistance or personal advice to individuals by representatives of social agencies with due consideration of established policies and individual needs.

CASE METHOD

WHAT IS CASE METHOD?• It is also known as case report is a descriptive

or explanatory analysis of a person, group or event.

• It is the analysis of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods.

• It is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles.

CASE METHOD

WHAT IS CASE METHOD?

• It is also defined as research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. • The case study is a research

approach, situated between concrete data taking techniques and methodologic paradigms.

CASE METHOD

CATEGORIES OF CASE REPORT • Case studies may be prospective (in which criteria

are established and cases fitting the criteria are included as they become available) or retrospective (in which criteria are established for selecting cases from historical records for inclusion in the study

• The case that is the subject of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame — an object — within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates

CASE METHOD

CASE STUDY IN BUSINESS AND PSYCHOLOGY

CASE STUDY IN PSYCHOLOGY

• The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e. the patient’s personal history)

• Case studies are widely used in psychology and amongst the best known were the ones carried out by Sigmund Freud

• He conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses

• Freud's most famous case studies include Little Hans and The Rat Man.

CASE METHOD

CASE STUDY IN PSYCHOLOGY

• In psychology, case studies are often confined to the study of a particular individual. The information is mainly biographical and relates to events in the individual's past), as well as to significant events which are currently occurring in his or her everyday life.

• The psychologist may use various types of accessible data

CASE METHOD

CASE STUDY IN BUSINESS

• The purpose of the case study is to let you apply the concepts you've learned when you analyze the issues facing a specific company.

• To analyze a case study, therefore, you must examine closely the issues with which the company is confronted.

CASE METHOD

CASE STUDY IN BUSINESS

1. The history, development, and growth of the company over time

2. The identification of the company's internal strengths and weaknesses

3. The nature of the external environment surrounding the company

4. A SWOT analysis 5. The kind of corporate-level strategy pursued by the company 6. The nature of the company's business-level strategy 7. The company's structure and control systems and how they

match its strategy 8. Recommendations

CASE METHOD

INTERPRETING THE CASE STUDY

In analyzing the case data, you are trying toanswer the following:• Why or how did these issues arise? • Who is affected most by this issues?• What are the constraints and opportunities

implicit to this situation?• What do the numbers tell you?

CASE METHOD

RECOMMENDATIONS• Recommendation should come from the key

decision criteria that is important to the organization making the decision.

• They will be used to evaluate the suitability of each alternative recommended.

• Business people are decision-makers; this is your opportunity to practice making decisions.

• Give a justification for your decision and ensure that it is one (and only one) of your alternatives and that it does resolve what you defined as the problem.

CASE METHOD

Key Decision Criteria• Brief, preferably in point form, such as – improve (or at least maintain) profitability, – increase sales, market share, or return on investment, – maintain customer satisfaction, corporate image, – be consistent with the corporate mission or strategy, – within our present (or future) resources and capabilities, – employee morale, safety, or turnover, – retain flexibility, and/or – minimize environmental impact.

• Measurable, at least to the point of comparison. • Be related to your problem statement, and

alternatives.

CASE METHOD

CASE HISTORIES

CASE HISTORIES

• A detailed account of the facts affecting the development or condition of a person or group under treatment or study, especially in medicine, psychiatry, or psychology.

• All the relevant information or material gathered about an individual, family, group, etc., and arranged so as to serve as an organized record and have analytic value for a social worker, student, or the like: used especially in social work, sociology, psychiatry, and medicine.

CLINICAL METHOD

CLINICAL METHOD

• Clinical study design is the formulation of trials and experiments in medical and epidemiological research.

• A clinical study involves research using human volunteers (also called participants) that is intended to add to medical knowledge.

• Many of the considerations here are shared under the more general topic of design of experiments but there can be others, in particular related to patient confidentiality and ethics.

FACTS FROM INTERVIEWS• Questions to Ask• Anyone interested in participating in a clinical study

should know as much as possible about the study and feel comfortable asking the research team questions about the study, the related procedures, and any expenses. The following questions might be helpful during such a discussion.

• Answers to some of these questions are provided in the informed consent document. Many of these questions are specific to clinical trials, but some also apply to observational studies.

CLINICAL METHOD

FACTS FROM INTERVIEWS• What is being studied?• Why do researchers believe the intervention being tested

might be effective? Why might it not be effective? Has it been tested before?

• What are the possible interventions that I might receive during the trial?

• How will it be determined which interventions I receive (for example, by chance)?

• Who will know which intervention I receive during the trial? Will I know? Will members of the research team know?

• How do the possible risks, side effects, and benefits of this trial compare with those of my current treatment?

• What will I have to do?

CLINICAL METHOD

FACTS FROM INTERVIEWS• What tests and procedures are involved?• How often will I have to visit the hospital or clinic? • Will hospitalization be required?• How long will the study last?• Who will pay for my participation?• What type of long-term follow-up care is part of this trial? • If I benefit from the intervention, will I be allowed to

continue receiving it after the trial ends?• Will results of the study be provided to me?• Who will oversee my medical care while I am in the trial?• What are my options if I am injured during the study?

CLINICAL METHOD

TEST ADMINISTERED

• In a clinical trial (also called an interventional study), participants receive specific interventions according to the research plan or protocol created by the investigators.

• In an observational study, investigators assess health outcomes in groups of participants according to a protocol or research plan.

• Every clinical study is led by a principal investigator, who is often a medical doctor. Clinical studies also have a research team that may include doctors, nurses, social workers, and other health care professionals.

CLINICAL METHOD

TEST ADMINISTERED

• Clinical studies can be sponsored, or funded, by pharmaceutical companies, academic medical centers, voluntary groups, and other organizations, private and government agencies.

• Clinical studies can take place in many locations, including hospitals, universities, doctors' offices, and community clinics. The location depends on who is conducting the study.

• The length of a clinical study varies, depending on what is being studied. Participants are told how long the study will last before enrolling.

CLINICAL METHOD

INTERPRETATION• A clinical study is conducted according to a research plan

known as the protocol. The protocol is designed to answer specific research questions as well as safeguard the health of participants. It contains the following information:

• The reason for conducting the study• Who may participate in the study (the eligibility criteria)• The number of participants needed • The schedule of tests, procedures, or drugs and their

dosages• The length of the study • What information will be gathered about the participants

CLINICAL METHOD

RECOMMENDATIONS

• Recommendation should come from the key decision criteria that is important to the organization making the decision.

• They will be used to evaluate the suitability of each alternative recommended.

• As decision-makers; this is your opportunity to practice making decisions.

• Give a justification for your decision and ensure that it is one (and only one) of your alternatives and that it does resolve what you defined as the problem.

CLINICAL METHOD

SUMMARY

• The major objective of case study and case work is the development of potentialities of the individual for growth.

• The interpretation of the case study materials based on the inconsistencies and consistencies in behaviour is a prerequisite to understanding the individual.

• Thus, an adequate case study should in fact promote a better understanding of the individual.

THANK YOU

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