Rahat Tufail

Roll# SSO12-13

University of the punjab

What is a camera

A device that consists of a lightproof chamber with an aperture fitted with a lens and a shutter through which the image of an object is projected onto a surface for recording (as on film) or for translation into electrical impulses (as for television broadcast)

Components of a camera

All cameras have included five crucial components:

(1)The camera box(2) Film(3) The light control (4) The lens(5) The viewing system

Camera HistoryThe Box - approx. 500 years BCEIn ancient times, Greek and Chinese philosophers discovered a curious optical effect, and it worked like this

Inside a completely dark room, a tiny hole is created in one wall. Through the hole light is focused, and the outside scenes projected on the opposite wall

The effect came to be known as the “camera obscure” which is Latin for dark room. This was the first camera. The hole acted like a lens, focusing and projectile.

Camera Lens History2200 years later

Lenses and Optics - 17th century

In the 17th century, the modem camera came one step closer when Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens perfected the understanding of optics and the process of making high quality glass lenses

Camera Film History200 years later

Film - 19th century

Soon there were small. portable camera obscures. but an important piece was missing. . ....FILM

Then in 1827 Joseph Nicéphore Niépce added the final touch. He added ‘film‘ to create the first successful photograph, and the modern camera was born: A glass lens, a dark box, and film.

Modern film and digital cameras

New digital cameras are very easy to usejust point and shoot. The camera's built-in computer handles focus and exposure.

It's comforting to know that even the latest digital cameras work the same way as their ancestors.

Digital FilmSo what has changed ????

The most recent revolution in photography is the invention of digital film.

Replacing old-fashioned plastic film, digital cameras capture the images with an electronic sensor called a CCD. Photographs are stored on reusable computer memory cards

The result is that modern photography is cheaper (and moreenvironmentally friendly) than it has ever been before.

Camera Working

How the Eye WorksThe human eye is remarkable. lt accommodates to changing lighting conditions and focuses light rays originating from various distances from the eye, When all of the components of the eye function properly. light is converted to impulses and conveyed to the brain where an image is perceived.The individual components of the eye work in a manner similar to a camera. Each part plays a vital role in providing clear vision.

Path of LightLight Source

Lens

Sensor

Pinhole CameraA pinhole camera is the Simplest camera possible. It consists of light-proof box, some sort of film and a Pinhole. Simply an extremely small hole like you would make with the tip of pin in a piece of thick aluminum foil.

The pinhole in a pinhole camera acts as the lens. The pinhole forces every point emitting light in the scene to form a small point on the film.

The basic technology that makes all of this possible is fairly simple.

A camera is made ofthree basic elements

a. An optical element (the lens)b. A chemical element (the film)c. A mechanical element (thecamera body itself).

As we'll see. the only trick tophotography is calibrating andcombining these elements in such a way as to record a crisp,recognizable image

Types of cameras

BOX camera PANORAMIC camera Strip camera SPY camera TWIN lens camera SINGLE lens camera DIGITAL SLR camera

How large the opening (iris) in the lens is

In photography, aperture is expressed in f-numbers (for example f/5.6).

f-numbers that are known as “f-stops”.

Aperture

Area of the image that appears in focus from foreground to background

Affected by aperture

Depth of Field

The length of time a camera shutter is open to expose light into the camera sensor

Shutter speeds are typically measured in fractions of a second

1/4 means a quarter of a second, while 1/250 means one two-hundred-and-fiftieth

Shutter Speed

1/1600 sec

Collects light data

The Digital Sensor

International Standards Organization

Measures the sensitivity of the sensor

ISO is the level of sensitivity of your camera to available light.

Higher ISO increases light sensitivity, but also increases noise

ISO

Created by electronic errorsOften described as the camera filling in the blanks

Noise

JPEG-widely popular

TIFF-no compression

RAW-raw data

File Formats

To flash or not to flash

Flash