6. referencing styles

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Referencing Style

Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

“There is no way to get experience except through experience.”

Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS 2

Terminology:

Citation Refrence Bibliography Dissertation Thesis Research Report


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Referencing Style

The Vancouver system – used in medical and scientific journal

The Harvard system Chicago manual of style American Psychological Association (APA)-

Psychology, education and other social sciences American Medical Association (AMA) –

Medicine & biological sciences Modern Language Association (MLA)- literature

& artsDr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

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Referencing Style contd.. Why do we need reference? To give credit to the ideas/works of other

authors. To allow others (readers) to find the original

sources easily (cited reference) To make the work informative. (Quality) To get recognition & authentication of the

work. To address the issue of plagiarism


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Referencing Style contd..

Plagiarism Examples: the verbatim copying of others work without acknowledgement. the close paraphrasing of others work by simply

changing a few words of altering the order of presentation. the unacknowledged quotation of phrases. PROGRAMME: IThenticate and Turn it in


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Sources of Information1. Book2. Journal3. Newspaper / magazine4. Conference paper/proceedings5. Annual report6. Institutional / Government publication7. Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM,

Databases8. Theses/ Reports/ unpublished works


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Elements in the reference list1. Author2. Title of document3. Date ( year of publication)4. place of publication5. Edition6. Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part

number)7. Series


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Format of book in various system

APA: Surname, initial. (year). Title. Edition. Place: Publisher.

Vancouver: surname initials. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; year.


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Format of journal in various system

APA: surname, initial. (year). Title of article. Title of journal in italics, volume number (issue/part),

pages.

Vancouver: surname initials. Title of article. Title of journal in abbreviated date/year;volume(issue):pages.


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The Vancouver system

Reference List- BookFormat: surname initial. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher;

year. P. page number. (series title; volume number).

Example: (one to six author) 1. Mehta RS, Mandal GN. Nursing concept: fundamental

of nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books and Stationers;

2005.

For chapter (in editorial works) 2. Yadav BK. In: Mehta RS, Mandal GN, editors. Nursing

concept: fundamental of nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books and

Stationers; 2005. p. 125 - 35.Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

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The Vancouver system contd..

B. Reference List- BookMore than six author

3. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., editors. Harrison,s principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New york: McGraw Hill, Medical; 2008.


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ConferencesFormat: surname Initials. Title of paper. In: Editor's

surname Initials, editor. Title of the Conference; Date of conference; Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of Publication. p. page numbers.

Example: Anderson JC. Current status of chorion villus biopsy.

In: Tudenhope D, Chenoweth J, editors. Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the Australian Perinatal Society; 1986: Brisbane, Queensland: Australian Perinatal Society; 1987. p. 190-6.


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JournalFormat: surname Initials, surname Initials. Title of

article. Title of Journal. [abbreviated] year/dateYear Month date;Volume Number(Issue number):page numbers.

Example: 1. Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, Simpson T,

Andrews W, Huang M, et al. Vaccine prevention of

maternal cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 2009

Mar 19;360(12):1191-99.


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Electronic Journal (online journal)Format: surname Initials. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal

[serial online]. Year of publication Month day [cited Year Month Day]; Volume Number(Issue number):[about number of pages or screens]. Available from: URL:

Example: Aylin P, Bottle A, Jarman B, Elliott, P. Paediatric cardiac surgical

mortality in England after Bristol: descriptive analysis of hospital episode statistics 1991-2002. BMJ [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct 9;[cited 2004 October 15]; 329:[about 10 screens]. Available from: URL: http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7470/825


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WebsiteFormat: Author/Editor/Organisation's name . Title of the

page [homepage on the Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher's name; [updated yr month day; cited yr month day]. Available from:

Example: HeartCentreOnline [homepage on the Internet].

Boca Raton, FL: HeartCentreOnline, Inc.; c2000-2004 [updated 2004 May 23; cited 2004 Oct 15]. Available from: http://www.heartcenteronline.com/


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Example of reference list written in Vancouver style:Reference list

1. Dybvig DD, Dybvig M. Det tenkende mennesket. Filosofi- og vitenskapshistorie med vitenskapsteori. 2nd edition. Trondheim: Tapir akademisk forlag; 2003.

2. Bick, J. 101 Thing You Need to Know about Internet Law [electronic book]. New York: Three Rivers Press; 2000 [cited 30 March, 2004]. Avalible at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ntnu/.

3. Beizer JL, Timiras, ML. Pharmacology and drug management in the elderly. 2nd edition. In: Timirad PS, ed. Physiological basis of aging and geriatrics. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1994. pp. 279-284.


Thank you


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APA STYLE GUIDEFor the Fifth Edition


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APA Citation Style

Journal or Magazine Article(use for journals that start each issue with page one)Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.

Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction aids science teaching. Physics Teacher, 28, 316-318.

Journal or Magazine Article(use for journals where the page numbering continues from issue to issue)

Newspaper ArticleDi Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, p. A3. Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

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Article from an Internet Database(for more details, see the American Psychological Association's official site)

Mershon, D. H. (1998, November-December). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86, 585. Retrieved July 29, 1999, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

BookOkuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The

history of the future. New York: Pocket Books.

Book Article or ChapterJames, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden

myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood


http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

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Encyclopedia ArticleSturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia

Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

Website(for more details, see the American Psychological Association's official site)

Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/ 503r.html


http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

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Reference List

Book with one author.What is included in a Reference list entry:

Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of book. City of publisher: Publisher.

Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.


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6. referencing styles