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1
ADVANCED ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR ENGLISH FOR
ACADEMIC ACADEMIC COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
ADVANCED ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR ENGLISH FOR
ACADEMIC ACADEMIC COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION
Lecturer:
En. Hilmi Hamzah
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LET’S LET’S GET GET
STARTEDSTARTED!!
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COURSEWORK COURSEWORK MARKSMARKS
• Proposal Presentation (10%)• Research Instruments (10%)• Consultations (Individual) (10%)• 1st Draft of Report (15%)• Report Presentation (Ind.) (15%)• Final Report (10%)• Final Exam (30%)• TOTAL (100%)
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1ST WEEKEND1st session
• Introduction• Research
planning• Research
proposal• Data collection
2nd session• Proposal Presentation• Consultation 1 (Research instrument)• Data processing• Data presentation• Writing Research
Report (First 3 chapters)
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BEFORE 2ND WEEKEND
COLLECTION OF DATA Components:• Introduction
• Literature Review• Methodology
Submission of 1st draft via e-mail ([email protected])
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2nd WEEKEND3rd session
• Consultation 2 (Return 1st draft –
First 3 chapters)• Report writing (Final 2 chapters)
4th session• Consultation 3 (Check 1st draft –
Final 2 chapters)• Oral Presentation &
Listening
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3RD WEEKEND
5TH session• Students’ Oral Presentations• Submission of Final Report• Discussion on Sample Exam Paper
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NOW GET NOW GET INTO YOUR INTO YOUR
GROUP!GROUP!
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INTRODUCTION
What is research report writing?
Emotional VS.
Factual
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Writing a Research
Report
ISSUES/PROBLEMS
Conducting A Research
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HOW DO I HOW DO I CONDUCT A CONDUCT A RESEARCH?RESEARCH?
Follow theseFollow these
5 steps!5 steps!
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HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
1. Identify the Issue or Problem• What do I want to know?• Who are involved?• Where?• Why?
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HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
2. Determine the Purpose• What exactly do I want to do here?• What is my statement of purpose?• To evaluate? To investigate? • To compare? To describe?
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HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
3. Draw a Plan or a Strategy• Who, where and what are going to
be involved in the research?• How do I collect the data?• What are the deadlines?
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HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
4. Search and Collect the Data• Do I need primary data?• Do I need secondary data?• What are the instruments to be
used to collect the data?
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HOW DO I CONDUCT HOW DO I CONDUCT A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?
5. Analyze Data• How do I process, record, analyze
and interpret the data?• How do I make connections among
the data?• How do I draw conclusions from
the data?
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RESEARCH RESEARCH PROPOSALPROPOSAL
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WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROPOSAL?
A Plan of Action
Why?• To seek funding
• To seek commitment
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2 TYPES OF 2 TYPES OF PROPOSALPROPOSAL
INTERNAL VS.
EXTERNAL
SOLICITED VS.
UNSOLICITED
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10 COMPONENTS OF 10 COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSALA PROPOSAL
1.Title2.Background Information3.Statement of Problem4.Research Objectives5.Research Questions
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10 COMPONENTS OF 10 COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSAL A PROPOSAL
(Cont’d)(Cont’d) 6. Significance of the Study7. Scope8. Methodology9. Work Schedule10. Call to Action
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DATA DATA COLLECTIONCOLLECTION
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WHAT IS WHAT IS DATA COLLECTION?DATA COLLECTION?
• A process of collecting data (primary & secondary) from different sources
• PRIMARY DATA – obtained through questionnaires, interviews, observations & experiments
• SECONDARY DATA – obtained through reading others’ works
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COLLECTING COLLECTING SECONDARY DATASECONDARY DATA
• Conducted at the beginning of a research to get a better picture of what you are going to investigate
• Gathered from various written resources (offline/online)
• Used in various sections of research report esp. Literature Review
• Must be properly cited
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COLLECTING COLLECTING PRIMARY DATAPRIMARY DATA
FOUR INSTRUMENTS:
1.QUESTIONNAIRES2.INTERVIEW3.OBSERVATION 4.EXPERIMENTS
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1.QUESTIONNAIRES
• A systematic compilation of questions distributed to respondents from which information is needed
• Administered through survey, mail, telephone & internet
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2 TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Open-ended Questions
2. Close-ended Questions
Yes/No Scale
Listing/ChoiceRanking
Category
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2.INTERVIEW• A two-communication which
permits an exchange of ideas and information
• 3 types of interviews: 1.1. StructuredStructured 2. Semi-structured2. Semi-structured 3. Unstructured3. Unstructured
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3.OBSERVATION
• To get firsthand information
• To strengthen existing data
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4.EXPERIMENTS
• To test various techniques, assumptions or products (esp. in engineering & agriculture)
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SAMPLING & SAMPLING & POPULATIONPOPULATION
• SAMPLING – a group of respondents who provide information that may be generalised to general population
• POPULATION – a target group to which the results of a research are applicable
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2 TYPES OF 2 TYPES OF SAMPLINGSAMPLING
RANDOM • Respondents are
selected randomly without criteria
• 3 Categories: Simple Stratified Cluster
NON-RANDOM• Respondents are
selected based on certain criteria
• 3 Categories:SystematicConveniencePurposive
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DATA DATA PROCESSING PROCESSING
& DATA & DATA PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
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WHAT IS DATA WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING?PROCESSING?
• To convert raw data into meaningful statements that could help answer research questions
• Raw data are systematically organised so that their meanings can be understood
• Procedures for quantitative and• qualitative data are different
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3 STAGES 3 STAGES (QUANTITATIVE DATA)(QUANTITATIVE DATA)
1.1. ORGANISING, RECORDING ORGANISING, RECORDING AND CATEGORISING AND CATEGORISING AND/OR CODINGAND/OR CODING
2.2. PRESENTINGPRESENTING3.3. ANALYSINGANALYSING
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1.ORGANISING, RECORDING & 1.ORGANISING, RECORDING & CATEGORISING AND/OR CATEGORISING AND/OR
CODINGCODING
• Organise manually or using computer
• Record using ‘keyword’• Categorise to see the ‘picture’• Coding helps processing the data
statistically (using SPSS)
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2.PRESENTING2.PRESENTING
• Turn data into comprehensible ‘pictures’ through
1. Table 2. Graph 3. Chart
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3.ANALYSING3.ANALYSING
• Analyse manually or using computer
• Involves the interpretation of frequencies based on data presentation
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3 STAGES 3 STAGES (QUALITATIVE DATA)(QUALITATIVE DATA)
1.1. ORGANISING, ORGANISING, CATEGORISING AND/OR CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING, AND RECORDINGCODING, AND RECORDING
2.2. PRESENTINGPRESENTING3.3. ANALYSINGANALYSING
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1.ORGANISING, 1.ORGANISING, CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING, CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING,
• Organise by using transcriptions• Categorise by listing the
responses • Coding by using flexible codes
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2.PRESENTING2.PRESENTING
• Usually presented in original forms • Can also be presented using tables
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3.ANALYSING3.ANALYSING
• Involves finding commonalities, regularities or emerging patterns among the responses
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WRITING WRITING RESEARCH RESEARCH
REPORTREPORT
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3 SECTIONS
1.1.PRELIMINARYPRELIMINARY
2.2.MAINMAIN3.3.SUPPLEMENTARSUPPLEMENTAR
YY
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1.PRELIMINARY1.PRELIMINARY• Title Page• Abstract• Acknowledgement• Table of Content• List of Figures/ Tables• List of Abbreviation & Symbols
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2.MAIN2.MAIN
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction
2.2. Literature ReviewLiterature Review
3.3. MethodologyMethodology
4.4. Findings & DiscussionsFindings & Discussions
5.5. Conclusion & Conclusion & RecommendationRecommendation
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3.SUPPLEMENTA3.SUPPLEMENTARYRY
•References•Appendices
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1.INTRODUCTION1.INTRODUCTION
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7 ELEMENTS7 ELEMENTS
1. Background of the Study2. Statement of Problem3. Purpose of the Study4. Research Objectives5. Research Questions6. Significance of the Study7. Scope of the Study
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1.Background of the Study
Three steps:1. To state general statements of
facts related to the field of study2. To state specific statements
about issues studied by other researchers
3. To state statements that indicate the need for more investigation
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2.Statement of Problem
• To define the issue or problem investigated in the study
• To refer to problem statement in the proposal
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3.Purpose of the Study
• To include a broad discussion on the reasons why the study was carried out and intentions of the study
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4.Research Objectives
• To show the extent and the expected outcome of the study
• To begin with a leading statement followed by the objectives written in point forms
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5.Research Questions
• To guide the discussion about the topic
• To stimulate readers’ interests• To turn the objectives of the study
into research questions
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6.Significance of the Study
• To justify the reason for conducting the study
• To emphasize the potential benefits that it would bring
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7.Scope of the Study
• To indicate the direction of the study• To map out the boundaries of the study• To outline the method of investigation• To give a preview of the written report
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2.LITERATURE 2.LITERATURE REVIEWREVIEW
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WHAT IS LITERATURE
REVIEW?• It is an account of what has been
published on a research area• It describes, summarizes,
evaluates and clarifies the studies reviewed
• It outlines a framework and a theoretical base of a research
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WHY?• To guide you through others’ works• To prepare for your own research• To provide a context for your
research• To justify the research• To illustrate how the subject has
been studied before• To outline gaps in previous research
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HOW DO I DO IT?
• Identify relevant articles and books
• Read and appraise the text critically
• Organise the literature around your research questions
• Synthesize relevant information to current study
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5 GENERAL STEPS
1. Prepare annotated bibliography2. Maintain a reference list3. Organise materials and make
notes4. Write individual sections
according to themes5. Integrate all sections
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HOW DO I CITE IN A REPORT?
THREE WAYS:
1. SUMMARIZING1. SUMMARIZING
2. DIRECT QUOTATION2. DIRECT QUOTATION3. PARAPHRASING3. PARAPHRASING
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1. SUMMARIZING1. SUMMARIZING• It is a shortened piece of writing
by restating main points in your own words
• General ideas are highlighted • Details & examples are excluded
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2. DIRECT 2. DIRECT QUOTATIONQUOTATION
• Authors’ exact words are copied directly from original sources
• It is preferred when citing powerful phrases or interpreting literary works like poems or plays
• Sources must be properly cited
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3. 3. PARAPHRASINGPARAPHRASING
• Authors’ words are rephrased/ reworded in your own words
• Paraphrased text is usually shorter than original text
• Paraphrased materials must be properly cited
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3.METHODOLOGY3.METHODOLOGY
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FIVE PARTSFIVE PARTS
1. IntroductionIntroduction (Short description of purpose, location, respondents & instruments)
2. Research InstrumentsInstruments3. RespondentsRespondents of the Study4. Research ProcedureProcedure5. Data AnalysisAnalysis
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4.FINDINGS & 4.FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION
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WHAT ARE FINDINGS?WHAT ARE FINDINGS?
• Discoveries based on factsfacts, not emotions
• Presented in the form of statisticsstatistics (percentages, frequency counts & averages) or illustrationsillustrations (tables, graphs, diagrams, etc.)
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ISN’T ISN’T A PICTURE A PICTURE WORTH WORTH
A THOUSAND A THOUSAND WORDS?WORDS?
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PICTURE
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HOW TO WRITE HOW TO WRITE IN THE REPORT?IN THE REPORT?
Type AType A
Findings• Research Question 1• Research Question 2• Research Question 3
Discussion• Research Question 1• Research Question 2• Research Question 3
Type BType B
• Research Question 1: Findings & Discussion
• Research Question 2: Findings & Discussion
• Research Question 3: Findings & Discussion
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TAKE A LOOK AT AN EXAMPLE
OF FINDING (page 177)(page 177)
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12 TIPS ON WRITING 12 TIPS ON WRITING FINDINGSFINDINGS
1. Introduce the topic2. Point to significant findings3. Use graphics to support findings4. Explain statistics selectively and
concisely 5. Support statistics with qualitative
data (if any)
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12 TIPS ON WRITING 12 TIPS ON WRITING FINDINGS (cont’d)FINDINGS (cont’d)
6. Spell out the word ‘percent’ in the text (don’t be confused with ‘percentage’)
7. Spell out the number that begins a sentence, and use figure in the middle of a sentence
8. Follow correct organisation
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12 TIPS ON WRITING 12 TIPS ON WRITING FINDINGS (cont’d)FINDINGS (cont’d)
9. Use concise, grammatically correct statements
10. Use correct tenses11. Use language expression
correctly (page 180-1)12. Focus on 4Cs - Clarity,
Coherence, Conciseness and Correctness
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4 STRATEGIES IN 4 STRATEGIES IN WRITING DISCUSSIONWRITING DISCUSSION
Explain Compare Evaluate
Infer
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1. Explain1. Explain Findings Findings• Give reasons for findings• Explain circumstances during data
collection• Explain limitations
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2. Compare Findings2. Compare Findings• Relate the different findings to
highlight their significance• Compare similar findings from
related studies
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3. Evaluate Findings3. Evaluate Findings
• Assess findings as: unexpected or insignificant or unsatisfactory
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4. Infer from 4. Infer from FindingsFindings
• Make sense of findings• Develop ideas and viewpoints• Be creative and speculate
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2 pictures - interpret
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5.CONCLUSION & 5.CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONRECOMMENDATION
99
5 ELEMENTS IN 5 ELEMENTS IN A CONCLUSIONA CONCLUSION
OverviewOverview
RestatementRestatement
ReviewReview
ImplicationsImplications
LimitationsLimitations
100
1.Overview of 1.Overview of the studythe study
• Summarize what the research is all about (do not introduce new ideas)
• Explain briefly why & how you conduct the study
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2. Restatement 2. Restatement of the objectivesof the objectives
• Rephrase the objectives• Start with the most significant one
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3. Review of 3. Review of the findingsthe findings
• Draw conclusions for each major issues
• Use discourse markers to connect the findings
• Start with the most important one
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4. Implications 4. Implications of the findingsof the findings
• Deduce some ideas based on findings (do not exaggerate)
• Implicate some ideas that can support further actions
104
5. Limitations of 5. Limitations of research research (optional)(optional)
• State the weaknesses (do not apologize)
• E.g. Small sample size, limited time, improper instrument, etc.
105
Conclusion can be written in paragraph/
point form(page 192-3)(page 192-3)
106
WHAT IS A RECOMMENDATION?
• It suggests actions to be taken based on findings
• It is related to conclusions • It is NOT based on biases or beliefs
that are not supported by data
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2 TYPES OF RECOMMENDATION
1. To recommend actions to be taken based on findings
2. To recommend actions to other researchers for further research
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Recommendation can be written in
paragraph/ point form(page 196)(page 196)
109
LANGUAGE INPUT:LANGUAGE INPUT:Modal Auxiliary Modal Auxiliary
VerbsVerbs• Use appropriate modals when making
recommendations:1. May/Could/MightMay/Could/Might – mild suggestion2. Should/Ought toShould/Ought to – strong suggestion3. Must/Have toMust/Have to – extreme suggestion
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picture
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ORAL ORAL PRESENTATIOPRESENTATIO
NN
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SALES!SALES! 50%!50%!
SALES!SALES! 70%!70%!
SALES!!SALES!!120%!120%!
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I HATE I HATE PUBLIC PUBLIC
SPEAKINSPEAKING!G!
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WHAT IS AN ORAL WHAT IS AN ORAL PRESENTATION?PRESENTATION?
• A type of communication that involves speaking & listening
• Can be formal/ informal• Essential for professionals• A requirement for students
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3 PURPOSES OF 3 PURPOSES OF ORAL ORAL
PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
1. Informative2.Demonstrative3.Persuasive
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4 TYPES OF ORAL 4 TYPES OF ORAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
1. Impromptu 2.Manuscript 3.Memorised 4.Extemporaneous
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picture
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7 TIPS FOR 7 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
ORAL ORAL PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
SS
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1. Planning Your 1. Planning Your Oral Presentation Oral Presentation
WellWell
• What is the purpose?• Who is the audience?• What is the topic?• Where?
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2. Knowing Your 2. Knowing Your Content WellContent Well
• What is the content?• Have I included all the relevant
information?
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3. Analysing 3. Analysing Your AudienceYour Audience
• What is the background of audience?
• Are they educated?• What is the reason for attending?• How many of them?
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4. Knowing the 4. Knowing the Presentation RoomPresentation Room
• What is the size of the room?• How is the seating arrangement?• What are the facilities provided?
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5. Knowing the 5. Knowing the Time AllottedTime Allotted
• How long do I have to present?
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6. Writing the 6. Writing the Outline of Your Outline of Your
DeliveryDelivery
• What are the main ideas? (Prepare short notes, either linear
or non-linear - do not outline them word by word)
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7. Deciding on the 7. Deciding on the Appropriate Style Appropriate Style
of Deliveryof Delivery
• Do I have to be casual?• Is there a large audience that
requires a formal presentation?
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picture
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ORGANISING YOUR ORGANISING YOUR ORAL ORAL
PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
1.Introduction2.Body3.Conclusion
128
1.Introduction
• Start with attention grabbers (Question, humour, quotation, statistics, stories, etc)
• Use correct language expressions (examples - page 209)
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2.Body• For report presentation, follow the
pattern in the report • Support with details and evidence• Ensure clarity by keeping
message simple • Ensure cohesion by using linking
words (examples – page 216)
130
3.Conclusion• End it by using: >> a summary of key points >> a recommendation
>> an “umphh” final thought• Use correct expressions (examples – page 221)
131
Prepare the outlineoutline (linear/non-linear)
for the introduction, body & conclusion
of your presentation.
(refer to Tables 7.1 – (refer to Tables 7.1 – 7.8)7.8)
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picture
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WHY VISUAL AIDS?WHY VISUAL AIDS?• To believe (seeing is believing)• To enhance understanding• To enable better retention• To ensure continuity• To build presenter’s credibility• To have more fun!
134
19 TIPS IN 19 TIPS IN USING USING VISUAL VISUAL
AIDSAIDS
135
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDSVISUAL AIDS
1. Arrange accordingly to the content2. Points form (using key words) is
advisable – don’t punctuate! 3. Coordinate points in parallel forms
(content, grammar, numbering)4. Subordinate major & minor headings
appropriately
136
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDS VISUAL AIDS
(cont’d)(cont’d)
5. Avoid irrelevant words6. Words must be clearly readable7. Avoid too much info on a single
slide (remember to KISSKISS!)8. Avoid too many colours
137
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDS VISUAL AIDS
(cont’d)(cont’d)
9. Use animation sparingly 10.Introduce a visual before showing
it11.Stand to the side of your computer12.Face audience as much as possible
138
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDS VISUAL AIDS
(cont’d)(cont’d)13.Use a pointer to direct audience focus
(not your finger)14.Visuals should tally with what you say15.Avoid reading your notes16.Use appropriate language expressions
(examples – page 230)
139
19 TIPS IN USING 19 TIPS IN USING VISUAL AIDS VISUAL AIDS
(cont’d)(cont’d)
17.Use visual aids as support only (you are the spotlight!)
18.If you have handouts, tell your audience in advance
19.Practise, practise, practise!
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PREPARE PREPARE THE THE
SLIDES!SLIDES!
141
Which is more Which is more important? important?
WHATWHAT you say you say or or
HOWHOW you say? you say?
142
25 TIPS 25 TIPS FOR FOR
EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE DELIVERYDELIVERY
143
Picture – non verbal communication
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25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERYEFFECTIVE DELIVERY
1. Visualise a successful presentation2. Emulate excellent speakers3. Channel your nervousness
accordingly4. Do not apologise 5. Be well-versed with technology
145
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
(cont’d)(cont’d)
6. Always have Plan B7. Dress appropriately8. Stand still (don’t slouch!)9. Show your confidence10.Talk to audience (not your notes)
146
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
(cont’d)(cont’d)
11.Refer to notes sparingly12.Pronounce words correctly13.Use linkers for content traffic14.Use spoken English (not text-
book English)15.Be interactive
147
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
(cont’d)(cont’d)
16.Maintain eye contact17.Be enthusiastic 18.Vary your volume, tone & pace19.Minimise crutches20.Use gestures naturally
148
25 TIPS FOR 25 TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE DELIVERY EFFECTIVE DELIVERY
(cont’d)(cont’d)
21.Place your hands appropriately 22.Use facial expression effectively23.Move around 24.End your presentation in time 25.Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse!
149
pic
150
7 WAYS 7 WAYS TO HANDLE TO HANDLE
Q & A Q & A SESSIONSESSION
151
7 WAYS TO HANDLE 7 WAYS TO HANDLE Q & A SESSIONQ & A SESSION
1. Invite questions 2. Repeat questions from audience3. Look at the questioner4. Answer in short
152
7 WAYS TO HANDLE 7 WAYS TO HANDLE Q & A SESSION Q & A SESSION
(cont’d)(cont’d)
5. Be straightforward6. Be honest (just admit that you
don’t have the answer!)7. Don’t forget to thank the
questioner
153
ARE YOU ARE YOU A GOOD A GOOD
LISTENER?LISTENER?
154
7 7 STRATEGIES STRATEGIES FOR GOOD FOR GOOD AUDIENCEAUDIENCE
155
7 STRATEGIES FOR 7 STRATEGIES FOR GOOD AUDIENCEGOOD AUDIENCE
1. Listen actively & selfishly (don’t just hear)
2. Focus on the message, not style3. Listen for major ideas (look for
cues)4. Listen to body language (they do
speak!)
156
7 STRATEGIES FOR 7 STRATEGIES FOR GOOD AUDIENCE GOOD AUDIENCE
(cont’d)(cont’d)
5. Be objective (don’t easily get angry)
6. Avoid jumping to conclusion (don’t pre-judge)
7. Discipline your thoughts!
157
REMEMBER,REMEMBER, A GOOD A GOOD
SPEAKER IS SPEAKER IS A GOOD A GOOD
LISTENERLISTENER
158
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