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04/12/23 1
Africa's Physical Geography and Development impact
Physical Geography and Development Old theory of environmental
determinism disputed but….environment matters Most people live in drier areas Few natural harbors Few navigable rivers Agriculture is important Natural resources Environmental challenges and change
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Africa’s Climate and Biogeography Dynamics of Climate Climatic Regions The relationship between climate
and Africa’s People Ecosystem and African Biomes Ecological concerns
Climate
Altitude and Relief Vegetation changes Higher elevation and settlement
Spotty rains in some places Irrigation concerns
Cloud cover and dust Dust storms from the Sahara
Varies by region
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Climate Regions (p 77)
Equatorial Heavy rainfall, little dry season Monrovia, Calabar
Humid Tropical Slightly less rainfall, but hotter Kampala
Climate Regions (p 77)
Tropical wet and dry Lengthy rainy and dry seasons Northern Hemisphere rainy season
May and September Southern Hemisphere rainy
season: November and March Tropical steppe
Semi-arid zone
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Climate Regions (p 77)
Desert Mediterranean
Winter rain Temperate Southern and northern tips
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The relationship between climate and Africa’s People
Historical climate change Sahara not always a desert Expanding Sahel
New Climate change Africa at more risk because of poverty, increased risk of
vector born diseases like Malaria, and little resources for effective response
Largely dry areas to become even hotter and drier Coastal areas to flood.
The relationship between climate and Africa’s People Climate and Human Development
Increased vulnerability to subsistence farmers due to drought
Changing climatic conditions mean high food prices for urban Africa and persistent poverty and underdevelopment
Are these predictions coming true? Other competing explanations
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Climate Change and armed conflict in Africa
As the climate warns and dessert expands conflicts arise between groups in within Africa. Sudan’s conflicts, environmental degradation in
the context of climate change
Links to resource extraction: oil might float on water, but each is extracted “out of Africa” straining Africa’s environment and people Bore holes depleting ground water and issues of oil
extraction and deforestation
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Ecosystem and African Biomes Eco-System-“System” relationship
of energy between biotic and abiotic, mostly tropical in Africa
Ecosystem and African Biomes Bionome- region where climate,
vegetation, fauna, and soils characterized by uniformity. Characteristics generally
correspond Not exact boundaries Can change because of natural or
human actions
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Africa’s Bionomes
See Table, Map 6.1 86-87 Tropical Rain forest Moist woodland savanna Dry parkland savanna Semidesert Desert Temperate grassland Montane
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Africa’s tropical Rain forests
West Africa; Cameroon through Sierra Leone, Congo basin and Madagascar
Oxisols-> few nutrients in soil and little organic matter caused by heavy “soil leaching” through heavy rainfall
Shifting Cultivation main human use because of oxisoil and local people manage through IK
Despite poor soil, greatest diversity of animal life due to high biomass
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Moist woodland savanna
Guinea savanna-central Africa north of Equator; Miombo south central Africa
Humid tropical climate; Miombo have wet and dry seasons
Diverse soil type Oxisols and Ultisols leached in wetter regions Alfisols with high aluminum and iron somewhat
leached with greater organic matter Agriculture limited to derived savannas of forest
margins with set fires
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Dry parkland savanna (Sudan Savanna) “Safari” animal landscape Thin central African strip and east
Africa Serengeti Plain Baobab tree
Ustalfs type of Alfisol less leached Often has higher organic content
5-8 month dry season
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Semidesert (Sahel)
Zone between Savanna and desert Heavy erosion from wind and
water Desertification
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Desert
Sahara in north, Kalahari and Namib in the south Namib plants depend on frequent
fogs (remember air masses) Aridisols with low organic content
Stalinization calcification
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Temperate grassland (Veldt) High Plateau of eastern South
Africa Similar to Iowa; dominated by
grasses with tries only at rivers Deep and fertile soils (Alfisols) Basis of some of the planet’s most
prosperous agriculture
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Mediterranean
South African Cape and Mediterranean coast
Hot dry summers with cool moist winters
Xerophytic (drought resistant) vegetation
Brownish colored soil with high natural fertility ((Alfisols(Xeeralfs))
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Montane
East African mountains and other isolated mountain areas
Vegetation zoned vertically Savanna -> Montane forest -> Bamboo forest -> Alpine tundra with ice at top
Soil quality varies on zone
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Ecological concernsand Sustainable Alternatives Deforestation Desertification Human implications of and for
environmental change Sustainable Alternatives
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De-forestation
Connected to climate change when oxygen not produced and carbon not stored
Soil Erosion Tropical forests of West Africa and
Madagascar under threat Development (roads, agriculture forestry
endangers west African forests) 5 million h/a lost or .8% of total lost each year
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De/Re-forestation: continued
Good news on IK and forest builders in Guinea Greenbelt Movement in Kenya: Wangari Maathai
Started in Kenya for women’s empowerment and reforestation for better local environment (erosion prevention)
Development, HR, Feminism, Environment GIScience connection to reforestation, http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/n.php?id=116
Won 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Climate, environment, development and conflict connection
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Desertification
1970s Sahel drought and Desertification? Is it the process of land degradation or
end result? Climate or Social practice change?
Development and Desertification Kenya’s Rendille pastoral people pushed
to cattle over goat, camel, and sheep by gov’t policy
As a result overgrazing near water for cattle and continued poverty for Rendille
Gov’t ignorance of IK and geography
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Human implications of and for environmental change in Development
Dams, Development and Human Displacement in Africa
Akosombo-Ghana-84,000 people displaced
Kossou- Ivory Coast 85,000 people displaced
Kainji-Nigeria-50,000 displaced
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Africa’s human loss due to environmental dumping Cote I’vore’s toxic dumps,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6231946.stm
Dandora Dumping Site, Nairobi
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Sustainable Alternatives
Agro-forestry- tree farming Alley cropping-planting crops between
rows of leguminous shrubs Establishing shelterbelts and help
communities to undertake tree planting projects help address related problems of fuel wood and desertification
Importance of Greenbelt movement
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Africa’s natural resources Extractive mineral resources
Africa’s minerals and world economy
Extraction: underdevelopment and conflict
Water Flora and Fauna as natural
resources
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Africa’s mineral’s and the world economy Mining and mineral trading in pre-colonial
Africa Iron, gold, copper, and tin mined for
domestic utilitarian and ceremonial objects (see UI museum's Africa Art Collection)
Some Iron making in East Africa, Nubia, Nok (Nigeria) by 700 BC
Tran-Saharan Trade of salt
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Africa’s mineral’s and the world economy: continued Colonial extraction
South African Witwatersrand gold and Kimberley Diamonds
Belgium Congo; Katanga copper, Congolese diamonds
Angola, Sierra Leone, South West Africa (Namibia): Diamonds
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Africa’s mineral’s and the world economy: continued Post colonial Extraction
Some new mining I.e. Diamonds in Botswana
Black Gold (Oil): Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, and southern Sudan, maybe Ghana?
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Africa’s mineral’s and the world economy: continued
What and Where (Map p330) Metals
Gold-South Africa’s Transvaal, Ghana, Zimbabwe, and DRC, Mali
Copper: Zambia, DRC, Botswana, Zimbabwe Managnese: Gabon and Ghana Iron Ore: South Africa, Mauritania, Algeria, Zimbabwe,
Morocco Industrial minerals
Diamonds: S.A., Botswana, Namibia, Angola, DRC, Tanzania, CAR, Ghana, and Sierra Leone
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Black Gold and other mineral fuels Black Gold-Nigeria, Angola, Congo-
Brazzaville, Gabon, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sudan now Chad too. Ghana?
Natural Gas where there is oil, but high development costs and cheap Russian competition inhibit African natural gas industry
Coal- South Africa
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Africa’s Minerals and the World Economy: Continued
$50 billion in minerals extracted each year with most of it exported
Extraction wealth in Nigeria, South Africa, Botswana, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea
Africa losing market share because of accessibility of former USSR in ’90s and recent instability in countries of extraction, but still has large amounts of mineral wealth
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Mining and Underdevelopment
Dependency on exporting primary commodities except industrialized South Africa where processing is done But South Africa’s industrialization propped up by Apartheid's
low wages Profits from extraction invested “out of Africa” with no value
added in Africa Only low skill/low pay employment gained Health (HIV, enviro-health), environmental, and community
costs greater than gain for community Mineral Looting and “Conflict Diamonds”
Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, DRC
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Mining and Underdevelopment: continued Mineral Looting and “Conflict
Diamonds” Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia,
DRC Social and Health effects of
migrant labor in extraction Broken families HIV/AIDS
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Africa’s Water Resources
Quenching Africa’s human thirst Rarely used for transport (few navigable rivers) Energy resources from hydro-electricity
Akosombo in Ghana Kariba on Zambia/Zimbabwe Inga in DRC Cabora Bassa- Mozambique
Irrigation
Africa’s water resources: continued
Fisheries Lake Victoria ecosystem destabilization
Domestic and Industrial Use “water, water, everywhere, but not in the pipes” Water resource and Gender disparities Poor pay more than rich who get piped water Water given toward industrial uses rather than for
personal consumption
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Africa’s Water Challenges
Water Scarcity Cross border water disputes in arid areas, potential
downstream conflicts over Nile, and Senegal rivers Trade offs between industrial and consumer use
Water pollution Agricultural and mining runoff including phosphate
nitrogen discharge creating plant growth Niger Delta’s oil pollution Raw sewage in drinking water
Eco-system degradation Dam flooding Species loss; ie Lake Nukuru
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Flora and Fauna as economic resources
Timber Industry Vegetation in domestic local economies and IK Fuelwood
¾ of Africa’s engery needs in both fire wood and charcoal Contributes to deforestation Solution in Greenbelt
Fuana as Game meat Fauna as extractive products (Ivory Trade) Fauna and Tourism and connection to both
conservation and colonial displacement practices
Indigenous people vs. Game reserve policies
Wild life parks at expense of local people Continuation of displacement from land from
colonialism Denies IK and early practices of living with
environment. Wildlife co-management, but who has power? Do conservation practices further alienate Africans
from their land and reinforce colonial power dynamics for western tourists?
See map 36204/12/23 42