- 1. I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable
ability of man to elevate his life by conscious endeavor. Henry
David Thoreau
2. The more I know, the more I know I do not know. -Unknown 3.
RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC WRITING 4. What isResearch? 5. RESEARCH
6.
7. What is a True Research ...
- Research originates with a question.
-
- An inquisitive mind is the beginning of research.
- Research demands a clear articulation of a goal.
- Research requires a specific plan of procedure.
-
- How you propose to reach the goal?
- Research usually divides the principal problem into more
manageable sub problems.
-
- Principal question is divided to other questions.
8. WHAT IS A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND HOW IT IS CONDUCTED 9.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
10. A PROBLEM EXISTS:
- There is an absence of information resulting in a gap in our
knowledge
- There are contradictory results
- A fact exists and you intend to make your study explain it
11. WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF A PROBLEM? 12. SOURCES OF A
PROBLEM
- Experiences & Observation
- The vast amount of literature in your own field
- Courses that you have taken
- Journals, books, magazines and abstracts
- Your teacher and your classmates
13. Guidelines in the Selection of a Topic
- Availability of the materials needed for investigation
- Particular needs of the community
- Socio economic significance of the problem
- Topic is within your level of knowledge and experience
- Time required to finish the project
- Safety measures to be undertaken
- Expenses involved in undertaking the project
- Generation of new information
14. 15. Formulating a Research Problem
- For the research problem to be
- Help answer a problem / need of the people / community /
country
- Contribute to the generation of new information
- Develop or improve an existing process
- Contribute to the development of the scientific skills of the
researcher
16. Evaluating the Problem
-
- 1. Is the problem feasible?
- a. Has the problem been specified?
- b. Is the problem amenable to research?
- c. How available are the data?
- d. Is the problem too large?
- e. Am I capable of solving the problem?
-
- 2. Is the problem worthwhile?
- a. Will the result advance knowledge?
- b. Will the research have some value?
- c. Will the research be of interest to possible user?
17. As soon as you have chosen your topic:
- Make the topic more specific and definitive.
- Start defining major terms in the title.
18. THE TITLE
- The title should be written briefly (20 substantive words,
function words not included is the maximum allowable length of a
title).
- Should contain the variables you will study.
- Should show the relationship among the variables.
19. TITLE
- The title should be able to catch the attention of the reader
oreye catching. It should be concise, descriptive and
self-explanatory.It should indicate clearly what the project is
about.The title should focus on the topic for investigation and the
main variable being studied should be included.
20.
- TheTITLEis the first thing the reader comes across when
surveying the scientific literature.It is an overview of the entire
article and maybe the only basis for deciding whether to read the
scientific paper or not.
21. VARIABLES -are the constructs or properties being
studied.
- DEPENDENT VARIABLEorcriterion variable
- Is the outcome or objective of the study.
- In lay language, it is the result.
- INDEPENDENT VARIABLEorvariate variable
- - Is that property or characteristics that makes the outcome or
objective vary or differ.
22. Samples of independent and dependent variablesProblem
Independent Variable Dependent Variable The study aims to determine
the effect ofbeeron thegrowth of orchid. beer Growthoforchids 23.
IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH :
- An independent variable is manipulated;
- All other variables except the dependent variable are held
constant; and
- The effect of manipulation of the independent variable on the
dependent variable is observed or measured.
24. HYPOTHESIS
- Is a tentative explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena, or
events which have occurred or will occur.
- It is the most specific statement of a problem.
25. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS:
- A good hypothesis is researchable.
- It should state, in definite terms, the relationship between
variables.
- It should follow the findings of previous studies.
26. FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS:
- Introduces the researchers thinking at the start of the
study.
- Structures the next stages or procedures of the study.
- Helps provide the format for the presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of the data in the research.
27. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS:
- - Means no existence of an effect, an interaction, of
relationships, or of difference.
- -Is considered the operational statement of the research
hypothesis.
- Deductive Hypothesis- based on theory
- Inductive Hypothesis-based on observations
28. EXAMPLE Problem: What intellectual and non-intellectual
student characteristic can predict academic achievement? 29.
Example
- What intellectual and non-intellectual student characteristic
can predict academic achievement?
- Environmental conditions in the home and scholastic aptitude
are predictors of physics achievement.
- Environmental conditions in the home and scholastic aptitude
are not significant predictors of physics achievement.
30. 31. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
- Work on at least three (3) problems for investigation;
- Create the title for each problem;
- Make the null and alternative hypothesis for each title.
32. READ! READ! AND READ!