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Approach• Get the BIG picture before

programming• “Why?” then “How?”• Principles and practices: know the

concepts and know how to design and implement an application.

• In the industry: design then coding

What is a Computer?

From the Webster’s New World Dictionary: 1. A person who computes.2. A device used for computing (an electronic machine which by means of stored instructions and information, perform rapid, often complex calculations or compiles, correlates, and selects data).

What is a program and what is programming?

Programs: stored computer instructions for data processing.

Programming = Data Structures + Algorithms

Professor Donald E. Knuth

What Types of Programs?(1) Stand Alone:

MS PowerPoint(2) Web/Internet-based:

(a) Client-side: client-side JavaScript (b) Server Side:

ASP.NET, JSP, Web Services3-Tir Enterprise Applications

(c) Both-sides: Apps(3) Cloud: Applications on the Cloud. Everything

is on the Internet and the Internet is “a’ huge computer.

Why? Code Reuse!

Traditional Compilation/Linking (C/C++)Source Code for Language 1

Language 1 Compiler on OS1

Binary Code for OS1

OS1

Source Code for Language 1


Binary Code for OS2

OS2

Common Binary Code?

Java Intermediate Language: Java Bytecode

Java Source Code (.java)

Java Compiler (javac) on OS1

Java Bytecode (.class)

OS1

Java Interpreter on OS1 (java)

OS2


Binary Code for OS2Binary Code for OS1

Java Interpreter on OS2 (java)

Program statements are interpreted one at a time during the run-time.

JIT Compiler

An interpreter interprets intermediate code one line at a time. Slow execution.

A JIT (Just-In-Time) Compiler compiles the complete code all at once just into native binary code before execution. Faster execution.

JIT Complier: Java Bytecode Compiler

Java Source Code (.java)


Java Bytecode (.class)

OS1

Java JIT Compiler on OS1

OS2



Java JIT Compiler on OS2

All programming statements are compiled at compile time.

OS-Independent Code: Intermediate Languages

The trend to support OS-independent binary code is to compile the source code into the binary format of an intermediate language.

And to provide an interpreter for the intermediate language on each OS to translate the binary code of the intermediate language into the native binary code of the OS.

OS-Independent Compilation: Intermediate Language



Intermediate Binary Code

OS1

Intermediate Code Interpreter OS1

OS2



Intermediate Code Interpreter OS2

.NET OS-Platform-Independence

MSIL: Microsoft Intermediate Language



MSIL Code

OS1

MSIL JIT Compiler on OS1

OS2



MSIL JIT Compiler on OS2

The Programming Language for .NET: C#C#: (0) C^+^2n; n = 0, 1, 2, => C, C++, C#(1) The most advanced programming language to date(3) OOP (Object-oriented Programming)(4) EDP (Event Driven Programming)(5) Dynamic type generation(6) Platform-independent?: Code runs on any platform with .NET runtime(7) Visual Studio

A Common Language?

.NET Common Language Runtime

To make .NET language independent, CLR (Common Language Runtime) is defined as the runtime environment.

CLR defines CTS (Common Type System) which should be followed by all languages to be used in the .NET framework.

Syntax: int, for, .. Semantics: multiple inheritance is not allowed in CTS The code that follows CTS standard is called managed code.

regular C++ supports multiple inheritancemanaged C++ does not support multiple inheritance

.NET Language-Independence

CLR: Common Language Runtime



MSIL Code Confirming CTS (Managed Code)

OS1

CLR on OS1

OS2



CLR on OS2


.NET Architecture for Language and Platform Independence(fan-in and fan-out on MSIL)



OS1

CLR on OS1

OS2



CLR on OS2


MSIL Code Confirming CTS (Managed Code)

CLI (Common Language Infrastructure)CLR/CTS for Everyone?

CLI : Common Language Infrastructure

A specification defines an environment for multiple high-level languages to be used on different computer platforms.

Created by Microsoft based on .NET, standardized by MS, Intel, HP and others, ratified by ECMA and ISO.

.NET is an implementation of CLI for desktop systems. .NET Compact Framework is an implementation of CLI

for portable devices. Open Source implementations: Mono development

platform (Novell), Portable .NET (dotGNU)

CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) SpecificationOpen Architecture for Language and Platform Independent Programming



OS1

CLR for OS1

OS2



CLR for OS2


CIL (Common Intermediate Language) Code

Confirming CTS (Common Type System)

Even though, CLI/CTS/CLR can make a program written in any language to run on any platform, the entire program (including all libraries used) has to be on the platform before running.

Can we have part of a program on one computer and another part of the same program on another computer?

Distributed Computing. A program is divided into multiple parts and different parts are distribute on different computers.

e.g. virtual surgery.

Web Enabled & Distributed.NET

What is .NET? .Net is a framework for developing OS-platform-independent, programming- language-independent, web-enabled, distributed applications.

.Net is Web-enabled and Distributed

To run distributed code on the web, we need a standard way to register the code and a standard way to access the code.

Registration:UDDI Registry: Universal Description,

Discovery, and Integration. Access:

SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol WSDL: Web Service Description Language

.NET Architecture for Web-based Distributed Computing

Client 1

Client 2

Web Service 1

UDDI Registry 1

WSDL Interface 1

UDDI Registry 2

Web Service 2 WSDL Interface 2

SOAP

SOAP

WEB

.NET Framework Composition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework

.NET Framework Compositions

Common Language Runtime (CLR ): provides the runtime environment for MSIL code.

Framework Class Library (FCL) : provides standard libraries for developing common .Net applications.

.NET runtime environment comes with Windows

.NET development environment comes with Visual Studio

OS

Web Services

Distributed

Applications

Common Language Runtime

.Net Framework Class Library

Browser

Accessible

Remote Applications

(ASP.NET)

Other Applications

(Mobile, …)

Local

Applications

(Windows Forms or Console

Applications)

.NET Application Types

.Net Framework Class Library

System

Windows

Forms

(GUI)

Web Data

(Database)

Enterprise Services

XML

(Data Description)

String,

…

UI ServicesConnection

DataSet XmlDocument

Language Integrated Query, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows Communication Foundation, …

.NET Enterprise Servers Internet Information Services (IIS): web server Commerce Server: e-commerce server SQL Server: database server Exchange Server: MS exchange services Mobile Information Server: wireless server Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server:

firewall, proxy, … BizTalk: B2B (Business-to-Business) server

History: .Net & COM : Code Reuse

MFC: Microsoft Foundation Class, code reuse within an application (process)

COM: Component Object Model, code reuse across applications (processes)

DCOM: Distributed COM, code reuse across systems

COM+: Internet-based Enterprise COM, code reuse across the Internet

.NET: COM+ 2.0, all COM+ services are available in .NET, even those not in managed code, interoperable with COM-based applications

Versions of .NET.Net is evolving. 1.0: fundamentals

CLR, FCL2.0: http://forums.asp.net/t/1115522.aspx

partial classes, profile object, ACL 3.0: http://forums.asp.net/t/1115522.aspx

WCF (Communication), WWF (Workflow), WPF (Presentation)

4.0: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms171868.aspx

DLR (dynamic language runtime)improved security modelparallel processing (PLINQ)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework

Latest .NET Frameworkhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vstudio/aa496123

Current version: framework 4.5 (08/2012) Framework 4.5 for Windows 8. ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) support in 4.5

on Windows 8 in addition to x86 SIMD (single instruction, multiple data), multi

and many core processors (GPUs). Some support through Direct3D. No support yet for SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions to x86)

A Common Language for the Internet (free of compilation and

translation)?

A Common Language for the Internet• Tim Berners-Lee• ASCII text (ISO/IEC 8859-1) is platform-independent. • HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol)

e.g. GET wp.html

Assembly Language for the Internet• HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

High-level language for the Internet)hyper text: text that describes other texttags: type definition of text in text

<title>WP</title>all tags are predefined in HTMLonly system defined types, no user defined types

Recognizable by all types of computers. (World Wide Web)

A Common Language for the InternetXML (eXtensible Markup Language)

Allow user defined tags (types)

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)Standards for defining objects for the InternetBased on XML

WSDL (Web Service Description Language)Standards for describing web services for the InternetBased on XML

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