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Biodiesel 101 &
Technical Overview
National Biodiesel Board Technician Outreach Program
September 2009
After today’s session, you will be able to do the following:
Understand why your customers want biodiesel
Answer general questions about biodiesel that your customers may ask you
Understand the importance of quality and the BQ-9000 program
Be able to discern issues between normal diesel problems and poor quality biodiesel imposters or out-of-spec biodiesel when they hit your shop
Biodiesel Driving Forces Reduce dependence on imported crude oil and
petrodiesel from unstable parts of the world Reduce global warming by using a renewable fuel Reduce harmful emissions from diesel engines Can be used in any diesel engine without
modifications, existing fueling stations can be used Easy to use--drop in substitute for petroleum diesel fuel Produces over 3 times more energy than it takes to
grow and process the fuel Engine and vehicle companies approve the fuel for use Over 100 million miles of on-road trouble-free use both
here and abroad
National Biodiesel Board 4
Why People Want Biodiesel Energy Security
amount imported from Iraq U.S. Industry Goal:
5% on-road displacement by 2015 ≈ 1.85 BGY (met in various blend levels)
5% ≈ ¼ of diesel equivalent refined from Persian Gulf Crude or about the
Environmental benefits Biodegradable and Non-Toxic -
safer than diesel and biodegrades as fast as dextrose, a test sugar.
Greenhouse Gases – A 78% life cycle decrease in CO2 according to a USDA and DOE study.
Green Jobs 2007: 21,803 jobs 2007: $4.1 billion to GDP $26 billion to U.S. economy
by 2012 Create 38,856 new jobs in
all sectors of the economy
Renewable Fuel Standard: Requires 1 billion gallons
B100 by 2012 B5 in 2/3 of all on road
diesel! Low cost option to meet RFS
Why make biodiesel?
Diesel fuel injectors are not designed for viscous fuels like vegetable oil
Glycerin (thick)
Biodiesel
Biodiesel Defined Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of
mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, meeting ASTM D 6751, designated B100.
Biodiesel Blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.• This tight definition was needed in order to secure
vehicle, engine and fuel injection equipment company support for biodiesel, as well as to secure ASTM specs
Beware of Biodiesel Imposters!
ASTM D6751 Definition Eliminates: Coal Slurries Raw Vegetable Oils and Fats Non-Esterified Oils Hydro-treated Oils and Fats Proprietary Veg Oil / Ethanol blends Blends With Diesel
Auto, engine, and fuel injection equipment makers only support D6751 biodiesel
What is Biodiesel??
Ethanol—NO!
Raw Veg Oil—NO!
“Bio-Willie”
Yes, but not from marijuana oil!
Ethanol is not Biodiesel!!!Ethanol is made from fermenting the
whole corn kernel to ethanolEthanol is intended only for spark
ignited (i.e. gasoline) applications since it has good octane but poor cetane, zero lubricity “Drink the best and burn the rest”!
Raw ethanol in diesel fuel can severely damage diesel engines!
Biodiesel Raw MaterialsOil or Fat Alcohol
Soybean MethanolCorn EthanolCanolaCottonseed CatalystSunflower Sodium hydroxideBeef tallow Potassium hydroxidePork lardUsed cooking oils
Transesterification (the biodiesel reaction)
Fatty Acid Chain
Glycerol
Methanol (or Ethanol)
One triglyceride molecule is converted into three mono alkyl ester (biodiesel) molecules
Biodiesel
Triglyceride
Biodiesel Reaction
Vegetable Oil or
Animal Fat (100 lbs.)
+Methanol or
Ethanol(10 lbs.)
Biodiesel(100 lbs.)
+Glycerin(10 lbs.)
In the presence of a catalyst
Combining
Yields
B100--Properties ASTM D 6751 No Sulfur (1-2 ppm) No Aromatics High Cetane (over 50) Superior Lubricity in Low Blends Biodegradable, Non-Toxic 3.2 to 1 Positive Energy Balance BTU same or higher than No. 1 78% Life Cycle CO2 Reduction
All Proven: $70MM Scientific Study over 18 years
Important Biodiesel Parameters Complete Reaction/Removal of Glycerin
Insured through total/free glycerin spec Removal of Catalyst
Insured through sulfated ash spec Removal of Alcohol
Insured through flash point spec Absence of Free Fatty Acids
Insured through acid value specAll these insured through ASTM D 6751– Represents over $50 million and 15 years of testing
B100 Blending Component Specification
Recent changes: Cold Soak
Filtration or Control of Minor Components added
Major steps forward for passage of biodiesel blend specifications
Critical for obtaining OEM approval
Critical for ensuring that biodiesel performs as advertised so market can grow
D6751-08 Requirements
McCormick, R.L, Westbrook, S.R. “Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends” Standardization News, page 28, April 2007
Property Test Method Limits Units
Calcium & Magnesium EN 14538 5 max ppm(ug/g)Alcohol control
either Flash Point D 93 130 min. Degrees C or GC methanol EN 14110 0.2 % Volume
Flash Point D 93 93min. Degrees CKin. Viscosity, 40C D 445 1.9 - 6.0 mm?/sec.Sulfated Ash D 874 0.02 max. % massSulfur S500 D 5453 0.05 max (500) % mass (ppm)
S15 D 5453 0.0015 max (15) % mass (ppm)Copper Corrosion D 130 No. 3 max.Cetane number D 613 47 min.Cloud Point D 2500 Report degrees CCarbon Residue D 4530 0.05 max. % massAcid Number D 664 0.50 max. mg KOH/gFree Glycerin D 6854 0.020 % massTotal Glycerin D 6854 0.240 % massPhosphorous content D 4951 0.001 max % massDistillation, T90 AET D 1160 360 max degrees CNa/K, combined EN 14538 5 max ppm(ug/g)Oxidation Stability EN 14112 3 min hours
(Visual Appearance)D 4176 Free of un-dissolved water, sediment and suspended matter
BOLD = BQ-9000 Critical Specification TestingOnce Production Process Under Control
ASTM Biodiesel Specs Now Approved
Started ASTM process in 1993 After 15 years, biodiesel blends were
approved by ASTM in 2008
D6751: Pure biodiesel blend stock D975: On/off road diesel with up to 5%
Biodiesel D7467: On/off road diesel with
biodiesel between 6% and 20%
BQ 9000 Quality Program
•Biodiesel Industry’s “Good Housekeeping” TM seal of approval for biodiesel production & distribution companies
•Quality Control System covers biodiesel manufacturing, sampling, testing, blending, storage, shipping, distribution
•ASTM Grade Fuel, BQ-9000 Companies
ASTM D 6751 is CRITICALBQ 9000 is becoming a given
B6-B20 Blend Specification
Oxidation Stability is 6 hours
Cold Soak Filtration Test included
Acid Number Reduction
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Spec Grade B20 and Lower Made with ASTM grade B100 Drop in replacement for petrodiesel
Millions of miles of trouble free use B20 holds similar levels of water as petrodiesel Take cold weather precautions like diesel Good detergent—may clean out systems upon first
use (filter change in 2% cases) Use within 6 months See NBB Toolkit document “Use of Biodiesel Blends Up to B20” for
more information
Biodiesel Performance Properties
B20 Similar Performance to Petrodiesel: Torque Horsepower Mileage Range 1-2% fewer BTUs per
gallon than #2 diesel Fuel Should be used
within 6-8 months
Enhanced Lubricity
Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Biodiesel Blend (%)
HFRR WSD (micron)
Equipment benefits Superior lubricity B2 has up to 66%
more lubricity than #2 Diesel
EPA required sulfur reduction in 2006
No overdosing concerns vs. other lubricity additives
Cleaner emissions
Emission Type B100 B20 B2
Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% -2.2%
Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%
Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) +10% +/-2%* +.2%
* http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38296.pdf
Going over B20 requires caution
But it can be done with proper pre-cautions NBB recommends average user stay at B20
Cold flow issues are greater Materials compatibility (hoses, gaskets) Cleaning effect is more immediate Engine oil may become diluted with fuel
In specification B100
Out of spec B100: High raw oil
Additional biodiesel properties
Lower Energy Content 8% fewer BTU’s per gallon, but also higher cetane #,
lubricity, etc. Poor cold weather performance
This can be mitigated by blending with diesel fuel or with additives, or using low gel point biodiesel blend
Stability Concerns Biodiesel is less oxidatively stable than petroleum diesel
fuel. Old fuel can become acidic and form sediments and varnish. Additives can prevent this.
Solvency Mild cleaning effect Storage tanks may need to be cleaned, or keep extra filters on hand at start up
Cold Flow Properties Biodiesel (B100) freezes faster than most petrodiesel Untreated B20 freezes about 3-10º F faster than petrodiesel, depending on:
the cold flow properties of the biodiesel the cold flow properties of the petrodiesel
B2 properties are similar to diesel fuel B20 has been used successfully in climates below -20ºF Traditional cold weather options for diesel work well with biodiesel and blends
Blend with kerosene, use of additives Block and filter heaters Indoor vehicle storage
Biodiesel Handling and Storage Some older fuel lines
(Buna, natural rubbers) are not compatible with biodiesel and will degrade.
Viton and Teflon hoses and seals are widely used today and are compatible with biodiesel.
No copper, brass, bronze, zinc, or other galvanized surfaces
Engine to Fuel System Biodiesel only contacts the fuel system so
use should not affect bearings, turbo, oil/water pumps, and other wear-related parts.
Biodiesel improves fuel lubricity and thus can be used as a lubricity additive for poor quality diesel fuels.
In Europe, there have been some claims of crankcase oil dilution and oil thickening. This has not been observed in the U.S.
Operational issues Low energy content
Not harmful, but may cause power loss and increased fuel consumption
Cold flow – fuel filter plugging Microbial growth – fuel filter plugging Incomplete reaction – fuel filter plugging Fuel oxidation – fuel filter plugging
Fuel filter plugging is the most common
operational issue
Biodiesel and New Technology
Biodiesel Enhances Diesel Particulate Filter and NOx After treatment performance compared to petrodiesel (or hydrocarbons) alone
Some models (mostly light duty) may experience high fuel in the engine oil if in-cylinder post-injection used for PM trap light off, especially with blends over B20 No reported issues with B20 with medium/heavy
duty VW 2009 light duty: No more than B5 due to this
New Diesel Technology
-2010
DPF: Balance Point Temp - Regeneration Rate Results
BPTULSD
360ºCB20
320ºCB100
250ºC
• BPT is 40ºC lower for B20• Soot is more easily burned off of filter• B20: lower temperature duty cycle OK
• Regeneration rate increases with increasing biodiesel content
• Even at 5%, biodiesel PM measurably oxidizes more quickly
B20 vs. Diesel: In the shop With in spec B20 and lower, the issues you
can expect to see in your shop are the same as you will see with petrodiesel
Except: Expect to see less lubricity related issues Expect to see less problems with after-treatment Filter related issues likely normal diesel issues or
out of spec or imposter biodiesel Less black smoke from exhaust!
What could I see in a Diesel Fuel Filter?
Diesel Oxidation or Aphaltenes Diesel Fuel Paraffin wax
What could I see in a Diesel Fuel Filter?
Water saturated filter paper
Other contaminants like water and sediment or microbial contamination
What could I see that’s different than normal Diesel Fuel Filters?
Partial reaction products from off specification biodiesel or imposter biodiesel
Filter
Biodiesel plant
Filter
Filter
Oil
Filter Filter
Filtration
OEM Support for Biodiesel Blends
OEM’s and Biodiesel Support Fuel Quality and ASTM specs are KEY B5 across the board, especially now its in D975 Experience/familiarity of each OEM yields differing opinions
for blends over B5 B20 vs. B100 is primarily gasket/hose issue For a complete listing of OEM position statements on
biodiesel, visit: http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/
standards_and_warranties.shtm Customer base makes a big difference
When customers say they won’t buy 100 new engines unless B20 is fully warranted, all of a sudden its OK!
NBB is actively working with most major OEM’s to achieve B20 support by all OEM’s Fuel quality enforcement programs ASTM Blend Standards passed last year
OEM Biodiesel Blends Approve B5 :
Detroit Diesel, Ford, Isuzu, Kubota, Mack, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo
Approve B20 or higher on at least some models: Arctic Cat, Buhler, Case Construction Equip., Case IH,
Caterpillar, Cummins, Chrysler (Dodge Ram & Sprinter - Fleets), General Motors (SEO for fleets), Hayes Diversified Technologies, John Deere, Navistar, Perkins, Toro
Approve B100: Case IH, Fairbanks Morse, New Holland, Tomcar
National Biodiesel Board 43
US Biodiesel Production
0
100,000,000
200,000,000
300,000,000
400,000,000
500,000,000
600,000,000
700,000,000
Gallons
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Changes toEPACT
Bioenergy Program
Biodiesel TaxIncentive
700 Million Gallons
Availability Over 1,800 petroleum distributors
now offer biodiesel.
Availability up at terminals-approx.37 biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/guide/
Distribution Locations
2007
Type of Seller
Both Retail & Bulk (343)Bulk Distribution (1515)Retail Outlets (760)
Biodiesel Production Locations
Represent ~ 80% of biodiesel production volume in U.S.
Biodiesel in America One key difference to U.S. biodiesel
and European biodiesel market is diesel passenger vehicles – only about 3% in U.S. are diesel…but that is changing.
J.D. Power and Associates estimates diesels will reach 11% market share by 10 years out.
Truck Market American Trucking Association Endorses B5
Use “ATA is proud to endorse the use of
biodiesel in blends of up to 5%.” -Rich Moskowitz, ATA Regulatory
Affairs Counsel BioTrucker.com
Availability Testimonials FAQ’s & News
NBB Resourceswww.biodiesel.org
News Releases & Information Resources
Educational Videos Available
Technical Library & Resources
On-line Database & Spec Sheets
OEM Warranty Positions on Biodiesel
U.S. Diesel Vehicle List
www.BQ-9000.org Listing of BQ-9000 Certified Companies
www.allthingsbiodiesel.com
Biodiesel merchandise, literature, signage, pump labels and more!