ChapterChapter 1 1

The Nature Of The Nature Of ScienceScience

Science and TechnologyScience and TechnologySection 1-1 H.W. pg.14 Ques. 1-4 & pg. 28 ques. 1-2, Section 1-1 H.W. pg.14 Ques. 1-4 & pg. 28 ques. 1-2,

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• What is ScienceWhat is Science- ScienceScience is the process of trying to understand the is the process of trying to understand the

world around you.world around you.

●● What do you call someone who What do you call someone who practices science?practices science?

- A A scientistscientist

●● We use science to create technology.We use science to create technology.- TechnologyTechnology is the use of knowledge learned is the use of knowledge learned

through sciencethrough science

- Examples of TechnologyExamples of Technology

- Computers, machines, cars.Computers, machines, cars.

Types of ScienceTypes of Science

• Many different types of science exist. And they Many different types of science exist. And they are all named based on the subject matter they are all named based on the subject matter they are studying.are studying.

-Ex: -Ex: - BiologyBiology= the study of life= the study of life- Earth Science Earth Science = study of Earth and Space= study of Earth and Space- ChemistryChemistry= the study of the composition and = the study of the composition and

structure of matter.structure of matter.- BiochemistryBiochemistry= = study of chemical composition of study of chemical composition of

biological forms.biological forms.- PhysicsPhysics= study of the interactions between = study of the interactions between

matter and energymatter and energy

Doing ScienceDoing Science

• Whenever you do science you want to Whenever you do science you want to solve a solve a problemproblem. What are some . What are some problems that you can solve?problems that you can solve?

-- Why does a plant grow?, How do we use oxygen? Why does a plant grow?, How do we use oxygen?

• In order to solve your scientific problem In order to solve your scientific problem you must conduct an you must conduct an experimentexperiment, , which a series of tests that you perform which a series of tests that you perform in order to solve your problem.in order to solve your problem.

Conducting ExperimentsConducting Experiments• In order to conduct an experiment In order to conduct an experiment

you must use the you must use the Scientific Scientific MethodMethod..

- The scientific method is a series of steps taken The scientific method is a series of steps taken during an experiment in order to solve a problem.during an experiment in order to solve a problem.

•• There are four stages of the scientific There are four stages of the scientific method:method:

1)1) PreparePrepare2)2) PlanPlan3)3) DoDo4)4) Conclude and applyConclude and apply

Scientific MethodScientific Method

1)1) PreparePrepare::--First Identify the First Identify the problemproblem (what you want (what you want

to solve).to solve).

- Next form a Next form a hypothesishypothesis. What's a . What's a hypothesishypothesis??

- A A hypothesis hypothesis is a statement or educated is a statement or educated guess that can be tested about a problem. guess that can be tested about a problem. (Why you think this problem exists).(Why you think this problem exists).

- Lets think of some problems and Lets think of some problems and hypothesis's.hypothesis's.

Scientific Method Scientific Method (continued)(continued)

2)2) PlanPlan::Here we design an experiment in order to Here we design an experiment in order to

test our hypothesis.test our hypothesis.3)3) DoDo::Test our hypothesis & Observe and record the Test our hypothesis & Observe and record the

results of our experiment.results of our experiment.4)4) Conclude and ApplyConclude and Apply::Analyze our results (why our results occurred)Analyze our results (why our results occurred)&&Draw conclusions (what can say about our Draw conclusions (what can say about our

experiment. Did it work? Why, Did it fail? experiment. Did it work? Why, Did it fail? Why?Why?

And if so, what can we do next time to And if so, what can we do next time to make it work?make it work?

Important things to consider Important things to consider when using the scientific when using the scientific

methodmethod• Trials, variables, Controls and Data TablesTrials, variables, Controls and Data Tables

• Trials Trials are repeated experiments, are repeated experiments, performed in order to make sure that your performed in order to make sure that your results are consistent. (the more trials you results are consistent. (the more trials you perform the truer the results.)perform the truer the results.)

• Why else would you perform more than Why else would you perform more than just one trial?just one trial?

-Human error, faulty material-Human error, faulty material

• VariablesVariables are factors in an experiment that are factors in an experiment that can change. can change.

- Independent Variables- are variables that change during an Independent Variables- are variables that change during an experiment. (If you wanted to see what soap cleaned dishes experiment. (If you wanted to see what soap cleaned dishes the best, all the different soaps used would be independent the best, all the different soaps used would be independent variables.)variables.)

- Dependant variables- are the variables being measured. (So Dependant variables- are the variables being measured. (So you would measure how clean the dishes are after using a you would measure how clean the dishes are after using a specific soap. That result is dependant on the soap used to specific soap. That result is dependant on the soap used to clean that dish.)clean that dish.)

• Data Tables- Data Tables- these organize your these organize your observations and results into columns and observations and results into columns and rows.rows.

- We make data tables in order to keep track We make data tables in order to keep track of results and be able to communicate them of results and be able to communicate them to others.to others.

- Controls-Controls- Controls are variables that never Controls are variables that never change over the course of an experiment. change over the course of an experiment. (Here it would be the amount of soap used (Here it would be the amount of soap used to clean the dishes, you would always use to clean the dishes, you would always use the same amount.)the same amount.)

Developing Theories Developing Theories Section 1-2 H.W. pg. 22 ques. 1,3 & pg. 28 ques. 3,10,11-18Section 1-2 H.W. pg. 22 ques. 1,3 & pg. 28 ques. 3,10,11-18

• After a scientist completes an experiment After a scientist completes an experiment and analyzed his/her data they than can and analyzed his/her data they than can propose a scientific propose a scientific theorytheory..

• A A theorytheory is an explanation of things or is an explanation of things or events based on scientific knowledge that events based on scientific knowledge that is the result of an experiment.is the result of an experiment.

• A A scientific lawscientific law however, is a statement however, is a statement about how things work in nature that about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time.seems to be true all the time.

-Ex: gravity-Ex: gravity

Science is always changing Science is always changing and advancing.and advancing.

• Science is always changing and Science is always changing and advancing. Why?advancing. Why?

• Because everyday scientists conduct new Because everyday scientists conduct new experiments that discover things that had experiments that discover things that had already existed but we had no knowledge already existed but we had no knowledge of because we didn’t have the proper of because we didn’t have the proper technology.technology.

• As long as technology advances science As long as technology advances science will advance. will advance.

Ex: Microscopes, weather instruments like Ex: Microscopes, weather instruments like barometers and hygrometers (air vapor). barometers and hygrometers (air vapor).

Limits of ScienceLimits of Science

• Science cannot provide answers every Science cannot provide answers every question you can ask.question you can ask.

• In order for science to solve a problem In order for science to solve a problem there must be variables that can be there must be variables that can be observed, measured and tested.observed, measured and tested.

• Some questions do not have these Some questions do not have these measurable variables would be moral measurable variables would be moral value questions, like should animals be value questions, like should animals be killed for scientific experiments. killed for scientific experiments.

• These questions deal with what we call These questions deal with what we call ethics and belief systems.ethics and belief systems.

Limits of ScienceLimits of Science

• Another limit of science would be biases or Another limit of science would be biases or a bias. a bias.

- A bias is a personal opinion that could A bias is a personal opinion that could affect your observations.affect your observations.

●● Instead you must be objective when Instead you must be objective when conducting an experiment. Meaning you conducting an experiment. Meaning you have to be open mined to all outcomes have to be open mined to all outcomes and be willing to test for all of these and be willing to test for all of these outcomes.outcomes.

Test on Chapter 1 in one Test on Chapter 1 in one Week!!!!!Week!!!!!