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Matter & Change
What is Chemistry?
• The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
Why Study Chemistry?• Chemistry is central to our understanding of
other sciences.• Chemistry is also encountered in everyday
life.
Branches of Chemistry
• Organic – carbon – containing compounds
• Inorganic – anything not organic• Physical – relationship between energy &
matter• Analytical – identification of components
and composition• Biochemistry – substances & processes
occurring in living things• Theoretical – use math & computers to
predict properties of new compounds
Types of Research
Basic – carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs
- chance discoveries are sometimes the result
Applied – generally carried out to solve a problem
- develop new compounds to replace refrigerants that are suspected of destroying ozone layer
Technological development – involves the production and use of products
What is Matter?
Must Fulfill Two RequirementsHave Mass - amountHave Volume - space
States of Matter
• Matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid.• Gases have no fixed shape or volume.• Gases can be compressed to form liquids.• Liquids have no shape, but they do have a
volume.• Solids are rigid and have a definite shape
and volume.
The Three States of Matter
Building Blocks of Matter
• Atom – smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
• Element – pure substance made of only one kind of atom
• Compound – atoms of two or more elements chemically combined
Properties
• A characteristic that defines substance
• Two classes– Extensive – dependent on the amount
of matter present (volume, mass, energy)
– Intensive – is not dependent on amount (melting point, boiling point)
Physical Properties & Changes
A change in the substance that does not involve a change in the identity
Eg: change of state
Chemical Properties & Changes
Substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances
Reactants Products
Chemical Change Evidence
•Production of a gas•Production of a precipitate•Heat•Light
Energy & Change
• Energy is almost always involved in both chemical and physical changes.
• Law of Conservation of Energy (and Mass)
• Energy is put in – endothermic• Energy given off - exothermic
Classification of MatterMatter
Can it be separated?Yes No
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Is composition uniform?
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Yes No Can it be decomposed by ordinary chemical means?Yes No
Compounds Elements
Blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties
Has a fixed composition; has exactly the same properties throughout; has exactly the same composition
Pure Substances and Mixtures
• Atoms consist of only one type of element.• Molecules can consist of more than one
type of element.– Molecules can have only one type of atom (an
element).– Molecules can have more than one type of
atom (a compound).• If more than one atom, element, or
compound are found together, then the substance is a mixture.
Pure Substances
and Mixtures
Pure Substances and Mixtures• If matter is not uniform throughout, then it is a
heterogeneous mixture.• If matter is uniform throughout, it is
homogeneous.• If homogeneous matter can be separated by
physical means, then the matter is a mixture.• If homogeneous matter cannot be separated by
physical means, then the matter is a pure substance.
• If a pure substance can be decomposed into something else, then the substance is a compound.
Mixtures
• Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout.
• Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout.
• Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.
Periodic TableGroups
Periods
Metalloids
Noble Gases
Elements• If a pure substance cannot be decomposed into
something else, then the substance is an element.• There are 114 elements known.• Each element is given a unique chemical symbol
(one or two letters).• Elements are building blocks of matter.• The earth’s crust consists of 5 main elements. (O, Si,
Al, Fe, Ca)• The human body consists mostly of 3 main
elements. (O, C, H)
Elements
Elements• Chemical symbols with one letter have that letter
capitalized (e.g., H, B, C, N, etc.)• Chemical symbols with two letters have only the first
letter capitalized (e.g., He, Be).
C U Cu
Na