Beauty Of Sweet Falls Shillong by Vivek Kumar Scientist

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Organised By-Assam University,Silchar,16-17 March 2012Title Of The Research Paper-

The Peach of Sweet Falls & Potential Of Weeds Found There

Author-

Vivek KumarDirector General,Albert Einstein Research Institute,Bihar,India.Consultant,GLG ResearchUnited Kingdom.Technical Director,VACS Ayur & Foods Pvt. Ltd.Principal Scientist,AEDO,Nepal.Editor-Biofuel section,ECO Seed,USA

Co-Author-

Abanda WahlangResearch associate of Vivek Kumar. Secretary,Northeastdivision,Science & Environment Awareness Society,Bihar,India

PUBLISHED

Nature,the existing system of things; the world of matter, or of matter and mind; the creation; the Universe. Nature has such a mysterious beauty,that everything is mesmerized into her. Nature is man's teacher. She unfolds her treasures to his search, unseals his eye, illumes his mind, and purifies his heart; an influence breathes from all the sights and sounds of her existence. Biodiversity – the variety of Life on Earth – makes our planet habitable and beautiful. We depend on it for the food, energy, raw materials, air and water that make life possible and drive our economy. And we look to the natural environment for equally important things like aesthetic pleasure, artistic inspiration and recreation. North East India is a mysterious, magical and beautiful region where Nature has wide-spread its beauty. North Eastern states allure tourists with its wonderful verdant valleys, hilly streams, lush green forests, vast tea gardens, snowcapped mountain peaks, mighty rivers, tribal culture, colorful fairs and festivals. North East India to experience the charm of rich biodiversity, treasures of tribal communities and unparalleled scenic beauty of Himalayan Mountain. Meghalaya, a Sanskrit word meaning "the abode of cloud",is endowed with a rich variety of flora and fauna. Of about 17,000 species of orchids in the world, around 3000 varieties.

Sweet Falls,ShillongSweet Falls,Shillong• Geographical Location-• 25* 33’ 39.38” N & 91* 57’ 30.20”E• The Sweet Falls (also called “Weitden

in the native parlance) apart from the adorable name does not possess any feminine quality. Situated near Happy Valley, the Sweet Falls travel a stomach wrenching dive height of an incredible 96 meters before it pounds the black rocks in the crevice below. The Falls is very popular on the internet but yet after talking to the people we found that very few people goes to the falls.The area is very rich in Biodiversity.

• Geographical Location-• 25* 33’ 39.38” N & 91* 57’ 30.20”E• The Sweet Falls (also called “Weitden

in the native parlance) apart from the adorable name does not possess any feminine quality. Situated near Happy Valley, the Sweet Falls travel a stomach wrenching dive height of an incredible 96 meters before it pounds the black rocks in the crevice below. The Falls is very popular on the internet but yet after talking to the people we found that very few people goes to the falls.The area is very rich in Biodiversity.

Published @ Assam University,Silchar,BECH-12,16-17 March 2012

Satellite View Of The AreaSatellite View Of The Area


The area is very rich in Biodiversity.You can find here the abundance of Eupatorium sp.,Lantana sp.,Rubus sp.,fern species like Osmunda cinnamomea, Phagopteres auriculata,etc,can also be found.Pine trees are available all around which adds-up to the beauty of this place.

The area is very rich in Biodiversity.You can find here the abundance of Eupatorium sp.,Lantana sp.,Rubus sp.,fern species like Osmunda cinnamomea, Phagopteres auriculata,etc,can also be found.Pine trees are available all around which adds-up to the beauty of this place.

Some pictures of the area-


Picture of PineTreePicture of PineTree


Picture Of Falls Clicked from different anglesIt is believed by the local people that this falls is haunted and it attracts people.If people go in odd

number then they return in even number,it is believed by the local people.

Picture Of Falls Clicked from different anglesIt is believed by the local people that this falls is haunted and it attracts people.If people go in odd

number then they return in even number,it is believed by the local people.


Vegetation Picture of the AreaVegetation Picture of the Area



Potential Of Weeds Found TherePotential Of Weeds Found There-For our study we selected three weeds species:-

• Ageratina adenophora

• Lantana camara

• Rubus ellipticus

-For our study we selected three weeds species:-

• Ageratina adenophora

• Lantana camara

• Rubus ellipticus


Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophora• Order: Asterales• Family: Asteraceae• Tribe: Eupatorieae• Genus: Ageratina• Species: adenophora

• Order: Asterales• Family: Asteraceae• Tribe: Eupatorieae• Genus: Ageratina• Species: adenophora


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterales

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupatorieae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageratina

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterales

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupatorieae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageratina

General DescriptionGeneral DescriptionIt is a longlived (perennial) herbaceous plant or small soft-stemmed shrub usually growing 1-2 m tall, but occasionally reaching 3 m in height. It produces numerous upright (erect) stems from a woody rootstock. The branched stems are densely covered in sticky (glandular) hairs when young and may be green, reddish or purplish in colour. They become slightly woody and turn brownish-green or brown in colour when mature. Its roots are yellowish in colour and give off a distinct carrot-like smell when broken or damaged.

The leaves are oppositely arranged along the stems and are borne on stalks (petioles) 1-6 cm long. The broad leaf blades (4-15 cm long and 3-9 cm wide) are trowel-shaped, diamond-shaped (rhomboid), or triangular with bluntly or sharply toothed (crenate or serrate) margins.

The small white flower-heads (capitula) consist of several tiny flowers (tubular florets) surrounded by two rows of greenish bracts (an involucre) 3-5 mm long. These flower-heads (5-8 mm across) are borne in large numbers and arranged in clusters at the tips of the branches (in terminal corymbose inflorescences). The tiny tubular florets (3-5 mm long) are white and contain both male and female flower parts (they are bisexual). The 'seeds' (achenes) are slender, reddish-brown or blackish-brown in colour, and slightly curved.

It is a longlived (perennial) herbaceous plant or small soft-stemmed shrub usually growing 1-2 m tall, but occasionally reaching 3 m in height. It produces numerous upright (erect) stems from a woody rootstock. The branched stems are densely covered in sticky (glandular) hairs when young and may be green, reddish or purplish in colour. They become slightly woody and turn brownish-green or brown in colour when mature. Its roots are yellowish in colour and give off a distinct carrot-like smell when broken or damaged.

The leaves are oppositely arranged along the stems and are borne on stalks (petioles) 1-6 cm long. The broad leaf blades (4-15 cm long and 3-9 cm wide) are trowel-shaped, diamond-shaped (rhomboid), or triangular with bluntly or sharply toothed (crenate or serrate) margins.

The small white flower-heads (capitula) consist of several tiny flowers (tubular florets) surrounded by two rows of greenish bracts (an involucre) 3-5 mm long. These flower-heads (5-8 mm across) are borne in large numbers and arranged in clusters at the tips of the branches (in terminal corymbose inflorescences). The tiny tubular florets (3-5 mm long) are white and contain both male and female flower parts (they are bisexual). The 'seeds' (achenes) are slender, reddish-brown or blackish-brown in colour, and slightly curved.Published @ Assam University,Silchar,BECH-12,16-17 March 2012

UsesUses• This species has not got that much potential and

oil extracted from it is used in skin diseases(Rajendra C. Padalia*, Ram S. Verma and Vellu Sundaresan,2010).Local people also use this plant to heal wounds.Also used as ornamental plant.

• This species has not got that much potential and oil extracted from it is used in skin diseases(Rajendra C. Padalia*, Ram S. Verma and Vellu Sundaresan,2010).Local people also use this plant to heal wounds.Also used as ornamental plant.


Lantana camaraLantana camara• Division: Magnoliophyta• Class: Magnoliopsida• Order: Lamiales• Family:Verbenaceae• Genus:Lantana• Species:camara

• Division: Magnoliophyta• Class: Magnoliopsida• Order: Lamiales• Family:Verbenaceae• Genus:Lantana• Species:camara


General DescriptionGeneral Description• Lantana camara is a low erect or subscandent, vigorous

shrub with stout recurved prickles and a strong odour of black currents; it grows to 1.2-2.4 metres (or even more); its root system is very strong, and it gives out a new flush of shoots even after repeated cuttings; Leaf ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or subacute, crenate-serrate, rugose above, scabrid on both sides; Flower small, usually orange, sometimes varying from white to red in various shades and having a yellow throat, in axillary heads, almost throughout the year; Fruit small, greenish-blue black, blackish, drupaceous, shining, with two nutlets,almost throughout the year, dispersed by birds. Seeds germinates very easily. (Sastri and Kavathekar,1990).

• Lantana camara is a low erect or subscandent, vigorous shrub with stout recurved prickles and a strong odour of black currents; it grows to 1.2-2.4 metres (or even more); its root system is very strong, and it gives out a new flush of shoots even after repeated cuttings; Leaf ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or subacute, crenate-serrate, rugose above, scabrid on both sides; Flower small, usually orange, sometimes varying from white to red in various shades and having a yellow throat, in axillary heads, almost throughout the year; Fruit small, greenish-blue black, blackish, drupaceous, shining, with two nutlets,almost throughout the year, dispersed by birds. Seeds germinates very easily. (Sastri and Kavathekar,1990).Published @ Assam University,Silchar,BECH-12,16-17 March 2012

Herbal UseHerbal UseLantana has got great potential as herbal plant. Lantana camara leaves are used to relieve itching. Investigation of wound healing activity of Lantana camara in Sprague dawley rats using a burn wound model: The study showed antimicrobial activity but not wound healing activity on burn wound in rats. Evaluation of wound healing activity of Lantana camara - a Preclinical study: Study showed LC is effective in healing excision wounds in the experimental animal and suggests further evaluation as a therapeutic agent in tissue repair processes associated with injuries (B. Shivananda Nayak, S. Sivachandra Raju et al / Phytotherapy Research /Vol 23 Issue 2, Pages 241 – 245). Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of Lantana camara was also proposed by M Sathish Kumar and S. Maneemegalai in 2008.According to them, Phytochemical screeding of leaves and flowers yielded saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Phytol, a diterpene,is present in higher concentration in the methanol leaf extract of Lantana camara. The larvicidal activity noted was attributed to the phytochemicals and results suggests the shrub may have a potential in the control of vector borne diseases. Lantana oil is sometimes used for the treatment of skin itches,as an antiseptic for wounds (Anon. 1962), and externally for leprosy and scabies (Ghisalberti 2000).Plant extracts are used in folk medicine for the treatment of cancers, chicken pox, measles, asthma,ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumors, high blood pressure, bilious fevers, catarrhal infections, tetanus,rheumatism, malaria and atoxy of abdominal viscera (Anon. 1962, Kirtikar and Basu 1981, Ghisalberti 2000, in Day et al. 2003).

Lantana has got great potential as herbal plant. Lantana camara leaves are used to relieve itching. Investigation of wound healing activity of Lantana camara in Sprague dawley rats using a burn wound model: The study showed antimicrobial activity but not wound healing activity on burn wound in rats. Evaluation of wound healing activity of Lantana camara - a Preclinical study: Study showed LC is effective in healing excision wounds in the experimental animal and suggests further evaluation as a therapeutic agent in tissue repair processes associated with injuries (B. Shivananda Nayak, S. Sivachandra Raju et al / Phytotherapy Research /Vol 23 Issue 2, Pages 241 – 245). Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of Lantana camara was also proposed by M Sathish Kumar and S. Maneemegalai in 2008.According to them, Phytochemical screeding of leaves and flowers yielded saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Phytol, a diterpene,is present in higher concentration in the methanol leaf extract of Lantana camara. The larvicidal activity noted was attributed to the phytochemicals and results suggests the shrub may have a potential in the control of vector borne diseases. Lantana oil is sometimes used for the treatment of skin itches,as an antiseptic for wounds (Anon. 1962), and externally for leprosy and scabies (Ghisalberti 2000).Plant extracts are used in folk medicine for the treatment of cancers, chicken pox, measles, asthma,ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumors, high blood pressure, bilious fevers, catarrhal infections, tetanus,rheumatism, malaria and atoxy of abdominal viscera (Anon. 1962, Kirtikar and Basu 1981, Ghisalberti 2000, in Day et al. 2003). Published @ Assam University,Silchar,BECH-12,16-17 March 2012

Used as Pesticide and InsecticideUsed as Pesticide and Insecticide• Aerial parts of Lantana camara were investigated for their

insecticidal, antiovipositional and antifeedant activity against Callosobruchus chinensis. Petroleum ether and methanol extracts of the plant showed 10–43% mortality at 1–5% concentrations. The extracts also showed complete feeding deterrent action at 5% concentrations. Loss of fecundity was also noticed in both the extracts at higher doses. The antiovipositional values were 30 mg/100 g for petroleum ether extract and 40 mg/100 g of seed for methanol extract (R.C. Saxena, O.P. Dixit, V. Harshan 1992). Lantana camara is also used in the preparation of “Daskavya”,a pesticide-cum-organic fertilizer.It increases growth, yield and quality of the crops, controls pests like aphids, thrips, mites and other sucking pests,etc proposed by Tamilnadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore.

• Aerial parts of Lantana camara were investigated for their insecticidal, antiovipositional and antifeedant activity against Callosobruchus chinensis. Petroleum ether and methanol extracts of the plant showed 10–43% mortality at 1–5% concentrations. The extracts also showed complete feeding deterrent action at 5% concentrations. Loss of fecundity was also noticed in both the extracts at higher doses. The antiovipositional values were 30 mg/100 g for petroleum ether extract and 40 mg/100 g of seed for methanol extract (R.C. Saxena, O.P. Dixit, V. Harshan 1992). Lantana camara is also used in the preparation of “Daskavya”,a pesticide-cum-organic fertilizer.It increases growth, yield and quality of the crops, controls pests like aphids, thrips, mites and other sucking pests,etc proposed by Tamilnadu Agricultural University,Coimbatore.


Rubus ellipticusRubus ellipticus• Division-

Magnoliophyta• Class-Magnoliopsida• Order-Rosales• Family- Rosaceae• Genus-Rubus• Species-ellipticus

• Division-Magnoliophyta

• Class-Magnoliopsida• Order-Rosales• Family- Rosaceae• Genus-Rubus• Species-ellipticus


General DescriptionGeneral Description"Stout, weakly climbing, evergreen shrubs; stems often 30-40 dm long, forming impenetrable thickets several m wide, primocanes usually erect, covered with usually spreading prickles up to 5 mm long, floricanes covered with stout, recurved,longitudinally elongate prickles up to 6 mm long and densely covered with slender, spreading prickles, also sparsely to moderately pilose. Leaves persistent, palmately compound, thick, leaflets 3, bradly obcordate, the terminal one largest, usually 6-8 cm long, 5-6.5 cm wide, those of the primocanes slightly smaller, upper surface sparsely pilose, lower surface densely velvety pilose, midrib with a few small, stout, recurved prickles and smaller straight ones, margins serrate, petiolules 1.5-3 cm long, petiolules and petioles densely covered with long, straight prickles and scattered stout, recurved prickles, also sparsely to moderately pilose. Flowers in short, terminal panicles,tomentose and covered throughout with short prickles, pedicels 3-10 mm long; petals white, obovate, 7-9 mm long. Fruit yellow, depressed-hemispherical, ca. 0.8 cm long, glabrous." (Wagner et al. 1999).

"Stout, weakly climbing, evergreen shrubs; stems often 30-40 dm long, forming impenetrable thickets several m wide, primocanes usually erect, covered with usually spreading prickles up to 5 mm long, floricanes covered with stout, recurved,longitudinally elongate prickles up to 6 mm long and densely covered with slender, spreading prickles, also sparsely to moderately pilose. Leaves persistent, palmately compound, thick, leaflets 3, bradly obcordate, the terminal one largest, usually 6-8 cm long, 5-6.5 cm wide, those of the primocanes slightly smaller, upper surface sparsely pilose, lower surface densely velvety pilose, midrib with a few small, stout, recurved prickles and smaller straight ones, margins serrate, petiolules 1.5-3 cm long, petiolules and petioles densely covered with long, straight prickles and scattered stout, recurved prickles, also sparsely to moderately pilose. Flowers in short, terminal panicles,tomentose and covered throughout with short prickles, pedicels 3-10 mm long; petals white, obovate, 7-9 mm long. Fruit yellow, depressed-hemispherical, ca. 0.8 cm long, glabrous." (Wagner et al. 1999). Published @ Assam University,Silchar,BECH-12,16-17 March 2012

UsesUsesRubus ellipticus (Smith) has got great potential and is widely used for medicinal purpose. The plant is astringent and febrifuge. A decoction of the root, combined with Girardinia diversifolia root and the bark of Lagerstroemia parviflora, is used in the treatment of fevers. The juice of the root is used in the treatment of fevers, gastric troubles, diarrhoea and dysentery. A paste of the roots is applied externally to wounds. Both the roots and the young shoots are considered to be a good treatment for colic. The leaf buds, combined with Centella asiatica and Cynodon dactylon, are pounded to a juice and used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. The juice of the fruit is used in the treatment of fever, colic, coughs and sore throat. The inner bark is used in Tibetan medicine, it is said to have a sweet and sour flavour plus a heating potency. A renal tonic and antidiuretic, it is used in the treatment of weakening of the senses, vaginal/seminal discharge, polyuria and micturation during sleep.Root paste is used as poultice for the treatment of bone fracture. Ripe fruits are laxative and used in case of constipation.Paste of young fruits, 0-20gm at a time is taken twice or thrice in a day in case of gastritis, as antacid and to check diarrhoea and dysentery.

Anti-diabetic effect of Rubus ellipticus fruit extracts has also been presented by U.S. Sharma1, 2, A. Kumar3(Journal of Diabetology, June 2011; 2:4 )


ConclusionConclusionEverything present in Nature has got its own potential.After collecting species samples and identifying it and knowing about their potential,we came to conclusion that the three weeds which are present in abundant amount in the area of Sweet Falls,Weitden,Shillong has got lots of potential.It is used widely for medicinal purpose.Rural people prepare traditional medicines from these plants. Apart from that as we discussed that Lantana camara has also been used as pesticide and for the preparation of Daskavya:fertilizer-cum-pesticide.

Everything present in Nature has got its own potential.After collecting species samples and identifying it and knowing about their potential,we came to conclusion that the three weeds which are present in abundant amount in the area of Sweet Falls,Weitden,Shillong has got lots of potential.It is used widely for medicinal purpose.Rural people prepare traditional medicines from these plants. Apart from that as we discussed that Lantana camara has also been used as pesticide and for the preparation of Daskavya:fertilizer-cum-pesticide.


Biodiesel From AlgaeBiodiesel From AlgaeVivek Kumar has published his first Book from Germany on Biodiesel From Algae on which he has been working since past 5 years.The Book has got 96% positive reviews in USA,UK,Germany,Russia and other countries.Have been feted by Dr. Kalam,former Preseident and Scientist in 2008.Have presented 13 research papers and has got two inventions patented.Vivek Kumar is working to Serve Nature and Living Beings…

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Serve Nature,Nature will Serve You…Published @ Assam University,Silchar,BECH-12,16-17 March 2012

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Beauty Of Sweet Falls Shillong by Vivek Kumar Scientist