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ASTRA- short for Aiding Sustainable Water Technology Realization in Arsenic and Salinity contaminated Areas of Bangladesh, has developed a decision aid tool which helps identify potentially appropriate drinking water methods for arsenic- and salt-mitigation in Bangladesh. Presentation delivered at 37th WEDC Conference, Sept 2014 Gábor L. Szántó, D. van Halem, L.C. Rietveld, S. Olivero, A. Adams, D.C. Roy, J. Barendse, K. Baby, M. Hoque, J.W. Dogger Find out more at http://www.ircwash.org/news/introducing-astra-project
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Decision-support for arsenic- and salt-mitigation in Bangladesh: the ASTRA approach
Gábor L. Szántó, D. van Halem, L.C. Rietveld, S. Olivero, A. Adams, D.C. Roy, J. Barendse, K. Baby, M. Hoque, J.W. Dogger
Bangladeshi water crisis
Drivers of the water challenge A high population density (~1,000 p.km-1)
combined with widespread poverty
Pathogenic contamination of the surface water bodies
Arsenic contamination of the shallow aquifers
High salinity in the coastal areas
Unbalanced distribution of precipitation
(Over)abstraction of main rivers
Source: www.bgs.ac.uk
ASTRA-Bangladesh
What is ASTRA-Bangladesh? Aiding Sustainable Water Technology Realization in Arsenic- and Salt-
contaminated Areas of Bangladesh
BRAC WASH II
Objectives Assessment of low-cost, appropriate water supply technologies (both
from and outside Bangladesh) for the mitigation of arsenic and salt problems
Multidisciplinary evaluation of the applicability of the best (pro-poor; rural) methods in diverse Bangladeshi settings
Scope of the project
Potentially applicable methods from Best practice technologies involved in current arsenic- and salt-mitigation
in Bangladesh,
Sustainably applied mitigation technologies in the international, developing-context,
High-tech methods that can be potentially relevant for Bangladeshi arsenic, and
Promising arsenic- and salt-removing drinking water methods that can become potentially relevant for Bangladesh in the foreseeable future.
Intended use(rs)
Decision-makers (water experts) Advises on relevant method information
Supports formulation of an approach, a policy or a specific project
Project stakeholders (donors, users, experts, service providers) Advises a joint decision-making process
Support objectivity in a multistakeholder setting
Education (students, trainees) Offers a peer reviewed knowledge base
Supports capacity building
The ASTRA approachCONTEXT ANALYSIS (SITUATION ASSESSMENT)
NATURAL CONTEXT FACTORS HUMAN CONTEXT FACTORSTECHNICAL CONTEXT FACTORS
SELECTION OF APPROACH
WATER SOURCE ASSESSMENT
ARSENIC- AND SALT-FREE GROUNDWATER
ARSENIC/SALT REMOVAL FROM GROUNDWATER
NON-GROUNDWATER SOLUTIONS
MATCHING CONTEXT AND ELIGIBILITY
ASTRA ELIGIBILITY SCREENING
Natural context
Situation criteria Included options Signified aspect
Water source Surface, brackish, rain- and groundwater
Locality of water body
Removal Arsenic, salt Arsenic or salt
Ground formation Sand and gravel, clay formations, compacted formations, soft weathered rock and bedrock
Soil composition
Water lifting 0-8, 8-15, 15-40 and >40 m Depth of water level
Flood danger Not affected, only flooded in extreme weather & annually affected by floods
Level of flood risk
Human contextSituation criteria Included options Signified aspect Location Densely populated urban; densely
populated, low-income urban; moderately populated urban, peri-urban, rural and rural, remote
Settlement type and population density
Site selection Settlement, agricultural and coastal Type of locationScale of implementation Household, shared, small community,
school or institution and large user group
Scale of sustainable dissemination
Preferred level of water delivery
Household, shared, small community, school or institution and large user group
Connection level to water supply
Preferred management level
Household, shared, small community, school or institution and large user group
Type and level of method managing
Energy available None, electricity grid, fuel generated, solar and wind energy
Possible means of powering device
Access to site On parcel, outside of household area, <10 minutes to access, <30 minutes to access and >30 minutes to access
Means of accessibility to water point
Technical contextSituation criteria Included options Signified aspect Status in Bangladesh Widespread, known, little known and
unknownLevel of embeddedness
System sophistication Labor-intensive, intermediate and technology-intensive
Labor-using or automated process
Water transport Manual, animal, small- an large-scale motorized
Water transport options
Construction costs Negligible, <USD25, USD25-100, USD100-1,000 and >USD1,000
Costs of physical installation
Maintenance costs Negligible, <USD5 per month, USD5-100 per month and >USD100 per month
Costs related to O&M
Construction time Insignificant, a day, several days to a week and weeks
Typical duration of constructing
Level of expertise in O&M Household, local technician, local government and external experts
Required level of skills in O&M
User acceptance No activity required, limited extension, considerable extension and extensive campaign required
Level of requirement to inform user about method (implementation)
Testing phase
2 workshops and a 2-phase reviewing round 30+ medior- or senior-level Bangladeshi water experts
20 international water experts
Internal & external reviews: 10+ scientific experts
Testing workshops evaluated Quality of the ASTRA approach and value of the tool to support
sustainability in the Bangladeshi water sector
Quality of the selected pool of methods
Quality of the selection criteria
Evaluation - Approach General opinion of the ASTRA score: Good (3.91±0.74) Strengths:
Easy to define selection criteria
Relevant options are easy to identify
Quick and simple first impression of available pool of methods
Easy to browse for specific information on methods
Bangladeshi track record supports connecting with other local experts
Weaknesses: Information on practical functioning of methods is sometimes lacking
Limited use if location has a complicated setting (many selection criteria; too few options)
Application by non-experts necessitates an elaborate manual on proper use
‘New’ methods
Evaluation - Content Evaluation of the compendium:
Pool of methods is accepted as relevant (3.7±0.67)
Boiling suggested as extra method
Most popular approach: contamination –free groundwater abstraction
Most popular methods: deep tube wells (4.0±1.18), piped water systems (3.91±0.83) and rainwater harvesting methods (3.75±0.75)
Especially treatment and surface water methods are distrusted (riverbank filtration is least popular (2.64±1.03)!)
Evaluation of selection criteria: 16 out of the 20 criteria were evaluated above 3.5
Only ‘Access to site’ and ‘Water transport’ are removed from the criteria list
Conclusions
ASTRA approach can contribute to increased objectivity in water method selection Efficient provision of initial information to
project partners improved cooperation of partners in the
selection of sustainable method(s)
Transparent decision-support to keep process simple and reliable
Even with regular updating, tool reliesheavily on the availability and quality of data on method functioning
Tool users remain responsible for finaldecision!
Thank you for your attention!
The online ASTRA-Bangladesh tool is available for testing and use at
www.astradst.info